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In this investigation an attempt was made to determine the misconceptions that engineering students have of the idea of a limit. A comprehensive literature study showed that there are a number of common misconceptions that students normally form. The empirical investigation was done in two phases. A questionnaire on the idea of a limit was given to the students during the first phase. During the second phase six interviews were conducted. The findings were grouped according to the nature of a limit and students' views on the relationship between the continuity of a function at a point and the limit at that point. An analysis of these findings led to the identification of the misconceptions that these students have of the idea of a limit. / In hierdie ondersoek is gepoog om die wanbegrippe wat ingenieursstudente van die limietbegrip vorm, bloot te stel. 'n Omvattende literatuurstudie het 'n aantal algemene wanbegrippe aan die lig gebring. Die empiriese ondersoek het in twee fases plaasgevind. Tydens die eerste fase is 'n vraelys aan die studente gegee in 'n poging om meer te wete te kom van hulle begrip van 'n limiet. Die vraelys is opgevolg deur ses onderhoude. Die responsies is gegroepeer in terme van die aard van 'n limiet en studente se sienings van die kontinuiteit van 'n funksie by 'n punt en die limiet by daardie punt. Die analisering van hierdie responsies het die identifisering van 'n aantal wanbegrippe by hierdie groep studente moontlik gemaak. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (with specialisation in Mathematics Education)

The theoretical part deals with approaches to teaching, especially constructivistic, instructivistic and transmissive approach. The goal of this part is to compare the approaches and evaluate them considering the permanency of knowledge and active engagement of students. Simultaneously it aims at evaluating the approaches from the point of their of the mechanical knowledge. The charter dealing with inquiry based mathematics education is focused on teaching related to constructivistic approach. The next chapter describes tool called concept cartoons, which can be used as a mean to research. The theoretical part is focused on the topic of fraction, especially fraction interpretation and models and fraction representation. The second part of the thesis describes a survey realized at basic school. I narrowed the problem to fraction interpretation and representation according to survey of student's work. The next part of research is based on this analysis. Trying to accomplish the aims and find the answers to questions of the survey I chose strategy inspired by action research, because the main goal of the research was to improve and enhance my teaching knowledge and skills. The survey was processed qualitatively. The making of the thesis helped me make it clear, why the topic of fractions is so...

1 Abstract: The main parameters describing content and the accessibility of information from textbooks are many aspects such as text difficulty and others. Individual characteristics of pupils - that are represented by chosen student preconceptions and misconceptions - also belong to key factors. The providing of the comprehensive view of the issues regarding analysis and the linking of acquired pieces of knowledge with the practical textbook creation have been the main aims of this dissertation. The creation of an instructional text follows the analysis results of the topic carbohydrates and their metabolism in chosen textbooks and the preconception analysis of biochemical terms. The instructional text respects the results of the analysis. The theoretical background of textbook creation (the functions of textbooks, their structure, content, characteristics and investigated parameters) has been described in detail in the theoretical part of this doctoral thesis. It is followed by the survey of the information concerning student preconceptions and the possibilities for their analysis and use in teaching. The aspects of textbooks use from the perspective of pupils, teachers and publishers, as well as the relation of the topic carbohydrates and their metabolism to curriculum documents have been described in...

