During the first decades of the twentieth century, Americans grappled with the idea of what it meant to be a modern society. As in other periods and places, arts, architecture and design played a significant role in expressing and exploring the issues and concerns of the day. In the period 1930 to 1965, and emerging practice called "interior design," in particular, became a potent medium for this purpose.Like modern art and modern architecture, the key to the practice of interior design was its basis in ideas. As curator Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., pointed out in his 1950 explanatory booklet "What is Modern Interior Design?" published by the Museum of Modern Art, interior design's foundation, in contrast to interior decorating, was in "principles rather than effects." To use the word "design" instead of "decoration," in relation to the creation of interiors implied the use of systematic and rational approach based in ideas not personal preferences. By the late 1930s both the discourse and practice of interior design as an alternative to interior decoration had begun to emerge in the United States.This study will explore how the emerging practice of interior design between 1930 and 1965, developed through the efforts of designers from various fields who all embraced this systematic and rational approach to creating interiors based in "principles and not effects." It will discuss how designers such as Ray and Charles Eames, George Nelson, Richard Neutra, Florence Knoll, and Russel and Mary Wright, whose work is highlighted in this study, used interior design as a way to explore and express theoretical considerations that could be learned, understood and disseminated by the designed interior. By doing so it exposes the ideas at work behind the interior designs of this period, which for the most part have not been fully considered by current histories, and presents a richer, more complete and more accurate account of this moment in design history and interior design's contribution to it.

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[pt] Esta dissertação propõe a análise da formação de uma cultura figurativa do Design a partir da experiência da Bauhaus. A escola surge, em 1919, imbuída de ideais expressionistas e obstinada em promover a união entre todas as artes. Porém, já em 1923, inicia-se um processo de ressignificação e adaptação dos métodos e pesquisas formais, tradicionalmente vinculadas à arte, a um pensamento técnico científico. Embora essa inflexão tenha atenuado a relevância da arte dentro da instituição – e dominado o pensamento subsequente acerca do design moderno –, a crença no potencial educativo da forma permaneceu forte graças à presença de grandes artistas-professores, como Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, László Moholy-Nagy e Josef Albers. Ao retomar tal experiência, a pesquisa pretende resgatar a dimensão filosófica da cultura visual produzida pelo design, entendendo que a forma tem a capacidade de gerar reflexão e inovação. / [en] Taking the Bauhaus experience as a starting point, this research analyses the formation of a figurative culture of Design. The school emerges in 1919, imbued with expressionist ideals and obstinate to promote the union between all arts. However, already in 1923, a process of revision and adaptation of methods and researches of form begins to shift from the art sphere to the technical-scientific one. Although this inflection has undermined the relevance of art within the institution – and influenced the subsequent thinking on modern design –, the belief in form as an educational instrument have remained relevant thanks to the presence of great artist-teachers, such as Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and László Moholy-Nagy. With special reference to the Bauhaus, this dissertation intends to recover the philosophical dimension of the visual culture produced by design, understanding that the form has the capacity to generate reflection ad innovation.

A reforma gráfica do Jornal do Brasil e a construção do Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil se inserem no movimento de fratura por que passa o design brasileiro na virada dos anos 1950 para os 1960. Em um processo longo, repleto de idiossincrasias, as publicações integram essa ruptura, ao mesmo tempo em que sugerem um afastamento em relação à disciplina projetual que se instala nesse momento no Brasil. A dissertação se empenha em trazer à luz a medida dessas distâncias, por meio da análise visual das páginas dessas publicações. Ainda, lança-se na reconstrução da história da reforma do jornal e do surgimento do suplemento, confrontando a extensa mitologia que os cerca com apoio da bibliografia por ora existente e de entrevistas com fontes primárias. / The graphical renovation of Jornal do Brasil (a wide-circulation brazilian newspaper) and the elaboration of its sunday supplement Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil fit in the context of the breakthrough through which brazilian design was undergoing during the 1950s and 60s. The renovation of the aforementioned publications a process laden with idiosyncrasies should be considered as an integral part of this rupture with pre-modern brazilian design but, at the same time, the publications were actively distancing themselves from what was becoming the standard design-scheme that was laying claims on graphical projects in Brazil at that period. The present dissertation seeks to shed some light on the interplay of these features relying on a page-to-page visual analysis of these publications. Furthermore, the dissertation does not shy from retracing the history of Jornal do Brasils graphical renovation and of the emergence of its supplement, questioning the deep-rooted mythology surrounding these origins with the support of the growing bibliography on the issue and interviews with people involved.

