Historians have long been drawn to the story of Barbados and the tales of sugar, slavery, empire, and wealth that defined the colonial history of this small West Indian island lying on the southeastern margins of the Caribbean Sea. First settled by the English in 1627, it quickly developed into ‘one of the richest Spotes of ground in the wordell’ after the introduction of sugar cane agriculture in the early 1640s and, by 1660, had become one of the most valuable and influential colonial possessions in the western hemisphere. Barbados was famous in its own time, especially after Richard Ligon, a three year resident on the island from 1647 to 1650, wrote his popular A True and Exact History of the Iland of Barbados in 1657. In this work, he vividly described a range of topics that included the island’s exotic flora and fauna, the methods used to convert cane into sugar, the trials many experienced in adjusting to life in the tropics, and the arrival of enslaved Africans for a public eager to receive such information on the distant domains of a growing empire. Contemporary scholars followed Ligon with other works in which Barbados figured prominently, such as John Oldmixon’s The British Empire in America (1708) and two important natural histories by Hans Sloane (1708) and Griffith Hughes (1750). It also served as the setting for many popular works, including a brief poem by the well-known English bard Richard Flecknoe and Richard Steele’s famous newspaper serial ‘Inkle and Yariko. Academic interest in the island’s past has also remained high since the eighteenth-century, with historians consistently drawn to Barbados’ integral role in the development of sugarcane agriculture based on enslaved African labour and the influence this had on England’s imperial mission. As B.W. Higman explains: the colonial history of the Caribbean is commonly characterized by the intimate relationship of sugar and slavery…and the defining moment of that relationship is located in the sugar revolution, beginning in Barbados in the middle of the seventeenth century. It is the sugar revolution above all which has come to represent the vital watershed, starkly separating the history of the islands from that of the mainland, not merely in terms of agricultural economy, but in almost every area of life, from demography, to social structure, wealth, settlement patterns, culture, and politics. Higman’s quotation highlights the important work on the island’s past that has already been completed by modern historians, especially in regard to sugar, slavery, and their combined effects upon the economic and political relationships that dominated the planters’ lives. Richard Dunn, for example, notes that ‘we have detailed political and institutional histories of the several Caribbean colonies in the seventeenth centuries and excellent studies of Stuart colonial policy in the West Indies.’ Books such as those written by Dunn, Vincent Harlow, Gary Puckrein, Larry Gragg, Noel Deerr, Richard Pares, Carl and Roberta Bridenbaugh, Richard Sheridan, Russell Menard, and Hilary Beckles have successfully highlighted the importance of Barbados’ place within the sugar-producing Caribbean and have helped to contribute to the further understanding of the relationship between the development of the plantation complex, the growing power of the West Indian planter, and the forced enslavement of a large African population. Combined, these authors adequately cover most of the important events in Barbadian history, ranging from the early settlement period and the emergence of sugar to the emancipation of the enslaved in 1834. Nevertheless, gaps in the historiography still exist, leaving several significant periods of the island’s history under-analyzed and misunderstood. One such lacuna exists for the twenty-year period between 1680 and 1700, a vital two decades that represented great tragedy, violence, and change throughout the English empire from an ugly combination of rebellion, revolution, and war. These events profoundly influenced and altered the lives of the 66,000 people living on Barbados. Yet, many historians gloss over this period in favor of either the island’s early settlement period or later emancipation era. They often avoid the 1680s and 1690s by hastily contending that the two decades were a period of relative decline defined by a combination of low prices, limited supply, infertile soil, war, and disease. Historians often attempt to justify these assertions by pointing to two contemporary documents that, when read in tandem, appear to paint a dismal picture of island conditions during this era. The first of these is the 1680 census, a compilation of demographic statistics collected by each parish vestry at the request of Governor Sir Jonathon Atkins in 1679. Under intense suspicion from the Lords of Trade and Plantations for not following the proper protocol concerning colonial laws and for refusing to send requested information back to England, Atkins demanded the name, location, acreage, and labor force of every landowner living on the island. He also collected specific accounts of the militia, island fortifications, and emigration, while receiving tallies of the Anglican baptisms, deaths, and marriages that occurred in each parish. Many historians use these demographic statistics to draw important conclusions about Barbados, including the continuing consolidation of the island’s limited acreage by the elite, the wealthy’s dominance of politics and the military, the lopsided burial to baptism rate, the high number of white emigrants, and the near-complete replacement of indentured servants by enslaved Africans.