Grupos de pesquisa em ensino de bioquímica, patrocinados pela International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) procuram, atualmente, inventariar os conceitos-chave fundamentais para o ensino de bioquímica, face à grande expansão de conhecimentos. Um desses conceitos é o de equilíbrio dinâmico, pela sua ubiquidade (sistema tampão, reversibilidade e sentido das reações, conceito de energia livre padrão e energia livre, cinética enzimática, regulação alostérica, potencial de redução, entre outros). Dada a importância dos conceitos fundamentais para a construção de novos conhecimentos, é necessário que eles não estejam distorcidos por conceitos alternativos. Como há notável escassez de dados sobre equilíbrio químico no aprendizado de Bioquímica, esta tese produziu (1) a prospecção de conceitos alternativos bioquímicos; (2) a proposição de estratégias instrucionais que corrijam ou atenuem os conceitos encontrados. Para a consecução do item (2) foi desenvolvido, aplicado e avaliado um software que simula situações de equilíbrio químico contextualizadas nos tópicos de Bioquímica. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos: i. possuem graves falhas conceituais em equilíbrio químico, mesmo em questões simples; ii. incorporaram frases lapidares da química fundamental, sem conseguir compreender os fundamentos dessas assertivas; iii. aplicam as manipulações matemáticas envolvidas nos problemas de equilíbrio químico sem conseguir compreender os fenômenos envolvidos; iv. tratam o equilíbrio químico fundamentalmente de forma algébrica, sem considerar a natureza do fenômeno; v. não conseguem aplicar os conceitos de equilíbrio químico em uma situação nova, mesmo numa situação voltada para os conceitos de bioquímica. O software produzido foi um Simulador Virtual de Eletroforese (SVE), que integra os níveis de representação do fenômeno químico; foi construído com perspectiva de utilização online tendo sido desenvolvido nas plataformas Java Script, HTML5 e CSS, compatível com padrões tecnológicos internacionais (World Wide Web Consortium). Os resultados de sua aplicação em uma disciplina de graduação mostraram que a intervenção proporcionou um aumento nos acertos em testes diagnósticos aplicados aos alunos em comparação ao grupo que não sofreu intervenção. Concluiu-se que o SVE foi capaz de atenuar conceitos alternativos previamente diagnosticados e que é necessário produzir ferramentas específicas de intervenção para conceitos alternativos identificados. / Research groups in teaching biochemistry, sponsored by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) seeking currently inventorying the key fundamental concepts for teaching biochemistry, given the great expansion of knowledge. One of these concepts is the dynamic balance by their ubiquity (reduction potential, among other buffer system, and reversible reactions the direction of the concept of standard free energy, free energy, enzyme kinetics, allosteric regulation). Given the importance of the fundamental concepts for the construction of new knowledge, it is necessary that they are not distorted by alternative concepts. As there is remarkable paucity of data on the chemical balance of Biochemistry learning, this thesis produced (1) the exploration of alternative biochemical concepts; (2) the proposition of instructional strategies to correct or mitigate the concepts found. To achieve the item (2) was developed, implemented and evaluated a software that simulates situations contextualized chemical balance in the topics of biochemistry. The results showed that students i. have serious conceptual flaws in chemical equilibrium, even in simple matters; ii. incorporated terse phrases of fundamental chemistry, unable to understand the fundamentals of these assertions; iii. apply the mathematical manipulations involved in the problems of chemical equilibrium unable to understand the phenomena involved; iv. treat the chemical balance essentially algebraic way, without considering the nature of the phenomenon; v. fail to apply the concepts of chemical equilibrium in a new situation, even in a situation facing the concepts of biochemistry. The software was produced a Virtual Simulator Electrophoresis (EVS), which integrates the levels of representation of chemical phenomenon; was built with the prospect of using online platforms have been developed in Java Script, HTML5 and CSS, compatible with international technological standards (World Wide Web Consortium). The results of its application in a undergraduate course showed that the intervention resulted in an increase in accuracy for diagnostic tests applied to students in the comparison group who did not undergo intervention. It was concluded that the EVS was able to mitigate previously diagnosed and alternative concepts that are necessary to produce specific intervention tools identified for alternative concepts

