Due to the finite speed of light and a vast, expanding universe, telescopes are just now receiving the light emitted by galaxies as they were forming in the very early universe. The light from these galaxies has been redshifted (stretched to longer, redder wavelengths) as a result of its journey through expanding space. Using sophisticated techniques and exceptional multi-wavelength optical and infrared data, we isolate a population of 378 galaxies in the process of formation when the Universe was only two billion years old. By matching the distinctive properties of the light spectra of these galaxies to models, the redshift, age, dust content, star formation rate and total stellar mass of each galaxy are determined. Comparing our results to similar surveys of galaxy populations at other redshifts, a picture emerges of the growth and evolution of massive, star-forming galaxies over the course of billions of years.

Due to the finite speed of light and a vast, expanding universe, telescopes are just now receiving the light emitted by galaxies as they were forming in the very early universe. The light from these galaxies has been redshifted (stretched to longer, redder wavelengths) as a result of its journey through expanding space. Using sophisticated techniques and exceptional multi-wavelength optical and infrared data, we isolate a population of 378 galaxies in the process of formation when the Universe was only two billion years old. By matching the distinctive properties of the light spectra of these galaxies to models, the redshift, age, dust content, star formation rate and total stellar mass of each galaxy are determined. Comparing our results to similar surveys of galaxy populations at other redshifts, a picture emerges of the growth and evolution of massive, star-forming galaxies over the course of billions of years.

Due to the finite speed of light and a vast, expanding universe, telescopes are just now receiving the light emitted by galaxies as they were forming in the very early universe. The light from these galaxies has been redshifted (stretched to longer, redder wavelengths) as a result of its journey through expanding space. Using sophisticated techniques and exceptional multi-wavelength optical and infrared data, we isolate a population of 378 galaxies in the process of formation when the Universe was only two billion years old. By matching the distinctive properties of the light spectra of these galaxies to models, the redshift, age, dust content, star formation rate and total stellar mass of each galaxy are determined. Comparing our results to similar surveys of galaxy populations at other redshifts, a picture emerges of the growth and evolution of massive, star-forming galaxies over the course of billions of years.

Cette thèse traite de la détection automatique d’outils chirurgicaux de géométrie linéaire tels que des aiguilles ou des électrodes en imagerie ultrasonore 3D. Une localisation précise et fiable est nécessaire pour des interventions telles que des biopsies ou l’insertion d’électrode dans les tissus afin d’enregistrer leur activité électrique (par exemple dans le cortex cérébral). Le lecteur est introduit aux bases de l’imagerie ultrasonore (US) médicale. L’état de l’art des méthodes de localisation est rapporté. Un grand nombre de méthodes sont basées sur la projection comme la transformation de Hough ou la Projection Intégrale Parallèle (PIP). Afin d’améliorer l’implantation des méthodes PIP connues pour être assez lentes, nous décrivons une possible accélération par approche multirésolution. Nous proposons d’utiliser une méthode d’ajustement de modèle utilisant une approche RANSAC et une optimization locale. C’est une méthode rapide permettant un traitement temps réel et qui a l’avantage d’être très robuste en présence d’autres structures fortement échogènes dans le milieu environnant. Nous proposons deux nouveaux modèles d’apparence et de forme de l’outil dans les images US 3D. La localisation de l’outil peut être améliorée en exploitant son aspect tubulaire. Nous proposons un modèle d’outil utilisant un filtrage rehausseur de ligne que nous avons incorporé dans le schéma de recherche de modèle. La robustesse de cet algorithme de localisation est améliorée au prix d’un temps additionnel de pré-traitement. La localisation temps-réel utilisant le modèle de forme est démontrée par une implantation sur l’échographe Ultrasonix RP. Toutes les méthodes proposées on été testée sur des données de simulation US, des données de fantômes (qui sont des tissus synthétiques imitant les tissus biologiques) ainsi que sur des données réelles de biopsie du sein. Les méthodes proposées ont montré leur capacité à produire des résultats similaires en terme de précision mais en limitant d’avantage le nombre d’échecs de détection par rapport aux méthodes de l’état de l’art basées sur les projections. / This thesis deals with automatic localization of thin surgical tools such as needles or electrodes in 3D ultrasound images. The precise and reliable localization is important for medical interventions such as needle biopsy or electrode insertion into tissue. The reader is introduced to basics of medical ultrasound (US) imaging. The state of the art localization methods are reviewed in the work. Many methods such as Hough transform (HT) or Parallel Integral Projection (PIP) are based on projections. As the existing PIP implementations are relatively slow, we suggest an acceleration by using a multiresolution approach. We propose to use model fitting approach which uses randomized sample consensus (RANSAC) and local optimization. It is a fast method suitable for real-time use and it is robust with respect to the presence of other high-intensity structures in the background. We propose two new shape and appearance models of tool in 3D US images. Tool localization can be improved by exploiting its tubularity. We propose a tool model which uses line filtering and we incorporated it into the model fitting scheme. The robustness of such localization algorithm is improved at the expense of additional time for pre-processing. The real-time localization using the shape model is demonstrated by implementation on the 3D US scanner Ultrasonix RP. All proposed methods were tested on simulated data, phantom US data (a replacement for a tissue) and real tissue US data of breast with biopsy needle. The proposed methods had comparable accuracy and the lower number of failures than the state of the art projection based methods.

Due to the finite speed of light and a vast, expanding universe, telescopes are just now receiving the light emitted by galaxies as they were forming in the very early universe. The light from these galaxies has been redshifted (stretched to longer, redder wavelengths) as a result of its journey through expanding space. Using sophisticated techniques and exceptional multi-wavelength optical and infrared data, we isolate a population of 378 galaxies in the process of formation when the Universe was only two billion years old. By matching the distinctive properties of the light spectra of these galaxies to models, the redshift, age, dust content, star formation rate and total stellar mass of each galaxy are determined. Comparing our results to similar surveys of galaxy populations at other redshifts, a picture emerges of the growth and evolution of massive, star-forming galaxies over the course of billions of years.