Andrew Michael Ramsay‟s Essay de Politique (1719) and the revised second edition, the Essay philosophique sur le gouvernement civil (1721) claimed to promulgate the political principles of the Archbishop Fénelon author of Télémaque (1699). The assumed relationship between Fénelon and Ramsay augmented by Ramsay‟s Vie de Fénelon (1723) meant that subsequent biographers of both men have believed the Essay to be a faithful depiction of the prelate‟s political ideas. However this work, aided by the Vie de Fénelon was used by Ramsay to promote the Jacobite cause of James Stuart (the 'Pretender'). The Essay was used by Ramsay to set out a theoretical system of government that would prevent an 'excess of liberty' in the people and thereby prevent the possibility of Revolution against a king. Ramsay's second edition augmented this idea with a more focused attack on the contract theorists and apologists for the 1689 Revolution. Ramsay deliberately manipulated the political legacy of Fénelon and focused on a corrupted view of Fénelon's early (children's) educational works in his promotion of Jacobitism. In doing so, he disregarded the important later reform plans for the French state under the potential reign of (an adult) Duke of Burgundy which were later influential in Regency France. Moreover, Ramsay manipulated the name and reputation of Fénelon to disguise the real influence of his Essay, Fénelon's nemesis Bossuet. The reliance of the Essay upon the seventeenth century absolutist theory of Bossuet at a time when eighteenth century Britain and Regency France had rejected absolutism in favour of reform led to its failure. The aim of the Thesis is therefore to examine the extent of Ramsay's Jacobitism, his impact on the political legacy of Fénelon in his attempt to create a work of Jacobite propaganda, and the true influences on the Essay de Politique.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação entre milenarismo e razão de Estado no pensamento do calabrês, Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639), na tentativa de se compreender como esta ligação pauta o seu projeto de Monarquia Universal, no qual todos os povos seriam reunidos sob uma única fé e um único monarca. Para isso, dentre a numerosa produção do autor, foram escolhidas duas obras principais: Monarchia di Spagna (1595) e a Monarchia del Messia (1606-07), sem se desconsiderar, quando necessário, as devidas ilações com outros escritos do calabrês, assim como com obras e autores de época que tiveram alguma repercussão na construção de suas ideias. As duas obras escolhidas, como centrais no presente trabalho, apresentam alguns pontos em comum, permitindo, dessa maneira, serem analisadas dentro de um conjunto mais ou menos homogêneo. Quer dizer, nelas é possível perceber a íntima relação entre religião e política, tema nuclear no projeto de Monarquia Universal de Tommaso Campanella. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the relation between millenarianism and reason of State in Tommaso Campanellas works, expressed through his will of a Universal Monarchy, ruled by a single governor and in which there would be only one Christian faith. For this, among his several works, the two most important were chosen: Monarchia di Spagna (1595) and Monarchia del Messia (1606-1607). Those ones have some points in common, making possible a certain homogeneous analysis. The main issue in both works is the relation between political power and religion, a theme which is fundamental for understanding how the reason of State and his millenarianism thinking are related to each other. So, it will be analyzed the relation between millenarianism and politics in the Universal Monarchy purposed by the author, which its main characteristic was the union of temporal and spiritual powers.

This thesis considers the development of Evelyn Waugh's and Graham Greene’s Catholicism between 1928 and 1939. Focusing predominantly on Waugh’s and Greene’s novels, it investigates how their writings express Catholic ideas, as well how their faith informs their views of human nature, their political sympathies, and their criticisms of modern secular civilization. While it recognizes the important differences between Waugh’s and Greene’s thinking in this period (such as their diverging political sympathies and their uses of different forms and genres of writing), it also establishes some significant affiliations between their Catholic points of view. Both authors associate the increasingly secular condition of English society with themes of decay and disintegration, acknowledge the reality of Original Sin, and believe in a supernatural reality distinct from its earthly counterpart. The Introduction provides an overview of Greene and Waugh scholarship, noting that there is currently no critical study devoted to the topic of early affiliations between these authors’ Catholic principles. The first two chapters propose that the beginnings of Waugh’s and Greene’s Catholic perspectives can be detected in their early fiction. Chapter Three examines in relation to each other Waugh’s and Greene’s novels between 1930 and 1935. Chapter Four charts the development of their respective vantage-points in the period 1936-1938. The final chapter looks at the year 1939 and assesses the nature of these authors' Catholic views prior to the outbreak of the Second World War.

abstract: Tempe experienced rapid growth in population and area from 1949 to 1975, stretching its resources thin and changing the character of the city. City boosters encouraged growth through the 1950s to safeguard Tempe’s borders against its larger neighbor, Phoenix. New residents moved to Tempe as it grew, expecting suburban amenities that the former agricultural supply town struggled to pay for and provide. After initially balking at taking responsibility for development of a park system, Tempe established a Parks and Recreation Department in 1958 and used parks as a main component in an evolving strategy for responding to rapid suburban growth. Through the 1960s and 1970s, Tempe pursued an ambitious goal of siting one park in each square mile of the city, planning for neighborhood parks to be paired with elementary schools and placed at the center of each Tempe neighborhood. The highly-publicized plan created a framework, based on the familiarity of public park spaces, that helped both long-time residents and recent transplants understand the new city form and participate in a changing community identity. As growth accelerated and subdivisions surged southward into the productive agricultural area that had driven Tempe’s economy for decades, the School-Park Policy faltered as a planning and community-building tool. Residents and city leaders struggled to reconcile the loss of agricultural land with the carefully maintained cultural narrative that connected Tempe to its frontier past, ultimately broadening the role of parks to address the needs of a changing city. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis History 2019

