Bakgrund:                   För att stärka sin position på marknaden önskar Staples Sweden AB utöka sitt artikelsortiment till att omfatta 1 000 000 artiklar. För att möjliggöra sortimentsexpansionen behövs beslutsunderlag rörande hantering och kostnadsstruktur identifieras. Syfte:                          Syftet med studien är att utveckla en modell vid val och utformning av distributionssätt för att föreslå en distributionsslösning. Syftet är också att genom en kostnadsanalys identifiera orderkostnadsstrukturen för den föreslagna distributionslösningen. Metod:                        Vid genomförandet av studien tillämpades en fallstudiedesign. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom intervjuer utförda på Staples Sweden AB. Slutsats:                      Vid tillämpningen av modellen som utvecklades i studien framkom att distributionslösningen ska utgöras av direktleveranser, konsoliderade direkleveranser, ”cross-docking”, ”cross-docking” med buffert och traditionell lagerhållning. Orderkostnaden skiljde sig mellan distributionssätten där ”cross-docking” var billigast och direktleveransvarianterna var dyrast. / Background:               To strengthen its position on the market, Staples Sweden AB seeks to expand its product range to include one million articles. The problem is that no one in the company knows how such a variety of items should be managed and how the structure of order costs would change. Based on these problems, the task for the study arose. Purpose:                      The thesis aims to develop a model for the selection and design of distribution methods for proposing a solution that can manage one million articles. It also aims to identify the structure of order cost for the proposed solution through a cost analysis. Methodology:             The study was conducted by applying a case study design. The empirical data were collected through interviews conducted at the Staples Sweden AB. Conclusion:                 In the application of the developed model showed that the distribution solution should consist of direct shipping, consolidated direct shipping, cross-docking, cross-docking with buffer and traditional warehousing. Order cost differed between distribution where "cross-docking" showed to be the cheapest and direct shipping variants were the most expensive.

Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) was established in 1992 mainly to provide a platform for small and medium sized companies to raise money for their capital requirements. It is a well defined dealer market with market makers giving bid and ask quotes. It was established with state-of-the art technology with ringless, scripless trading. In this study, we develop a theoretical model to decompose spread into its three components in a dealer market. This model is further empirically examined by using OTCEI data. We find that Inventory holding cost to be the highest on OTCEI followed by Adverse Information cost and Order Processing cost. The result reflects market microstructure which is peculiar to OTCEI. The methodology developed in this study is basically a generalization of S toll's (1989) methodology. . Roll(1984) shows that in a pure order processing world, spread equals the square root of negative of serial covariances of successive differences of transaction prices. Stoll (1989) relates spread to the covariance of successive difference of transaction prices and that of the quotes. Stoll introduces two parameters, 5, which is a measure of magnitude of price change and JI, the probability of reversal of type of transaction, that is, from Bid to Ask or vice-versa, to model the Bid/Ask price movements from one transaction to the next. Thus Stoll, from this model, establishes a theoretical relationship between serial covariances of successive differences of transaction and quote returns and spread. 5 and n are estimated via regression of serial covariances of transaction and quote, returns on average proportional spread square. With these two parameters, Stoll finally decomposes spread into three components. δ, is the amount of price change between transactions for two reasons- Inventory holding reason and adverse information reason. Stoll explains these price changes due to two reasons with just one parameter, 5. This forms the main motivation of this study. In our study, we let 8 assume two different values, 5i and 82 which attempts to capture the price changes due to the two different causes viz inventory holding and adverse information. It is convenient to think of these two S's being associated with two different states of transactions. However, these states themselves are indeterminate . In other words, the price change could be due to inventory reasons, or due to trading with an informed trader, or