This diploma thesis deals with legal regulation of lands affected by mining activities. These activities, predominantly the extraction of minerals are by their nature very closely related to soil and land. The thesis offers a comprehensive view of the legal relations in the process of mining - from prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits to mine closure - while it discusses the key issues from the perspective of the land owner as well as the mining companies. Legal relations arising from mining activities are significantly influenced by the character of mining. Mining interferes with rights and interests related to land and ownership of land which gives rise to certain conflicts. Mining companies' interests come very often into conflict with interests of the owner of the land where the mineral deposit is located. The legal relations are further complicated by the position of the state who acts as an owner of mineral wealth and an authority defending public interests. The introductory chapter of the thesis defines the terms that are essential for the selected topic. The content of the next chapters corresponds with phases of mining activities as they are carried out in reality. Prospecting and exploration of exclusive deposits represents the first phase of mining activity. In the chapter...

Mining concessions are subject to the fulfillment of liabilities by their owners based on ground for revocation, known as «expiration», as part of mining rights systems. The recent evolution of these liabilities and their focus as part of the conditions offered by the country for investment are analyzed by the author. To do this, the author conduct a review about the changes taken place in 1991 and 2008 mainly, as well as provides the elements to analyze the appropriateness of modifications or its flexibility. The tables used in the explanation constitutes a contribution, which were used by the author in conferences and due diligence for mining projects, as well as the consideration of both elements in the analysis of doctrine and real application of these concepts under the system of Peru. / Las concesiones mineras están sujetas al cumplimiento de obligaciones por sus titulares, bajo causal de revocación, conocida como la «caducidad», enmarcadas en sistemas de amparo minero. La evolución reciente de estas obligaciones, así como enfocarlas como parte de las condiciones que ofrece el país para la inversión, son analizados por el autor. Para ello, realiza una revisión de las modificaciones ocurridas en 1991 y 2008 principalmente, así también proporciona los elementos para reflexionar sobre la conveniencia de nuevas modificaciones o de su flexibilización. Constituyen un aporte los cuadros empleados en la explicación, utilizados por el autor tanto en conferencias, como en due diligence en proyectos mineros; así como considerar en el análisis tanto elementos de doctrina, como de aplicación real deestos conceptos en el régimen del Perú.

The purpose of the author in this article is to outline the main licenses regarding mineral exploration and publicize the usual paperwork and contingencies obtaining these permits.It also presents alternatives to traditional procedures, which are more useful in practice to expedite to start of mining exploration activities in Peru. / El fin del autor en este artículo es hacer un esbozo de los principales títulos habilitantes para lo referente a la exploración minera, así como dar a conocer los trámites y usuales contingencias que acarrean la obtención de estos permisos. Asimismo, se presentanalternativas a las tradicionales autorizaciones, que son más útiles en la práctica para agilizarel comienzo de actividades de exploración minera en el Perú.