Jacob Ruchti, a modernidade e a arquitetura paulista (1940-1970) analisa individualmente, pela primeira vez, o envolvimento do personagem Jacob Ruchti no movimento estéticosócio- cultural paulista. Nascido na Suíça em 1917, Ruchti formou-se arquiteto pela Universidade Mackenzie em 1940. A abordagem destaca sua contribuição pioneira para a semeadura e consolidação do pensamento moderno na sociedade paulista, no que se refere ao surgimento da arte abstrata, ao nascimento do design e à criação do campo de arquitetura de interiores. Arquiteto, designer e professor, foi um estudante ousado e em grande parte autodidata. Dentro de um contexto social em busca de valores modernizantes, desde jovem defendeu uma visão além da mera funcionalidade na arquitetura ou do simples formalismo na arte, enriquecendo suas idéias pela vivência e aspectos culturais, sociais, psicológicos e, mais tarde, envolvendo a consideração simbólica. Com ampla formação cultural, esteve entre os fundadores do Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil (IAB), do Museu de Arte Moderna (MAM) e do Instituto de Arte Contemporânea (IAC), a primeira escola de design do Brasil, ao lado de Lina e Pietro Maria Bardi (1951). Articulador no movimento artístico paulista atuou nas primeiras bienais de São Paulo, nas montagens ou como membro do júri internacional. Como professor da FAU/USP, de Composição Decorativa (1954-1961), desenvolveu conceitos bauhausianos fundidos à idéia do design moderno brasileiro, o que significou um avanço, também no nome da Cadeira, que passou a chamar-se Desenho Industrial, em 1962. Ao questionar os valores modernistas, antes de seus colegas, combinou a fluência orgânica de Frank Lloyd Wright com a contemporaneidade industrial de Richard Neutra e Marcel Breuer, que aplicou em projetos de arquitetura. Nos anos 50, ao lado de arquitetos igualmente de menor visibilidade no cenário paulista do período (Aflalo, Chen, Croce, Forte, Millan), destacou-se na criação de um mobiliário moderno, e de alta qualidade com a loja Branco & Preto, inovador à época. Finalmente, permeada por um olhar peculiar, será levantada e recuperada, a partir dos anos 60, sua fase projetual arquitetônica, enfocando principalmente os interiores, momento em que projetou para segmentos diversos como bancos, lojas, restaurante, hotéis, escritórios, consultório e dezenas de espaços internos residenciais. Aprimorando-se na exploração máxima dos materiais e de novas tecnologias, utilizando o espírito investigativo nos campos existencial e psicológico como parte integrante do processo da elaboração arquitetônica, passou a introduzir expressividade formal e introspectiva, com base em André Bloc e Frederick Kiesler combinada à arte concreta, na criação de espaços escultóricos internos. Esta pesquisa apresenta a trajetória do universo profissional e acadêmico do arquiteto. / Jacob Ruchti, the modernity and architecture of São Paulo (1940-1970), offers a firsthand individual analysis of the architects involvement as a character in the esthetic, social and cultural movement in the state of São Paulo. Born in Switzerland in 1917, Ruchti graduated from Mackenzie University in 1940. This paper highlights his pioneering contribution to the inspiration and consolidation of modern thought in the São Paulo society, in relation to the rise of abstract art, the birth of design, and to the creation of interior architecture. Ruchti was an architect, designer and professor, a bold student, and mostly self-taught. Within a social context in search of modernizing values, he defended a view beyond the mere functionality of architecture or of the plain formalisms of art, enhancing his ideas through experience and cultural, social and psychological aspects and, later, by including symbolic considerations. Due to his extensive cultural background, Ruchti was amongst the founders of the Institute of Architects of Brazil (Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil - IAB), the Modern Art Museum (Museu