due to both. Thus, while Stoll assumes only one 8, in our study, we have two different values of 8. Thus, with three parameters, 81, 82 and n, this study attempts to estimate the relevant parameters and realistically decompose the three components of spread in a dealer market. Just like Stoll, the developed theoretical model also relates serial covariances of transaction price changes and quoted price changes to spread square. However, unlike Stoll, now there are 3 parameters, namely, 5j, 82 and n. As it is impossible to solve three unknowns with just two equations, it becomes necessary to introduce one more equation relating the three parameters to the spread. It is here that we introduce, for the first time, the serial covariance of the second order differences of the transaction price changes, which is related to spread via an equation. Intuitively, we can explain this relationship using Roll's result. Roll(1984) has shown that spread equals square root of the negative serial covariances of transaction price changes in a pure order processing world. Since the second order difference is nothing but the rate of price changes, it also must be related to spread, since the price change themselves are related to it, empirically, we find that spread square significantly affects the serial covariance of second order difference of price changes as well. Besides explaining the price changes with just one 5, Stoll's method of decomposition is not realistic. Though his method of decomposition does yield three components of spread, in reality, it lumps Adverse information cost and Inventory holding cost together. In our study, we make use of the state-of-the art Huang and Stoll's (1997) methodology of decomposition of spread. We first embed the developed theoretical price-movement model into that of Huang and S toll's this yields a functional relationship between 5i and 52 and a and |3 of Huang and Stoll, which directly refers to the adverse information and inventory holding components respectively. Thus, in our study, we realistically decompose the components of spread and OTCEI and empirically too, we find that the components estimated from our methodology does reflect the market microstructure of OTCEI. Apart from developing and empirically testing the theoretical model, we also see if it fits the observed data on OTCEI. We find that the theoretical model does not exactly conform to the observed data in OTCEI, necessitating some empirical fine-tuning. We build an empirical model which is again used to get the three components of spread. We also estimate components of spread in OTCEI using Stoll's and Huang and Stoll's methodology and we compare them with the estimates obtained using our methodology. We find that Stoll's methodology overstates the Adverse information component of spread and understates the inventory holding component of spread and Huang and Stoll's methodology and Our methodology and model yields estimates of components of spread which is more in tune with the market micros tructure of OTCEI. The estimates obtained from empirical model too conforms to the market microstructure of OTCEI.

The class of models which is studied in this paper, multi-unit longitudinal models, combines both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal aspects of observations. Many empirical investigations involve the analysis of data structures that are both cross-sectional (observations are taken on several units at a specific time period or at a specific location) and longitudinal (observations on the same unit are taken over time or space). Multi-unit longitudinal data structures arise in economics and business where panels of subjects are studied over time, biostatistics where groups of patients on different treatments are observed over time, and in situations where data are taken over time and space. Modelling issues in multi-unit longitudinal models with random coefficients and patterned correlation structure are illustrated in the context of two data sets. The first data set deals with short time series data on annual death rates and alcohol consumption for twenty-five European countries. The second data set deals with glaceologic time series data on snow temperature at 14 different locations within a small glacier in the Austrian Alps. A practical model building approach, consisting of model specification, estimation, and diagnostic checking, is outlined. (author's abstract) / Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik

O vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) causa uma das doenças mais importantes de bovinos em termos de custos econômicos e sociais, uma vez que é largamente disseminado na população de gado leiteiro. Os objetivos do trabalho foram estimar a prevalência em nível de rebanho e investigar fatores associados aos níveis de anticorpos em leite de tanque através de um estudo de caso-controle pareado, bem como discutir estratégias de construção de modelos. Para estimar a prevalência de rebanho, amostras de tanque de leite foram selecionadas aleatoriamente (n = 314) de uma população (N = 1604). A prevalência real de BVDV foi de 24,3% (IC95% = 20,1-29,3%). Para o estudo de caso-controle, rebanhos positivos para BVDV (altos níveis de anticorpos) foram classificados como casos (n = 21) e pareados (n = 63) por produção de leite com rebanhos que apresentaram baixos títulos de anticorpos (razão 1:3). Para análise, três modelos multivariáveis foram construídos: 1) modelo completo, onde todas as 21 variáveis independentes foram oferecidas, e dois modelos foram criados de acordo com conhecimento empírico e similaridades entre as variáveis independentes, 2) modelo de fatores animais e 3) modelo de biossegurança. Um questionário foi aplicado (n = 84) para obtenção de informações a respeito de possíveis fatores de risco para BVDV. O modelo completo (Modelo 1) identificou as seguintes variáveis: idade com critério de eliminação (OR = 0,10; IC95% = 0,02 – 0,39; P < 0,01); propriedades que forneceram leite a outras cooperativas anteriormente (OR = 4,13; IC95% = 1,17 - 14,49; P = 0,02) e a presença de piquete de isolamento para animais doentes (OR = 0,14; IC95% = 0,01 – 0,26; P = 0,02). O modelo de biossegurança (Modelo 3) revelou uma associação significativa com o uso de monta natural (OR = 9,03; IC95% = 2,14 – 38,03; P < 0,01); presença de piquete de isolamento para animais doentes (OR = 0,06; IC95% = 0,05 – 0,83; P = 0,03); anos fornecendo leite para a mesma cooperativa (OR = 0,94; IC95% = 0,91 – 0,97; P < 0,01) e contato direto pela cerca entre bovinos de propriedades vizinhas (OR = 5,78; IC95% = 1,41 – 23,67; P = 0,04). O modelo de biossegurança pode ser considerado o “melhor”, pois obteve AIC = 43,880 e BIC = 48,058 menores quando comparado com o modelo completo que obteve AIC = 50,445 e BIC = 53,779. Esta dissertação tem a intenção de promover a discussão sobre as estratégias de construção de modelos especialmente quando se trata de saúde animal. Recomenda-se a aplicação de agrupamento de variáveis independentes como uma boa alternativa na construção de modelos, uma vez que este processo pode levar a uma melhor compreensão a respeito da associação entre cause e efeito de doenças. / Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most important diseases of cattle in terms of economic costs and welfare, since it is widespread in the dairy cattle population. The aims were to estimate herd prevalence and investigate factors associated with antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) in dairy herds through a matched case-control design as well as discuss model-building strategies. To estimate herd prevalence, BTM samples were randomly selected (n = 314) from a population (N = 1604). The true prevalence of BVDV was 24.3% (CI95% = 20.1 - 29.3%). For the case-control study, BVDV antibody-positive herds (high antibody titers) were classified as cases (n = 21) and matched (n = 63) by milk production with herds presenting low antibody titers (ratio of 1:3). For analysis, three multivariable models were built: 1) full model, holding all 21 independent variables; and two models divided according to empirical knowledge and similarity among independent variables, i.e., 2) animal factor model and 3) biosecurity model. A questionnaire was applied (n = 84) to get information about possible BVDV risk factors. The full model (model 1) identified the following variables: age as a culling criteria (OR = 0.10; IC95% = 0.02 – 0.39; P < 0.01); farms that provided milk to other industries previously (OR = 4.13; IC95% = 1.17 – 14.49; P = 0.02); and isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.14; IC95% = 0.01 – 0.26; P = 0.02). The biosecurity model (model 3) revealed a significant association with the use of natural mating (OR = 9.03; IC95% = 2.14 – 38.03; P < 0.01); isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.06; IC95% = 0.05 – 0.83; P = 0.03); years providing milk for the same industry (OR = 0.94; CI95% = 0.89 - 0.99; P = 0.02); and direct contact over fences among cattle of neighboring farms (OR = 5.78; IC95% = 1.41 – 23.67; P = 0.04). The biosecurity model could be considered the “best” since AIC = 43,880 and BIC = 48,058 when compared with the full model where AIC = 50,445 and BIC = 53,579. This paper intends to promote discussion about the model-building strategy when animal-health-modeling is on the line. We recommend the application of grouping predictors as a good choice for model building since it could lead to a better understanding of disease-exposure associations.

O vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) causa uma das doenças mais importantes de bovinos em termos de custos econômicos e sociais, uma vez que é largamente disseminado na população de gado leiteiro. Os objetivos do trabalho foram estimar a prevalência em nível de rebanho e investigar fatores associados aos níveis de anticorpos em leite de tanque através de um estudo de caso-controle pareado, bem como discutir estratégias de construção de modelos. Para estimar a prevalência de rebanho, amostras de tanque de leite foram selecionadas aleatoriamente (n = 314) de uma população (N = 1604). A prevalência real de BVDV foi de 24,3% (IC95% = 20,1-29,3%). Para o estudo de caso-controle, rebanhos positivos para BVDV (altos níveis de anticorpos) foram classificados como casos (n = 21) e pareados (n = 63) por produção de leite com rebanhos que apresentaram baixos títulos de anticorpos (razão 1:3). Para análise, três modelos multivariáveis foram construídos: 1) modelo completo, onde todas as 21 variáveis independentes foram oferecidas, e dois modelos foram criados de acordo com conhecimento empírico e similaridades entre as variáveis independentes, 2) modelo de fatores animais e 3) modelo de biossegurança. Um questionário foi aplicado (n = 84) para obtenção de informações a respeito de possíveis fatores de risco para BVDV. O modelo completo (Modelo 1) identificou as seguintes variáveis: idade com critério de eliminação (OR = 0,10; IC95% = 0,02 – 0,39; P < 0,01); propriedades que forneceram leite a outras cooperativas anteriormente (OR = 4,13; IC95% = 1,17 - 14,49; P = 0,02) e a presença de piquete de isolamento para animais doentes (OR = 0,14; IC95% = 0,01 – 0,26; P = 0,02). O modelo de biossegurança (Modelo 3) revelou uma associação significativa com o uso de monta natural (OR = 9,03; IC95% = 2,14 – 38,03; P < 0,01); presença de piquete de isolamento para animais doentes (OR = 0,06; IC95% = 0,05 – 0,83; P = 0,03); anos fornecendo leite para a mesma cooperativa (OR = 0,94; IC95% = 0,91 – 0,97; P < 0,01) e contato direto pela cerca entre bovinos de propriedades vizinhas (OR = 5,78; IC95% = 1,41 – 23,67; P = 0,04). O modelo de biossegurança pode ser considerado o “melhor”, pois obteve AIC = 43,880 e BIC = 48,058 menores quando comparado com o modelo completo que obteve AIC = 50,445 e BIC = 53,779. Esta dissertação tem a intenção de promover a discussão sobre as estratégias de construção de modelos especialmente quando se trata de saúde animal. Recomenda-se a aplicação de agrupamento de variáveis independentes como uma boa alternativa na construção de modelos, uma vez que este processo pode levar a uma melhor compreensão a respeito da associação entre cause e efeito de doenças. / Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes one of the most important diseases of cattle in terms of economic costs and welfare, since it is widespread in the dairy cattle population. The aims were to estimate herd prevalence and investigate factors associated with antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) in dairy herds through a matched case-control design as well as discuss model-building strategies. To estimate herd prevalence, BTM samples were randomly selected (n = 314) from a population (N = 1604). The true prevalence of BVDV was 24.3% (CI95% = 20.1 - 29.3%). For the case-control study, BVDV antibody-positive herds (high antibody titers) were classified as cases (n = 21) and matched (n = 63) by milk production with herds presenting low antibody titers (ratio of 1:3). For analysis, three multivariable models were built: 1) full model, holding all 21 independent variables; and two models divided according to empirical knowledge and similarity among independent variables, i.e., 2) animal factor model and 3) biosecurity model. A questionnaire was applied (n = 84) to get information about possible BVDV risk factors. The full model (model 1) identified the following variables: age as a culling criteria (OR = 0.10; IC95% = 0.02 – 0.39; P < 0.01); farms that provided milk to other industries previously (OR = 4.13; IC95% = 1.17 – 14.49; P = 0.02); and isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.14; IC95% = 0.01 – 0.26; P = 0.02). The biosecurity model (model 3) revealed a significant association with the use of natural mating (OR = 9.03; IC95% = 2.14 – 38.03; P < 0.01); isolation paddocks for ill animals (OR = 0.06; IC95% = 0.05 – 0.83; P = 0.03); years providing milk for the same industry (OR = 0.94; CI95% = 0.89 - 0.99; P = 0.02); and direct contact over fences among cattle of neighboring farms (OR = 5.78; IC95% = 1.41 – 23.67; P = 0.04). The biosecurity model could be considered the “best” since AIC = 43,880 and BIC = 48,058 when compared with the full model where AIC = 50,445 and BIC = 53,579. This paper intends to promote discussion about the model-building strategy when animal-health-modeling is on the line. We recommend the application of grouping predictors as a good choice for model building since it could lead to a better understanding of disease-exposure associations.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alex Gomes Dias / Coorientador: Prf. Dr. Alexandre Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Santo André, 2018.