<p>Glavni cilj ove disertacije bio je da&nbsp;se ispita u kojoj meri će nastavni&nbsp;pristup zasnovan na interkorelaciji&nbsp;makroskopskog, submikroskopskog&nbsp;i simboličkog nivoa &nbsp;reprezentacije&nbsp;znanja uticati na performanse&nbsp;učenika u oblasti neorganskih&nbsp;reakcija, a takođe i kakav će biti&nbsp;njen uticaj na samoprocenu&nbsp;uloženog mentalnog napora.&nbsp;</p><p>Ukupan uzorak ovog istraživanja&nbsp;sačinjavalo je 313 učenika iz dve&nbsp;gimnazije, a &nbsp;istraživanje je&nbsp;sprovedeno u toku &scaron;kolske&nbsp;2012/13. &scaron;kolske godine. Kao&nbsp;merni instrument za merenje&nbsp;performansi kori&scaron;ćen je dvoslojni&nbsp;test znanja sa zadacima&nbsp;<br />vi&scaron;estrukog izbora, a svaki zadatakje praćen sedmostepenom skalom&nbsp;Likertovog tipa za samoprocenu&nbsp;uloženog mentalnog napora.&nbsp;</p><p>Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da&nbsp;primenjena instrukciona strategija,&nbsp;koja se oslanja na primenu&nbsp;vi&scaron;estrukih nivoa reprezentacije&nbsp;znanja vodi povećanju učeničkih&nbsp;performansi, a istovremeno i&nbsp;smanjenju kognitivnog opterećenja.&nbsp;Rezultati dobijeni za procenu&nbsp;instrukcione efikasnosti sugeri&scaron;u&nbsp;da primenjeni model predstavlja&nbsp;efikasan nastavni model.</p><p>Dalje istraživanja performansi&nbsp;pokazala su da&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp;instrukciona strategija ima&nbsp;<br />podjednako pozitivan uticaj kako&nbsp;na performanse, tako i na&nbsp;procenjeni mentalni napor&nbsp;ispitanika oba pola. Ispitivana&nbsp;strategija takođe se pokazala&nbsp;efikasnom u obuci svih ispitivanih&nbsp;grupa učenika (najmanje uspe&scaron;nih,&nbsp;srednje uspe&scaron;nih i najuspe&scaron;nijih).&nbsp;<br />Pored toga&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su ukazali i na&nbsp;postojanje velikog broja&nbsp;miskoncepcija u K grupi ispitanika,&nbsp;dok su u E grupi, koja je&nbsp;učestvovala u eksperimentalnoj&nbsp;nastavi, veliki broj &nbsp;miskoncepcija&nbsp;bio eliminisan.</p><p>Na kraju, rezultati analize&nbsp;kognitivne kompleksnosti ukazali&nbsp;su na postojanje značajnih&nbsp;korelacija između svih ispitivanih&nbsp;parova varijabli (performanse-kognitivna kompleksnost;&nbsp;performanse-mentalni napor i&nbsp;mentalni napor-kognitivna&nbsp;kompleksnost).</p> / <p>The central goal of this disserta-tion&nbsp; was to examine the extent to&nbsp;which a teaching approach fo-cused on the interaction&nbsp; among&nbsp;macroscopic, submicroscopic and&nbsp;<br />symbolic levels of chemistry representations could affect high&nbsp;school students&rsquo; performance in&nbsp;the field of inorganic reactions, as&nbsp;well as to examine how the appli-ed &nbsp;instruction influences stu-dents&rsquo; assessment of invested&nbsp;mental effort.</p><p>The total sample of this research&nbsp;included 313 high school stu-dents. The survey was conducted&nbsp;in the 2012-2013 school year. As&nbsp;a measuring instrument for stu-dent &nbsp;performance a&nbsp; two-tier mu-ltiple-choice test&nbsp; of knowledge&nbsp;was used.&nbsp; Each task in the test&nbsp;was followed by a seven point&nbsp;Likert-type scale for evaluation of&nbsp;invested mental effort.&nbsp;</p><p>Obtained results indicate that a&nbsp;teaching strategy relying on the&nbsp;interplay between three levels of&nbsp;knowledge representation leads&nbsp;to an increase in students&rsquo; performance and also contributes to&nbsp;the reduction of cognitive load.&nbsp;The obtained results for calcula-ted mental efficiency suggest that&nbsp;the applied instructional model&nbsp;represents an effective teaching&nbsp;model. Further performance te-sting have shown that applied&nbsp;instructional strategy have simi-lar positive impact in terms of&nbsp;both performance and mental&nbsp;effort on the subjects of both&nbsp;genders. This strategy has also&nbsp;<br />proved to be effective in training&nbsp;all examined groups of students&nbsp;(low achievers, &nbsp;middle achievers&nbsp;and high achievers). In addition,&nbsp;results indicated the existence of&nbsp;a large number of misconceptions&nbsp;in the K group, while in the group&nbsp;E, that was subjected to experi-mental teaching, a great deal of&nbsp;misconceptions was eliminated.</p><p>Last but not least, the results of&nbsp;cognitive complexity analysis&nbsp;indicated the existence of signifi-cant correlations between all the&nbsp;examined pairs of variables (pe-rformance-cognitive complexity;&nbsp;performance-mental effort; me-ntal effort-cognitive complexity).</p>

Nesta dissertação, propusemos a análise de artigos sobre pontuação publicados pela Revista Língua Portuguesa direcionados aos professores de Língua Portuguesa e afins. Este estudo parte da observação de que muitos desses profissionais, sem condições de se submeter a processos de capacitação especializada ou formação continuada, lançam mão dessas publicações como supostos recursos de atualização em relação às informações pertinentes à pratica de ensino. A Revista, no entanto, não restringe seu público-alvo aos professores: é voltada também a estudantes, funcionários de órgãos governamentais e secretarias, curiosos do assunto, principalmente executivos e jornalistas. Nesse sentido, o conceito de Recepção e Compreensão Responsiva (BAKHTIN, 1929), em consonância com a Teoria de Dialogismo do Texto Escrito (SAUTCHUK, 2000) e com a Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, 2009), fomentou a comprovação por meio de marcas dialógicas materializadas na superfície de nossos textos-córpus da participação desse professor como um tipo específico de interlocutor. Desse modo, confrontamos as dissonâncias teórico- gramaticais propaladas nos artigos à bibliografia de autoridade não só no tema principal pontuação como em subtemas que atravessavam os escritos em análise como tema, função sintática, estilística, conjunção e considerações sobre fala e escrita. Para isso, contamos com o aporte teórico que expõe desde a abordagem tradicional dos cânones gramaticais da nossa língua até as Gramáticas modernas. Além disso, teóricos de diferentes linhas nos ajudaram a registrar o equívoco dos articulistas arrolados, ao se basearem em visões infiéis, parciais ou truncadas do que discutiam / In this Master thesis, we proposed an analysis of articles about scoring published by Língua Portuguesa magazine and addressed to teachers of Portuguese Language and the like. This study starts from the observation that many of these professionals, unable to undergo specialized training processes or continued education, make use of these publications as alleged update capabilities in relation to information pertinent to the practice of teaching. The Magazine, however, does not restrict its target audience to teachers: it is also aimed at students, employees of government agencies and departments, curious subject, especially executives and journalists. In this sense, the concept of Responsive Reception and Understanding (BAKHTIN, 1929), in line with the theory of Dialogism Written Text (SAUTCHUK, 2000) and the Theory of Verbal Iconicity (SIMÕES, 2009), helped us to prove - through brand dialogical materialized on the surface of our texts corpus - the participation of teacher as a specific type of interlocutor. Thus, confront dissonance theory and grammatical articles divulged in the bibliography of authority not only in the main theme - score - as in subthemes that crossed the writings on the theme analysis, syntactic function, stylistic considerations conjunction and speaking and writing. For this, we rely on the theoretical support that exposes the traditional approach since the canons of grammar of our language until modern grammars. Moreover, different theoretical lines helped us to register the mistake of the listed writers, the visions are who his analysis on infidels, partial or truncated arguments