de Arte Moderna - MAM), as well as of the Institute of Contemporary Art (Instituto de Arte Contemporânea - ICA), the latter being the first design school in Brazil, together with Lina and Pietro Maria Bardi (1951). As an articulate representative of the São Paulo art scene, he took part in the first Biennial exhibits in the city, either in the setting up of the events or as an international judge member. As a professor of Decoration Composition for FAU/USP (School of Architecture and Urban Planning of the University of São Paulo) from 1954 to 1961, Ruchti developed Bauhaus concepts, integrating them to the idea of modern Brazilian design, which represented a breakthrough, also in relation to the name of the course, later termed Industrial Design, in 1962. By questioning modernistic values prior to his colleagues, he combined Frank Lloyd Wrights organic style with the industrial contemporaneity of Richard Neutra and Marcel Breuer, and then applied the results to architectural projects. In the fifties, alongside architects equally unknown in the São Paulo scene at that time (such as Aflalo, Chen, Croce, Forte and Millan), Ruchti stood out with the creation of highquality and modern furniture for his store Branco & Preto (White & Black), clearly innovative for its time. Lastly, from a particular standpoint, Ruchtis architectural project phase from the sixties onwards will be examined and recovered, focusing mainly on interior design, which was when he switched to projects for various commercial sectors such as banks, stores, restaurants, hotels, offices, medical offices, as well as for dozens of interior home spaces. Ruchtis inquisitive mind in the existential and psychological fields as part of the architectural elaboration process developed his skills through the maximum use of materials and new technologies, and consequently introduced formal and introspective expressiveness based on André Bloc and Frederick Kiesler, combined with concrete art, in the creation of sculptural internal spaces. This paper addresses the development of the architects professional and academic career.

A reforma gráfica do Jornal do Brasil e a construção do Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil se inserem no movimento de fratura por que passa o design brasileiro na virada dos anos 1950 para os 1960. Em um processo longo, repleto de idiossincrasias, as publicações integram essa ruptura, ao mesmo tempo em que sugerem um afastamento em relação à disciplina projetual que se instala nesse momento no Brasil. A dissertação se empenha em trazer à luz a medida dessas distâncias, por meio da análise visual das páginas dessas publicações. Ainda, lança-se na reconstrução da história da reforma do jornal e do surgimento do suplemento, confrontando a extensa mitologia que os cerca com apoio da bibliografia por ora existente e de entrevistas com fontes primárias. / The graphical renovation of Jornal do Brasil (a wide-circulation brazilian newspaper) and the elaboration of its sunday supplement Suplemento Dominical do Jornal do Brasil fit in the context of the breakthrough through which brazilian design was undergoing during the 1950s and 60s. The renovation of the aforementioned publications a process laden with idiosyncrasies should be considered as an integral part of this rupture with pre-modern brazilian design but, at the same time, the publications were actively distancing themselves from what was becoming the standard design-scheme that was laying claims on graphical projects in Brazil at that period. The present dissertation seeks to shed some light on the interplay of these features relying on a page-to-page visual analysis of these publications. Furthermore, the dissertation does not shy from retracing the history of Jornal do Brasils graphical renovation and of the emergence of its supplement, questioning the deep-rooted mythology surrounding these origins with the support of the growing bibliography on the issue and interviews with people involved.