This thesis deals with the issue of subcontracting model of financial management and its impact on the economy of the construction enterprise. The aim of this work is to set up management of the building contract from the financial management of subcontracts with influence on the overall management of construction enterprise. The output of this work is a model that will point to the financial management of construction contracts regard to the management of construction enterprise.

This paper presents the whole process of building up a high precision, high dynamical MEMS acceleration sensor. The first samples have achieved a resolution of better than 500 micro g and a bandwidth of more than 200 Hz. The sensor fabrication technology is shortly covered in the paper. A theoretical model is built from the physical principles of the complete sensor system, consisting of the MEMS sensor, the charge amplifier and the PWM driver for the sensor element. The mathematical modeling also covers problems during startup. A reduced order model of the entire system is used to design a robust control with the Mixed-Sensitivity H-infinity Approach. Since the system has an unstable pole, imposed by the electrostatic field and time delay, caused by A/D-D/A conversation delay and DSP computing time, limitations for the control design are given. The theoretical model might be inaccurate or lacks of completeness, because the parameters for the theoretical model building vary from sample to sample or might be not known. A new identification scheme for open or closed-loop operation is deployed to obtain directly from the samples the parameters of the mechanical system and the voltage dependent gains. The focus of this paper is the complete system development and identification process including practical tests in a DSP TI-TMS320C3000 environment.

Currently, the road cargo system with low or zero CO2 emission is under rapid development. Heavy-duty trucks with electrified driveline systems will be the workhorse of future freight. But developing such a brand new and very complex system and adapting it to various application scenarios, such as long-haul freight, city distribution or construction loading, is still a big problem, because there is no previous experience to refer to. There is no standard development procedure or constraint framework for uncertainty either. Simulation on a massive scale with thousands of truck agents will be of great use for developing such a road-cargo system. System engineering will be the guiding methodology for this thesis project about developing a high-performance and multi-adaptive electrified driveline system. Referring to the classical V-shape development methodology, the complex concept will be divided into different levels of subsystems, from the large application scenarios to traffic simulation, driveline system simulation, electric motor and controller blocks development, and the system integration, performance verification and output of the results. The massive scale of traffic simulation will be implemented in AnyLogic, which does not contain any accurate agent model with vehicle dynamic motion during simulation. Thus, a precise vehicle agent model needs to be developed and embedded into AnyLogic’s simulation scenario, so as to make the simulation very close to reality, and to be able to evaluate vehicle concepts as well. The driveline system will be developed in Matlab/Simulink while the information communication between them will be realised in the form of computational calculation functions through the C language program. The development of the driveline model is also progressive. First, an equation-based full glider model was constructed. It simulates the scenario of a heavy-loaded truck driving on a steep slope (30% grade), decelerating from the initial 70 km/h to 0 km/h and then remaining stationary. The second model added the functionality of velocity input and output, enabling information exchange with AnyLogic. It will judge the real-time speed and the desired speed to decide whether to accelerate or decelerate and it uses the “Bang-Bang” control method of the electric motor. But this control mode results in a massive and frequent change in the electric motor output power, leading to extremely high energy consumption and in real life significantly shortened motor lifetime. So a powerful PI controller was introduced to the third Simulink model. The PI controller is embedded in the electric motor and it will replace the “Bang-Bang” control method. The “PID” control method provides a more stable power output so that the truck’s real-time speed can approach the target speed more smoothly. This control system can adapt to a variety of speed inputs and it can decide whether to output full power or partial power, depending on the speed difference. The third version of the Simulink model with PI controller has been verified as an acceptable model through various inputs of different speeds, and it will be converted into a C language program to be embedded in AnyLogic for massive traffic simulation. / Utveckling av godstrafiksystem på väg med låga eller noll CO2-utsläpp är under snabb utveckling. Tunga