Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used in conjunction with the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory to compute partial molar volume (PMV) for solutes of various chemical natures. Simulations performed with only the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential yield PMV for solutes which coincide with the cavity volumes derived from calculations with scaled particle theory (SPT). Whereas, simulations carried out with only the repulsive LJ term produced PMV of solutes closer to their excluded volumes. We also determined the thermal volume, VT, which represents the volume of the effective void created around solutes of varying cavity sizes and applied the spherical approximation of solute geometry to evaluate the thickness of the thermal volume, . Our results reveal an increase in the thickness of thermal volume, , with an increase in the size of the solute. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the reported empirical schemes for parsing PMV data on small solutes.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used in conjunction with the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory to compute partial molar volume (PMV) for solutes of various chemical natures. Simulations performed with only the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential yield PMV for solutes which coincide with the cavity volumes derived from calculations with scaled particle theory (SPT). Whereas, simulations carried out with only the repulsive LJ term produced PMV of solutes closer to their excluded volumes. We also determined the thermal volume, VT, which represents the volume of the effective void created around solutes of varying cavity sizes and applied the spherical approximation of solute geometry to evaluate the thickness of the thermal volume, . Our results reveal an increase in the thickness of thermal volume, , with an increase in the size of the solute. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the reported empirical schemes for parsing PMV data on small solutes.

Numerical simulation has been used, as common practice, to estimate the CO2 storage capacity of depleted reservoirs. However, this method is time consuming, expensive and requires detailed input data. This investigation proposes an analytical method to estimate the ultimate CO2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs by implementing a volume constrained thermodynamic equation of state (EOS) using the reservoir?s average pressure and fluid composition. This method was implemented in an algorithm which allows fast and accurate estimations of final storage, which can be used to select target storage reservoirs, and design the injection scheme and surface facilities. Impurities such as nitrogen and carbon monoxide, usually contained in power plant flue gases, are considered in the injection stream and can be handled correctly in the proposed algorithm by using their thermodynamic properties into the EOS. Results from analytical method presented excellent agreement with those from reservoir simulation. Ultimate CO2 storage capacity was predicted with an average difference of 1.3%, molar basis, between analytical and numerical methods; average oil, gas, and water saturations were also matched. Additionally, the analytical algorithm performed several orders of magnitude faster than numerical simulation, with an average of 5 seconds per run.

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Onofrio Volpe / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T12:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_JucelioGobi_M.pdf: 1140868 bytes, checksum: d62e85eff178ff4099f0d70cd3421f98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste em um estudo experimental do volume molar em excesso 'V POT. E' m de soluções líquidas binárias de clorofórmio + n-butilamina ou + s-butilamina; ou + dietilamina; ou + trietilamina a 288,15, 293,15, 298,15 e 303,15 K em função da composição e à pressão atmosférica, com o objetivo de estudar os possíveis efeitos físicos, químicos e estruturais nestes sistemas. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados a um polinômio do tipo Redlich-Kister e os resultados foram utilizados no cálculo de outras grandezas termodinâmicas, tais como, volume parcial molar, volume parcial molar em excesso, volume molar aparente, e volume molar aparente total. O 'V POT. E' m foi determinado indiretamente pela técnica de densitometria de oscilação mecãnica. Para os quatro sistemas estudados, e em todas as temperaturas os dados de 'V POT. E' m são negativos e tornam-se mais negativos com o aumento da temperatura. Os pontos de mínimo nos gráficos de 'V POT. E' m versus fração por mol de clorofórmio situam-se entre 0,35 e 0,50, dependendo do sistema. Os volumes parciais molares à diluição infinita do clorofórmio e das aminas são negativos em todas as temperaturas estudadas, e tornam-se mais negativos com o aumento da temperatura. Os resultados sugerem um pronunciado efeito estrutural (volume molar e volume livre) no valor de 'V POT. E' m , assim como a indicação da existência de fortes interações entre clorofórmio e aminas, mais evidentes no sistema contendo trietilamina / Abstract: This work consists on a experimental study of excess