Jacob Ruchti, a modernidade e a arquitetura paulista (1940-1970) analisa individualmente, pela primeira vez, o envolvimento do personagem Jacob Ruchti no movimento estéticosócio- cultural paulista. Nascido na Suíça em 1917, Ruchti formou-se arquiteto pela Universidade Mackenzie em 1940. A abordagem destaca sua contribuição pioneira para a semeadura e consolidação do pensamento moderno na sociedade paulista, no que se refere ao surgimento da arte abstrata, ao nascimento do design e à criação do campo de arquitetura de interiores. Arquiteto, designer e professor, foi um estudante ousado e em grande parte autodidata. Dentro de um contexto social em busca de valores modernizantes, desde jovem defendeu uma visão além da mera funcionalidade na arquitetura ou do simples formalismo na arte, enriquecendo suas idéias pela vivência e aspectos culturais, sociais, psicológicos e, mais tarde, envolvendo a consideração simbólica. Com ampla formação cultural, esteve entre os fundadores do Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil (IAB), do Museu de Arte Moderna (MAM) e do Instituto de Arte Contemporânea (IAC), a primeira escola de design do Brasil, ao lado de Lina e Pietro Maria Bardi (1951). Articulador no movimento artístico paulista atuou nas primeiras bienais de São Paulo, nas montagens ou como membro do júri internacional. Como professor da FAU/USP, de Composição Decorativa (1954-1961), desenvolveu conceitos bauhausianos fundidos à idéia do design moderno brasileiro, o que significou um avanço, também no nome da Cadeira, que passou a chamar-se Desenho Industrial, em 1962. Ao questionar os valores modernistas, antes de seus colegas, combinou a fluência orgânica de Frank Lloyd Wright com a contemporaneidade industrial de Richard Neutra e Marcel Breuer, que aplicou em projetos de arquitetura. Nos anos 50, ao lado de arquitetos igualmente de menor visibilidade no cenário paulista do período (Aflalo, Chen, Croce, Forte, Millan), destacou-se na criação de um mobiliário moderno, e de alta qualidade com a loja Branco & Preto, inovador à época. Finalmente, permeada por um olhar peculiar, será levantada e recuperada, a partir dos anos 60, sua fase projetual arquitetônica, enfocando principalmente os interiores, momento em que projetou para segmentos diversos como bancos, lojas, restaurante, hotéis, escritórios, consultório e dezenas de espaços internos residenciais. Aprimorando-se na exploração máxima dos materiais e de novas tecnologias, utilizando o espírito investigativo nos campos existencial e psicológico como parte integrante do processo da elaboração arquitetônica, passou a introduzir expressividade formal e introspectiva, com base em André Bloc e Frederick Kiesler combinada à arte concreta, na criação de espaços escultóricos internos. Esta pesquisa apresenta a trajetória do universo profissional e acadêmico do arquiteto. / Jacob Ruchti, the modernity and architecture of São Paulo (1940-1970), offers a firsthand individual analysis of the architects involvement as a character in the esthetic, social and cultural movement in the state of São Paulo. Born in Switzerland in 1917, Ruchti graduated from Mackenzie University in 1940. This paper highlights his pioneering contribution to the inspiration and consolidation of modern thought in the São Paulo society, in relation to the rise of abstract art, the birth of design, and to the creation of interior architecture. Ruchti was an architect, designer and professor, a bold student, and mostly self-taught. Within a social context in search of modernizing values, he defended a view beyond the mere functionality of architecture or of the plain formalisms of art, enhancing his ideas through experience and cultural, social and psychological aspects and, later, by including symbolic considerations. Due to his extensive cultural background, Ruchti was amongst the founders of the Institute of Architects of Brazil (Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil - IAB), the Modern Art Museum (Museu de Arte Moderna - MAM), as well as of the Institute of Contemporary Art (Instituto de Arte Contemporânea - ICA), the latter being the first design school in Brazil, together with Lina and Pietro Maria Bardi (1951). As an articulate representative of the São Paulo art scene, he took part in the first Biennial exhibits in the city, either in the setting up of the events or as an international judge member. As a professor of Decoration Composition for FAU/USP (School of Architecture and Urban Planning of the University of São Paulo) from 1954 to 1961, Ruchti developed Bauhaus