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OlimpioJSJ_DISSERT.pdf: 3250692 bytes, checksum: e135d66bdc46879fce0bf4c54a705b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The use of analogies in high school is often useful for chemistry teaching, either on textbooks or by teachers in the classroom.This use is justified by the large number of abstract concepts that rules this course. Analogies are conceptualized by several authors, which converge on the idea that these are tools that seek a way to elucidate an unknown concept by comparing it to a familiar one, relating their similar and dissimilar features. An analysis on a survey of analogies found in high school chemistry textbooks and chemical equilibrium studies is performed in order to verify whether they are leading to misconceptions for their use by students and/or for their use by teachers in the classroom, or whether they promote a learning facilitation / O uso de analogiasno Ensino M?dio ? frequentemente utilizado ao ensinar qu?mica, seja abordada em livros did?ticos ou em sala de aula pela utiliza??o dos professores, isso ? devido ao grande n?mero de conceitos abstratos regentesdesta disciplina. As analogias s?o conceituadas por diversos autores, no qual estes convergem para a ideia de que estas s?o ferramentas que buscam uma maneira de elucidarum conceito desconhecido comparandooa um conceito familiar,relacionando seus atributos similares e n?o similares. A partir de um levantamento das analogias encontradas nos livros did?ticos de qu?mica do Ensino M?dio que abordam o conte?do equil?brio qu?mico e de estudos j? produzidos na ?rea apontando os principais erros conceituais apresentados pelos estudantes neste conte?do? realizada uma an?lise das analogias encontradas, para com isso realizar a verifica??o do seu direcionamento a erros conceituaispelo uso dos estudantes e/ou pela utiliza??o de professores em sala de aula ou se promovem a facilita??o da aprendizagem

<p>The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a back education programme on biomechanical knowledge, back beliefs, the occurrence of LBP, disability, and work loss among employees at an industrial setting in Cape Town, South Africa. Furthermore, the study sought to determine the perceptions of back education that are held by industrial<br /> employees.</p>

The thesis takes its departure from the extensive literature on students’ alternative ideas in science. Although describing students’ conceptual knowledge in many science areas, the literature offers little about how this knowledge enters into the science learning process. Neither has it focused on how particulars and contingencies of curricular materials enter into the learning process. In this thesis I make high-resolution analyses of students’ learning in action during school science activities about real or idealized electrochemical cells. I use a discursive mechanism of learning developed to describe how students become participants in new practices through slow changes in word use. Specifically, I examine how alternative and accepted scientific ideas, as well as curricular materials, enter into students’ reasoning. The results are then used for producing hypotheses over how a teacher can support students’ science learning. Alternative ideas in electrochemistry did not necessarily interfere negatively with, and were sometimes productive for, students’ reasoning during the activities. Students included the particulars and contingencies of curricular materials in their reasoning not only when interacting with a real electrochemical cell but also in a more theoretical concept mapping activity about an idealized cell. Through taxonomic and correlational investigations students connected the particulars and contingencies of the real electrochemical cell to the generic knowledge of electrochemistry. When actively introduced by the researcher, such investigations had consequences for how single students framed their explanations of a real electrochemical cell. The results indicate ways in which teachers may encourage the productive use of contingencies to promote learning within the science classroom. However, this may require consideration of what students say in terms of consequences for their further learning rather than in terms of correct or incorrect content. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows:Paper 3:Manuscript; Paper 4:Manuscript / Hur kan lärare hjälpa elever att resonera naturvetenskapligt