This dissertation examines the cultural, intellectual and artistic contributions religious women made in the production of secular and religious books in fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy. It presents the first comparative study of nuns' book production across Italy and introduces new manuscripts to the canon of nuns' bookwork. Though the scholarship of the last fifty years has increased our understanding of the institutional and individual lives of nuns, little research has been done on their production and exchange of texts. Nun-scribes and manuscript painters produced liturgical, devotional and administrative books for use in-house, as well as for secular and religious communities and individuals outside the walls of the convents. Evidence of their bookwork repositions them as active participants in a rich spiritual, intellectual and artistic life and broadens their sphere of activity and influence to include a wide community of secular and religious patrons, artistic collaborators, scholars, family members, and book-buying clientele. Through a close examination of the material evidence in their manuscripts, this study illustrates how nuns used the production and exchange of texts to further their individual and institutional goals. This dissertation makes an important contribution to the current understanding nuns' spiritual, artistic and intellectual life and practice and significantly reshapes the current understanding of women's education and learning in Renaissance and early modern Italy (1400-1650).

O presente trabalho debruça-se sobre os quatro volumes da obra The Modern World System, de Immanuel Wallerstein, visando a compreender o pensamento desse autor acerca do Estado moderno como instituição, de longa duração, essencial ao funcionamento da economia-mundo capitalista europeia, surgida no longo séc. XVI e que perdura até hoje. Para tanto, percorreu-se o seguinte itinerário: (1) no capítulo primeiro, a obra de Wallerstein foi contextualizada, expondo-se as suas influências teóricas e as premissas fundamentais da análise dos sistemas-mundo, crítica metodológica por ele feita em oposição ao método tradicional das ciências sociais; (2) no capítulo segundo, apresentaram-se o contexto social e econômico no qual surgiu e se consolidou o Estado moderno, tais como a desagregação do sistema feudal; as causas da formação de uma economia-mundo capitalista europeia no longo séc. XVI; as características da divisão única do trabalho e da estrutura centro-periferia; a dimensão espacial da economia-mundo no séc. XVI; as opiniões complementares de Fernand Braudel e Giovanni Arrighi acerca do surgimento do capitalismo como sistema mundial; e a raison d\'être do capitalismo histórico ou sistema-mundo moderno; (3) no capítulo terceiro, foram analisados as estruturas e mecanismos de funcionamento do Estado moderno na primeira fase do seu desenvolvimento histórico, nos séculos XV-XVIII, evidenciando as vinculações íntimas entre o objetivo da acumulação capitalista que dirigiu a vida econômica europeia a partir dessa época, e a conformação peculiar que o Estado moderno assumiu, especialmente no que tange à dependência estatal da acumulação capitalista para a manutenção do poder soberano; a existência de um sistema interestatal que estabiliza a relação entre os aparatos estatais em prol da meta da acumulação; o relacionamento da classe capitalista com o Estado; e a diferenciação geográfica essencial entre os aparatos estatais, que se organizavam em uma hierarquia de poder diretamente relacionada à estrutura centro-periferia; (4) no capítulo quarto, tratou-se dos acontecimentos posteriores à Revolução Francesa e dos seus impactos cultural-ideológicos no sistema-mundo moderno, que promoveram a mudança da feição do Estado; o surgimento das ideologias políticas e dos movimentos antissistêmicos; a formação do Estado liberal, do Estado do bem-estar social e dos Estados socialistas; e os episódios derradeiros de crise e desarticulação do Estado e do capitalismo como realidades de longa duração; (5) no capítulo quinto, foi realizada uma síntese teórica das teses de Wallerstein acerca do Estado, demonstrando os desafios que os aparatos estatais enfrentam diante da tendência de democratização do mundo, com especial atenção ao atual momento de crise sistêmica e os possíveis desdobramentos para o séc. XXI. / The present work deals with the four volumes of Immanuel Wallerstein\'s The Modern World System, in order to understand the author\'s thinking about the modern state as a long-term institution essential to the functioning of the European capitalist world-economy, created in long sixteenth century and lasting until today. For this, the following itinerary was pursued: (1) in the first chapter, Wallerstein\'s work was contextualized, exposing its theoretical influences and the fundamental premises of the world-systems analysis, a methodological critique he made in opposition to the traditional method of social sciences; (2) the second chapter presented the social and economic context in which the modern state has emerged and consolidated itself, such as the breakdown of the feudal system; the causes of the formation of a European capitalist world-economy in the long sixteenth century; the characteristics of the single division of labor and the center-periphery structure; the spatial dimension of the world-economy in the sixteenth century; the complementary views of Fernand Braudel and Giovanni Arrighi on the emergence of capitalism as a world system; and the raison d\'être of the historical capitalism or the modern world-system; (3) the third chapter analyzed the structures and mechanisms of modern state functioning in the first phase of its historical development in the fifteenth-eighteenth centuries, highlighting the intimate connections between the objective of capitalist accumulation, which directed European economic life from this time on, and the peculiar conformation that the modern state has assumed, especially as regards the state\'s dependence on capitalist accumulation for the maintenance of sovereign power; the existence of an interstate system that stabilizes the relationship between state machineries in favor of the goal of accumulation; the relationship of the capitalist class with the state; and the essential geographical differentiation between the state machineries, which were organized in a hierarchy of power directly related to the center-periphery structure; (4) the fourth chapter dealt with events subsequent to the French Revolution and its cultural-ideological impacts on the modern world system, which promoted a change in the state\'s character; the emergence of political ideologies and antisystemic movements; the formation of the liberal state, the welfare state and socialist states; and the final episodes of crisis and disarticulation of the state and of capitalism as long-lasting realities; (5) in the fifth chapter, a theoretical synthesis of Wallerstein\'s theses on the state was carried out, demonstrating the challenges that state machineries face about the trend towards democratization of the world, with special attention to the actual moment of systemic crisis and the possible unfolding for the twenty-first century.