molar volume 'V POT. E' m of binary liquid solutions of chloroform + n-butylamine, or + s-butylamine, or + diethylamine, or + triethylamine at 288,15, 293,15, 298,15, 303,15 K as a function of composition and at atmospheric pressure, with the objective to study the possibles physical, chemical and structural effects in these systems. The experimental data were adjusted to a Redlich-Kister type equation, and the results were used to determine other thermodynamic functions, as, partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, apparent molar volume and total apparent molar volume. The 'V POT. E' m was determined indirectly through mechanical oscilation densitometry technique. For the four systems studied, at all temperatures the data of 'V POT. E' m are negative and become more negative with the increasing of the temperature. The points of minimum on the plots of 'V POT. E' m versus molar fraction of chloroform are in between 0,35 and 0,50, depending of the system. The partial molar volumes at infinite dilution of chloroform and of the amines are negative on every studied temperatures, and become more negative with the increasing of the temperature. The results suggest a pronounced structural effect (molar and free volume) on the value of 'V POT. E' m , as well as an indication of the existence of strong interactions between chloroform and amine, wich is more evident in the system containing triethyamine / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

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Traditional excess Gibbs energy models in terms of temperature, pressure, and concentration become progressively less effective in describing the thermodynamics of aqueous solutions at temperatures above 300 ¢ªC, and are totally inadequate in the critical region of water. This deficiency is due to the strong ion association and the large property fluctuations (such as density) with small variations in pressure, temperature, and solute concentration around the critical point of water. In this work, a speciation-based model has been developed to describe the thermodynamic properties of aqueous sodium chloride solutions in the critical region of water. The anomalous fluctuation problem is avoided by adopting a residual Helmholtz energy approach in terms of temperature, density, and solute concentration. Partial ion dissociation is accounted for by including an isochoric equilibrium constant equation and a mean spherical approximation in the present model. The present model includes such classical interactions or effects as hard-sphere interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, ion dissociation effects, long-range ion-ion interactions, and a non-classical perturbation term. The related parameters that account for these effects were regressed to fit the measured values in the critical region of water. Densities, compressibility factors, apparent molar volumes, heats of dilution, and apparent isobaric molar heat capacities were used to test the validity of the model. The predicted values in this work agree well with the literature data over a wide range of temperatures (350 to 400 ¢ªC), pressures (17.5 to 40 MPa), and sodium chloride concentrations (0 to 5 mol/kg). Comparisons with other models are also included in this work. This model can be used to predict speciation, solute dissociation reaction, and many other comprehensive properties in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at near-critical conditions.

Les données expérimentales sur les propriétés thermodynamiques des mélanges entrant dans la composition des nouvelles générations de carburants sont rares ou entachées d’erreur. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’alimentation de base de données thermophysique de corps purs et de mélanges entrant dans la composition des carburants formés de biodiesel/diesel dans une large gamme de pression et de température (1 Pa à 200 kPa). Grâce à l’appareil statique disponible au laboratoire (UMR 5615) et aux différentes méthodologies mises au point pour la détermination des équilibres de phase, l’acquisition de données fiables a été obtenue pour 8 corps purs et leurs mélanges binaires. Les valeurs relatives aux pressions de vapeur des corps purs sont en bon accord avec la littérature dans le domaine des pressions moyennes. En revanche pour les faibles pressions de vapeur (inférieures à 1 kPa) et pour les mélanges binaires étudiés, les pressions de vapeur obtenues sont originales. Les deux modèles thermodynamiques NRTL et UNIQUAC ont restitué les résultats expérimentaux de façon satisfaisante.L’étude des propriétés volumétriques par la mesure de la densité, nous a permis d’interpréter les différentes interactions qui peuvent exister dans un mélange binaire constitué d’un ester et d’un alcane / Experimental data of thermodynamic properties of mixtures used in the composition of new fuel generations are very rare in the literature.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to setting up a thermophysical database of constituents used in the composition of biodiesel / diesel mixtures over a wide range of pressure and temperature (1 Pa to 200 kPa).Thanks to the static apparatus available in the laboratory (UMR 5615-Lyon1) and to the various methodologies developed to determine phase equilibrium, the acquisition of reliable data has been obtained for 8 pure substances and their binary mixtures. The vapor pressures of the pure compounds are in good agreement with the literature data in the range above 1 kPa whereas no data has been found to compare with experimental values of the pure compounds or mixtures below 1 kPa.A good correlation of the experimental results was obtained using two thermodynamic models, NRTL and UNIQUAC.The study of the volumetric properties obtained by densimetry, led us to interpret the different interactions that could exist in a binary mixture consisting of ester and alkane and to estimate quantitatively the different contributions to the excess molar volume