concepts, integrating them to the idea of modern Brazilian design, which represented a breakthrough, also in relation to the name of the course, later termed Industrial Design, in 1962. By questioning modernistic values prior to his colleagues, he combined Frank Lloyd Wrights organic style with the industrial contemporaneity of Richard Neutra and Marcel Breuer, and then applied the results to architectural projects. In the fifties, alongside architects equally unknown in the São Paulo scene at that time (such as Aflalo, Chen, Croce, Forte and Millan), Ruchti stood out with the creation of highquality and modern furniture for his store Branco & Preto (White & Black), clearly innovative for its time. Lastly, from a particular standpoint, Ruchtis architectural project phase from the sixties onwards will be examined and recovered, focusing mainly on interior design, which was when he switched to projects for various commercial sectors such as banks, stores, restaurants, hotels, offices, medical offices, as well as for dozens of interior home spaces. Ruchtis inquisitive mind in the existential and psychological fields as part of the architectural elaboration process developed his skills through the maximum use of materials and new technologies, and consequently introduced formal and introspective expressiveness based on André Bloc and Frederick Kiesler, combined with concrete art, in the creation of sculptural internal spaces. This paper addresses the development of the architects professional and academic career.

Du Bauhaus à De Stijl, du Constructivisme au Style international ou au Mouvement moderne, le modernisme historique n’aura pas seulement occupé les historiens de l’architecture et du design. Il est en effet devenu, depuis une vingtaine d’années, un objet d’investissement à part entière d'un grand nombre d'artistes de toutes provenances. Au tournant des années 2000, ce phénomène de références, d'évocations, de déplacements, de réappropriations, de mises à distance ou de célébrations, a pris une ampleur telle que de nombreuses expositions en Europe et en Amérique du Nord l'ont interrogé, en le réduisant toutefois le plus souvent à une mouvance ruiniste, empreinte de nostalgie, qui n'est pas confirmée par une étude attentive des œuvres. Loin de toute vaine prétention à l’exhaustivité, notre recherche a opté pour une focale centrée sur les œuvres. Au risque d’un peu de myopie où pourrait sembler se perdre une conscience globale du phénomène historique traité, le parti est ici pris d’analyser individuellement les pratiques. L’étude des divers cas retenus conduit à différentes hypothèses et lectures, qu'on espère inédites. Si tous les travaux analysés ont en commun de se référer au modernisme, de prendre celui-ci pour objet à travers telle ou telle de ses réalisations, on verra qu’il est impossible de conférer un sens unitaire à pareil tropisme. L'indispensable proximité avec les œuvres aura ainsi permis de prendre non pas l’unique mais les mesures plurielles d’un phénomène qui aura indéniablement marqué la création artistique des dernières décennies, et continue de la marquer. / From Bauhaus to De Stijl, from Constructivism to the International Style or the Modern Movement, historical modernism has kept more than architecture and design historians busy. In fact, in the last twenty years, it has become a focus of investment in its own right for a large number of artists from all walks of life. At the turn of the century, this phenomenon of references, evocations, displacements, reappropriations, distancing or celebrations took on such a magnitude that many exhibitions in Europe and North America addressed it. However, it was primarily reduced to a ruinist movement, full of nostalgia, which is not discerned by a careful study of the works. Without pretense of being exhaustive, our research has chosen to focus on the works. At the risk of being slightly myopic, where a global consciousness of the historical phenomenon treated might seem lost, we seek to analyze individual practices. The study of the various cases selected leads to different hypotheses and readings, which we hope are novel. If the common thread of all the analyzed works is to refer to modernism, to take it as object through one or other of its achievements, we will see that it is impossible to confer a unitary meaning on such tropism. The indispensable proximity to the works will thus make it possible to take not the exclusive but the plural measures of a phenomenon that will undoubtedly mark the artistic creation of the last decades, and continues to mark it.