This article describes and analyzes the national standard established for the prior consultation proceedings in mining and its relationship with environmental law. These procedures have been created in order to comply with the liability contracted by the Peruvian State in 1995, after the ratification of ILO Convention 169. The article reviews the main elements of Peruvian prior consulting process, including key aspects such as the identification of indigenous peoples, as well as defining the moment at which consulting should be made in the mining area. Finally, the author stresses the no consultations in mining projects at the time and the implications of that fact. / El presente artículo busca describir y analizar el estándar nacional establecido para el desarrollo de procesos de consulta previa en el ámbito de la minería y su relación con la legislación ambiental. Estos procedimientos han sido establecidos con el objeto de cumplir con la obligación que el Estado Peruano asumió en el año 1995, tras la ratificación del Convenio 169 de la OIT. Se pasa revista a los principales componentes del proceso de consulta peruano, incluyendo aspectos cruciales como la identificación de los pueblos indígenas, de las medidas de consultar así como la definición del momento en el cual realizar la consulta en el ámbito minero. Finalmente se destaca la no realización de consultas en los proyectos mineros hasta la fecha y las implicancias de dicho hecho.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-29T16:38:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marcos Ferreira Final.pdf: 14202319 bytes, checksum: 0a3e4b766ed3761f565f902e1f0d9730 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T16:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marcos Ferreira Final.pdf: 14202319 bytes, checksum: 0a3e4b766ed3761f565f902e1f0d9730 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Este estudo buscou avaliar a contaminação, a mobilidade e a bioacessibilidade do As na água subterrânea e em solos e sedimentos superficiais, em uma área de mineração de ouro no município de Paracatu-MG. O As apresentou valores abaixo do limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira (< 10 g.L-1) em todas as amostras de águas subterrâneas. As avaliações realizadas indicam que as condições físicoquímicas encontradas, juntamente com as características geológicas da região são fatores preponderantes para estes baixos teores. Nas amostras de solos e sedimentos, a concentração de As total variou de 32,9 a 1280 g.g-1 e de não detectável a 4727 g.g-1, respectivamente. Os maiores teores de As nos sedimentos e solos foram encontrados na bacia do córrego Rico, mostrando a influência direta dos processos oriundos da área de mineração em sua nascente. As demais áreas apresentaram teores inferiores a esta área, mas acima da média mundial e do folhelho médio, podendo estar sob a influência de alguns processos, tais como, a ciclagem biogeoquímica natural deste elemento, deposição de sedimentos por erosão hídrica, descarga de águas subterrâneas, e dispersão atmosférica de material particulado enriquecido em As, oriundo da área de mineração. Todos estes processos proporcionam em maior ou menor proporção o enriquecimento de As na região. De acordo com os ensaios de extração sequencial utilizados, em todas as amostras de solos e sedimentos, as frações solúvel e trocável exibiram valores extremamente baixos, correspondendo a menos de 2 % do teor total de As contido nestas amostras, mostrando baixa disponibilidade do As para o ambiente nos solos e sedimentos em Paracatu. A mobilidade do As trocável nos solos de Paracatu foi avaliada através de experimentos de lixiviação em coluna. Os resultados mostraram uma associação do As com os óxidos e hidróxidos de Fe que favorecem a retenção deste metaloide nos solos mesmo na fração trocável. Segundo os resultados deste e de outros estudos, a adição de Ca a solos contaminados favorece o processo de retenção do As, mostrando grande potencial na utilização de compostos deste elemento em estratégias que visem a remediação de áreas contaminadas. / This study aims to evaluate the mobility and inaccessibility of As in groundwater and in surface soils and sediments in a mining area of gold in the Paracatu municipality- MG. The Arsenic concentrations in all the groundwater samples showed below the established limits by the Brazilian legislation (< 10 μg.L-1). The evaluations were indicating that the physical-chemical conditions encountered together with the geological characteristics of the region are predominant factors responsible to these lower values. In the soil and sediment samples, the concentration of As varied from 32,9 to 1280 μg.g-1 and to below detection limit to 4727 μg.g-1 respectively. The higher values of As in the sediments and soils were found in the Rico stream, showing the direct influence of the processes coming from its source of the mining area. The other areas showed inferior values to this area, but above world average and of the shale values, which may be under the influence of some processes, such as the natural biogeochemical cycling of this element, deposition of sediment by hydrological erosion, groundwater discharge and atmospheric dispersion of particulate material originated by mining. All these processes provide in proportions more or less the As enrichment in the region. According to the sequential extraction tests utilized, in all the soils and sediments samples, the soluble and exchangeable fractions exhibited extremely lower values corresponding less than 2% of the total As in these samples. These results showed low availability of As to the environment by the soils and sediments in Paracatu. The mobility of the exchangeable As in the soils of Paracatu was assessed through column leaching experiments. The results showed an association of the As with the Fe oxides and hydroxides which favors to retain this metalloid even in the exchangeable fraction in the soils. According to the results of this and other studies, an addition of Ca to the contaminated soils favors the process of the As retention, showing great potential in the use of compounds of this element in strategies that aimed at the remediation of contaminated areas

La investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació i millora de metodologies analítiques existents i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden ser utilitzats per a l'estudi dels efectes ambientals de la dispersió dels metalls entorn a les zones mineres abandonades.En primer lloc, es van aplicar diferents procediments d'extracció simple i seqüencial per a estudiar la mobilitat, perillositat i bio-disponibilitat dels metalls continguts en residus miners de característiques diferents. Per altra banda, per a estudiar les fonts potencials de Pb en la vegetació de les zones mineres d'estudi, una metodologia basada en la utilització de les relacions isotòpiques de Pb determinades mitjançant ICP-MS va ser avaluada. Finalment, tenint en compte l'elevat nombre de mostres analitzades per a avaluar l'impacte de les activitats mineres, es va considerar apropiat el desenvolupament de mètodes analítics d'elevada productivitat. En aquest sentit la implementació d'estratègies quantitatives així com l'aplicació de les millores instrumentals en els equips de XRF han estat avaluades per a aconseguir resultats analítics fiables en l'anàlisi de plantes. A més, alguns paràmetres de qualitat com la precisió, l'exactitud i els límits de detecció han estat curosament determinats en les diverses configuracions de espectròmetres de XRF utilitzats en el decurs d'aquest treball (EDXRF, WDXRF i EDPXRF) per a establir la capacitat de la tècnica de XRF com a tècnica alternativa a les clàssiques comunament aplicades en la determinació d'elements en mostres vegetals. / The research presented in this thesis is based on the application and improvement of analytical existing methodologies and the development of novel procedures that can be used to assess the environmental effects on metal dispersal around abandoned mining activities. On the one hand, single and sequential extraction procedures were properly applied in order to study the potential mobility, risk and bioavailability of the metals contained in several mining wastes of different features. On the other hand, in an attempt to study the potential sources of the anomalous lead content in vegetation specimens growing on the waste and soils of abandoned mining areas, a methodology based on the use of stable lead isotope ratios using ICP-MS instrumentation was evaluated.Finally, in view of the considerable number of vegetation specimen analysis necessary to assess the impact of mining activities, the study of high productivity analytical methods for metal determination in this kind of matrices was considered appropriate. In this sense, the implementation of suitable quantitative strategies and the recent improvements in the XRF instrumentation have been evaluated to achieve reliable analytical results for plant analysis. Besides, analytical figures of merit such as precision, accuracy and limits of detection have been carefully determined in the diverse configurations of XRF spectrometers employed in the course of this work (EDXRF, WDXRF, EDPXRF) using different excitation sources in order to assess the capability of XRF as an alternative analytical tool to classical destructive methodologies, commonly applied for the determination of elements in vegetation matrices.