The A15-based Nb3Sn and V3Ga superconducting compounds are an integral part of synchrotrons and magnetic fusion reactor technology, especially where a magnetic field higher than 10 T is required, which lies beyond the limit of conventional Nb-Ti superconductors (~8 T). These brittle intermetallic compounds are difficult to manufacture in the form of wires, required for the application purpose, using the traditional wire-drawing process. Hence, bronze technique is adopted to fabricate such filamentary wires. This is based on the solid-state diffusion where A3B compound (A=Nb or V, B=Sn or Ga) forms during the interaction of Cu(B) and A. The operation of pure superconducting wires gets restricted to the field of 12 T, however, the ever-increasing demands for an improved efficiency have promoted the development of these A15 wires with the addition of alloying elements such as Ti and Zr. Many important physical and mechanical properties of such wires depend on the growth behaviour of these compounds. Therefore, understanding the growth of such compounds necessitates an in-depth analysis on diffusion behaviour of various elements in both bronze-based solid solutions as well as A15-intermetallics. Estimation of diffusion parameters makes use of the most commonly used diffusion couple technique. There are mainly three methods available for the estimation of the interdiffusion coefficients, proposed by Matano-Boltzmann (MB), Den Broeder (dB), same as Sauer-Freise (SF) and Wagner. Among these three, MB treatment is known to be the least accurate method, especially when there is a deviation of molar volume in a system from the ideality. At the same time molar volume might affect the estimation process differently for dB and Wagner’s approach. MB method is still being used neglecting the actual molar volume variation. On the other hand, the implementation of dB or Wagner’s approach for the estimation remains to be random. For the first time, we have critically examined the role of molar volume on estimated diffusion parameters and indicated the more accurate approach. Similar analysis for the estimation of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient is conducted considering Heumann and van Loo’s methods. Furthermore, the discussion is extended to the estimations of various diffusion parameters considering the measured composition profile in the V-Ga system. A detailed diffusion study has been conducted on Cu(Ga) and Cu(Sn) solid solutions to examine the role of the vacancy wind effect on interdiffusion. The interdiffusion, intrinsic and impurity diffusion coefficients are determined to facilitate the discussion. It is found that Ga and Sn are the faster diffusing species in the respective systems. The trend of the interdiffusion coefficients is explained with the help of the driving force. Following that, the tracer diffusion coefficients of the species are calculated with and without consideration of the vacancy wind effect. We found that the role of the vacancy wind is negligible on the minor element in a dilute solid solution, which is the faster diffusing species in this system and controls the interdiffusion process. However, consideration of this effect is important to understand the diffusion rate of the major element, which is the slower diffusing species in this system. Major drawback of studying diffusion in multi-component systems is the lack of suitable techniques to estimate the diffusion parameters. In this study, a generalized treatment to determine the intrinsic diffusion coefficients in multi-component systems is developed utilizing the concept of pseudo-binary approach. This is explained with the help of experimentally developed diffusion profile in the Cu(Sn, Ga) solid solution. Based on an interdiffusion study using an incremental diffusion couple in the V-Ga binary system, we have shown that V diffuses via lattice, whereas Ga does so via grain boundaries for the growth of the V3Ga phase. We could estimate the contributions from two different mechanisms, which are, usually, difficult to delineate in an interdiffusion study. Available tracer diffusion studies and the atomic arrangement in the crystal structure have been considered for a discussion on the diffusion mechanisms. Diffusion–controlled growth rate of V3Ga at the Cu(Ga)/V changes dramatically because of a small change in Ga content in Cu(Ga). One atomic percent increase in Ga leads to more than double the product phase layer thickness and a significant decrease in activation energy. Kirkendall marker