A partir da análise dos trabalhos do departamento de design da Cranbrook Academy of Art, durante o período coordenado por Katherine McCoy (1971 a 1995), este trabalho procura identificar os novos caminhos desenvolvidos pela escola para a prática do design gráfico contemporâneo, e em especial a concepção do design como parte do processo de comunicação. O design até os anos 1970 era regido por pressupostos formais, funcionais e neutros, o que talvez não permitisse entendê-lo como linguagem visual, em si, mas como mero suporte para o texto. Na escola, a abordagem funcionalista foi questionada nos anos 1970 e, a partir daí, nos anos 1980, inspirados por conceitos teóricos do pós-estruturalismo e pós-modernismo, foram introduzidas novas ideias a fim de legitimar o designer também como produtor de conteúdo. Ao buscar referências teóricas no pós-estruturalismo, percebeu-se a importância do receptor na interpretação da mensagem, assim como a necessidade de se produzir peças gráficas que encorajassem, a partir da relação do conteúdo com a forma gráfica, a participação do público. A escola, de modestas proporções, cuja média era a de 8 alunos ingressantes por ano, era baseada no ensino em estúdio, não possuía grade curricular fixa, nem disciplinas regulares. Os discentes eram sempre encorajados a pesquisar e se desenvolver. Muitas das pesquisas e resultados dos trabalhos são frutos da reflexão individual de cada aluno, inspirados pelo ambiente em contínuo desenvolvimento. A Cranbrook foi, dessa maneira, formadora de muitos dos principais designers norteamericanos atuais, como por exemplo Allen Hori, Andrew Bleauvelt, David Frej, David Shields, Ed Fella, Elliot Earls, Geoff Kaplan, Jane Kosstrin, Jeff Keedy, Kimberly Elam, Laurie Haycock Makela, Loraine Wild, Lucille Tenazas, Martin Venezky, Meredith Davis, Michael Carrabeta, Nancy Skolos, Richard Kerr, Robert Nakata, Scott Makela (1960-1999), Scott Santoro, Scott Zukowsky, entre outros. Cada um deles possuiu um papel particular e muitos compartilhavam idéias semelhantes, mas a maior parte deles procurou ampliar o campo do design gráfico agregando conteúdos mistos e abrindo-se a novas possibilidades de produção e reflexão sobre a relação entre texto e imagem. / With the analysis of the works from Cranbrook Academy of Art´s Design Department, under Katherine McCoy\'s Co-Chairmanship (1971 to 1995), this work intends identify the new ways developed by the School for the practice of contemporary graphic design, focusing on the concept of the design as part of communication process. Until the years 1970 design was ruled from the formal, functional and neutral presuppositions of Modernity, without the understanding of design as a visual language itself, but only as a mere support the text. In the 1970\'s the School questioned the functionalist approach, and during the 1980\'s years, new ideas were introduced to legitimate the designer as producer of contents, inspired by post-structuralism and post-modern concepts. Theoretical references in post structuralism stressed the importance of the receptor\'s interpretation of the message, as well in the importance of producing graphic works that encourage the participation from the public audience, founded in the relationship between content and graphic form. The School\'s graphic design program was modest in size 8 new students per year - and was studio-based without a fixed curriculum of courses and classes. The students were challenged to research and develop their individual expressions. Their research and resulting works are the fruit of the students\' individual reflection inspired by the continuously developing environment. Cranbrook produced many of the most important contemporary North American designers, such as Allen Hori, Andrew Bleauvelt, David Frej, David Shields, Ed Fella, Elliot Earls, Geoff Kaplan, Jane Kosstrin, Jeff Keedy, Kimberly Elam, Laurie Haycock Makela, Lorraine Wild, Lucille Tenazas, Martin Venezky, Meredith Davis, Michael Carrabeta, Nancy Skolos, Richard Kerr, Robert Nakata, Scott Makela (1960-1999), Scott Santoro, Scott Zukowsky, and others. Each one had a particular role play and many shared similar ideas, as they worked to enlarge the graphic design field with mixed contents and explored new possibilities of production and new roles for text and image.