lastbilar med elektrifierade drivlinesystem kommer förmodligen att vara dominerande i framtiden för vägfrakt. Att utveckla ett helt nytt system med hög teknisk komplexitet och anpassning till olika tillämpningsscenarier, som fjärrtransport, distribution eller bygg och anläggning, är en stor utmaning på grund av kritiska begränsningar i exempelvis erfarenhet. Det finns heller ingen etablerad utvecklingsmetodik baserad på tidigare erfarenhet eller ramverk för att hantera osäkerheter. Simuleringar med tusentals lastbilsagenter kan vara till stor nytta och stöd för att utveckla lastbilssystem. Systemteknik kommer att vara den vägledande metodiken för detta examensarbete för att utveckla ett avancerat och multiadaptivt elektrifierat drivlinesystem. Med hjälp av den klassiska "V"-utvecklingsmetodiken kommer drivlinemodellen delas in i olika nivåer av delsystem utifrån de tidigare nämnda olika tillämpnings-scenarierna för trafiksimulering för att sedan utföra simulering av komplett drivlinesystem, utveckling av elmotor och reglersystem till systemintegration, prestandaverifiering och analys av resultat. Trafiksimulering är tänkt att implementeras i AnyLogic, som inte innehåller någon modell baserad på fordonsdynamik där drivlineegenskaper beaktas. Därför måste en specifk fordonsdynamikmodell utvecklas för fordonsagenten och bäddas in i AnyLogics simuleringsscenario för att göra simuleringen närmre verkligheten. Drivlinesystemet har utvecklats i Matlab/Simulink för att sedan realiseras i form av beräkningsfunktioner i C. Utvecklingen av drivlinemodellen görs iterativt. Först konstruerades en ekvationsbaserad full s.k. glidermodell. Den simulerar scenariot för en tung lastad lastbil som kör i en brant sluttning (30\% lutning), bromsar in från de ursprungliga 70 km/h till 0 km/h och förblir stillastående. I den andra modellen lades till gränssnitt för agentens begynnelsevärden och tillstånd vid tidsstegets slut, vilket möjliggjorde informationsutbyte med AnyLogic. Modellen analyserar realtidshastigheten och den önskade hastigheten för att sedan avgöra om agenten ska accelerera eller bromsa. Den använder "Bang-Bang"-reglermetoden för elmotorn. Men denna reglermetod resulterar i en frekvent och stor förändring av elmotorns uteffekt, vilket leder till hög energiförbrukning och i verkligheten avsevärt förkortad motorlivslängd. Därför introducerades en PI-regulator i den tredje Simulink-modellen. PI-regulatorn är inbäddad i elmotorn och ersätter "Bang-Bang"-reglermetoden. "PID"-regulatorn ger mer stabil effekt, så att lastbilens realtidshastighet mjukare kan närma sig målhastigheten. Detta reglersystem kan anpassas till en mängd olika begynnelsehastigheter och kan bestämma om full eller deleffekt ska matas ut beroende på skillnaden mellan realtidshastighet och målhastighet. Den tredje versionen av Simulink-modellen med PI-regulator har verifierats som en acceptabel modell genom olika begynnelsehastigheter och konverterats till ett C-program för att bäddas in i AnyLogic för trafiksimulering.

The field of high-energy physics has been living a very exciting period of its history with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN collecting data. Indeed, this enormous machine able to collide protons at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV promises to unveil the mystery around the physics at such energy scales. From the physicists side, the expectations are very strong as it isnowadays a certitude that the Standard Model of particle physics is incomplete and should, in fact, be interpreted as the effective theory of a more fundamental one. Unfortunately, the 7 and 8 TeV runs of the LHC did not provide any sign of new physics yet but there has been at least one major discovery in 2010, namely the discovery of a scalar particle with a mass of 125 GeV and whichproperties are very close to those of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Since then, many questions have come up as we now want to understand if it really is the Standard Model Higgs boson or if it exhibits any deviations. It is in this peculiar context that my research work was carried. In a first project, we, my supervisors, our collaborator and I, have wanted to explore thephenomenology associated with the neutralinos and charginos sector of the left-right symmetric supersymmetric model. Such an analysis can be motivated by several reasons such as the fact that the supersymmetric nature of these models provides a natural explanation for the infamous hierarchy problem, implies the unification of the gauge coupling constants at very high energy and provides a natural candidate for dark matter. In addition to these nice features, the left-right symmetry introduces a natural framework for explaining the smallness of neutrino masses but also helps in addressing several other unresolved issues in the Standard Model framework. Only focusing on the lightest charginos and neutralinos decaying into one or more light leptons, we have shown in our study that these models can be easily discovered in multi-leptonic final states as theylead to signatures very different from those induced by the Standard Model or its supersymmetric version.[...]