experiment indicates that V3Ga grows because of diffusion of Ga. Role of different factors influencing the diffusion rate of Ga and high growth rate of V3Ga are discussed. The growth of Nb3Sn by bronze technique on two different single crystals and deformed Nb is studied. The grain boundary diffusion-controlled growth rate is found to be different for each of these three specimens. The difference is explained on the basis of the grain size of Nb3Sn. Elemental additions such as Ti and Zr to either bronze or metal are found to improve the superconducting properties. We have examined their effects on the growth rates of A15-phase formed in Cu(B,x)/A and Cu(B)/(A,x), where x is Ti or Zr. In either cases Ti and Zr-additions result in an improved growth rate of the product phase and reduces activation energy with increase in alloying addition; however few precipitates are formed in the interdiffusion zone for Cu(B,x)/A. Wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS)-mapping reveals these to be x-rich. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)-analysis suggests having composition gradient inside a single precipitate. TEM-diffraction demonstrates these to be Ti(A) solid solution crystallizing as BCC-structure for Cu(B,Ti)/A. These are located on grain boundaries of A15-phase. Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD)-analysis demonstrates grain morphology of product phase and found the average grain size to exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing x content. Columnar grains, on Ti and Zr addition tend to form as equiaxed ones. Based on the morphology and grain size pattern, the role of grain boundary diffusion is speculated to have a dominant effect with increase in elemental additions. The texture evolution of the product phase is also investigated and found the product phase to grow as a strongly textured one with the elemental additions. A peculiar pattern is observed for the texture of the product phase and its adjacent A or A(x) grains.

La phase sigma peut servir de prototype de phases topologiquement compactes, car la phase sigma possède une large gamme d'homogénéité et il existe de nombreuses données expérimentales disponibles pour la phase sigma. Dans le présent travail, les propriétés physiques, comprenant l'ordre atomique, le volume molaire, l'enthalpie de formation et le module d’élasticité isostatique, de la phase sigma binaire ont été étudiées en utilisant les calculs de premiers principes et la méthode CALPHAD combinée aux données expérimentales de la littérature.Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que l'ordre atomique (c'est-à-dire la distribution du constituant atomique ou la préférence d'occupation du site sur les sites non équivalents d'une structure cristalline) de la phase sigma est affecté par le facteur de taille et la configuration électronique des éléments constitutifs. En outre, nous avons dissocié les effets de ces facteurs d'influence sur l'ordre atomique. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence un effet de l'ordre atomique sur l'enthalpie de formation, le module d’élasticité isostatique et le volume molaire. A l'état ordonné à 0K, la phase sigma a une faible enthalpie de formation et un grand module d’élasticité isostatique. L'influence de l'ordre atomique sur le volume molaire de la phase sigma dépend de la configuration électronique des deux éléments constitutifs. Par ailleurs, la base de données des volumes molaires des phases sigma binaires a été construite, ce qui devrait grandement faciliter la conception du matériau. Enfin, nous avons discuté de la prédiction de l'occupation du site de la phase sigma en utilisant la méthode CALPHAD combinée aux calculs de premiers principes. / The sigma phase can serve as a prototype of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases, as the sigma phase bears a broad homogeneity range and there are numerous experimental data available for the sigma phase. In the present work, physical properties, including atomic order, molar volume, enthalpy of formation and bulk modulus, of the binary sigma phase were investigated by using first principles calculations and CALPHAD method combining with the experimental data from the literature. Firstly, we found that the atomic order (i.e. atomic constituent distribution or site occupancy preference on nonequivalent sites of a crystal structure) of the sigma phase is affected by the size factor and electron configuration of the constituent elements. Furthermore, we have dissociated the effect of the individual influencing factor on atomic order. Secondly, the atomic order is found affecting physical properties, such as enthalpy of formation, bulk modulus and molar volume. When in the ordered state at 0K, the sigma phase shows a low enthalpy of formation and a large bulk modulus. The influence of atomic order on the molar volume of the sigma phase depends on the electron configuration of the two constituent elements. Thirdly, the molar volume database of the binary sigma phase has been built up within the CALPHAD framework, which can greatly facilitate material design. Finally, we tentatively discussed the site occupancy prediction of the sigma phase by using the CALPHAD method combined with first-principles calculations.