In 1931, judo became a compulsory subject in middle schools throughout Japan, over forty-years after Kanō Jigorō, judo's founder, had initially recommended it to government officials as something which should be included in the schools across the country. While this simple change in middle school curriculum may seem insignificant, it was in fact a watershed marking a new stage of the creation of an able and disciplined populace in Japan. This thesis will explain the significance of the inclusion of judo in schools by investigating the history of judo up to the point of its inclusion in schools, exploring the rhetoric of judo in terms of a larger discourse on "moral education" which was prevalent during the times, and finally an analysis of school judo—in terms of its physical practice as well as the ideology and rhetoric behind it—using the Foucauldian concept of "docile bodies."

In 1931, judo became a compulsory subject in middle schools throughout Japan, over forty-years after Kanō Jigorō, judo's founder, had initially recommended it to government officials as something which should be included in the schools across the country. While this simple change in middle school curriculum may seem insignificant, it was in fact a watershed marking a new stage of the creation of an able and disciplined populace in Japan. This thesis will explain the significance of the inclusion of judo in schools by investigating the history of judo up to the point of its inclusion in schools, exploring the rhetoric of judo in terms of a larger discourse on "moral education" which was prevalent during the times, and finally an analysis of school judo—in terms of its physical practice as well as the ideology and rhetoric behind it—using the Foucauldian concept of "docile bodies."

Uppsatsen är en induktiv studie med kvalitativa intervjuer, som undersöker gymnasielärare och historikers inställning till regeringens förslag om att historia A på gymnasiet ska fokusera på modern historia. Denna inställning ställer vi sedan i relation till begreppet historiemedvetande och får på detta sätt fram spännande resultat. Vi kunde se att åsikterna går isär, men att de alla i grund och botten har en gemensam tanke om vad som vore bäst för eleverna. Den stora skillnaden ligger i hur detta kan uppnås. Är det en fokusering på moderna tider, eller är det en lång tidsvandring som ger möjligheten att dra långa linjer som är det bästa? Vi kom fram till att en kurs på 100 poäng, som till största delen fokuserar på modern historia, och ger möjligheter att dra paralleller bakåt i tiden vore den bästa lösningen på problemet med dagens förslag. En nödvändighet är dock att samarbetet mellan skolstadierna fungerar. / This essay is an inductive study with qualitative interviews, which examines upper secondary school teachers’ and historians’ attitude to the government's proposal that History A in upper secondary school is to focus on modern history. We are discussing these attitudes in relation to the concept of History Awareness, which presented us with exciting results. Our study shows that there is a diversity of opinions on the topic, but that the interviewees in general have a common thought about what is best for the students. The big difference is in how this is supposed to be achieved. Is it a focus on modern history? Or is it long walks through time that gives the possibility to draw long lines that is the best? Our conclusion is that a class of 100 points, which mainly focuses on modern history, and presents possibilities to draw parallels to the past is the best solution to the problem with today's proposal. However, it is necessary that the cooperation between the different school stages is working.