京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第22680号 / 文博第843号 / 新制||文||694(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 黒島 妃香, 教授 Anderson James Russell, 教授 平田 聡 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

Working memory is a mental workspace which utilizes short and long-term memory to maintain and manipulate information. It is crucial in enabling cognitive control and is largely controlled by interactions within and between frontal and parietal cortices. Recent work has identified visual nonspatial, spatial, and visuospatial working memory spectral characteristics of the local field potential through simultaneous recordings from various areas across the monkey frontoparietal network. However, the reports are minimal in number, and there is no clear narrative tying together the heterogenous functionality of the characteristics. Here, a new spectral model of monkey visual working memory is proposed to address these shortcomings. It highlights functional roles for low, mid, and high frequency bands. Next, the organization of structural connectivity which gives rise to these spectral characteristics is investigated. A new binary association matrix representing connections in the frontoparietal network is proposed. A graph theoretic analysis on the matrix found that a 3-node dynamical relaying M9 motif was a fundamental building block of the network. It is optimally structured for the synchrony found in the spectral model. The network was also found to have a small-world architecture, which confers the integration and specialization of function required by visual working memory. Afterwards, three hypotheses generated by the spectral model are tested on non-spatial data. The low and mid band hypotheses were supported by evidence, while the high band hypothesized activity was not observed. This adds credibility to the roles identified in the model for the low and mid band and identifies a need for further investigation of the high band role. Finally, opportunities to expand the spectral model, analyze the M9 motif, and further test the model are explored. In the future, the spectral model could evolve to apply its predictions to humans in the pursuit of treatments for neurological disorders. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Children have strong preferences for sex-typed toys; boys prefer trucks, whereas girls prefer dolls. These preferences appear to be driven by complex interactions of hormones and the socio-cultural environment. The relative contribution of each of these factors in children is impossible to isolate given ethical limitations. Non-human primate species afford the opportunity to examine preferences in the absence of societal values and influences that children experience. In two previous studies with non-human primates, one with vervet monkeys and one with rhesus monkeys, monkeys showed sex-typed object preferences that paralleled those of children. However, several uncontrolled variables could have influenced these preferences. Our study considered object characteristics and we controlled for possible color preferences. We also tested monkeys individually to eliminate the effects of social facilitation and dominance rank. In experiment 1, monkeys were given a choice between similar objects of different colors (Phase A) and moving vs. non-moving objects (Phase B). In experiment 2, monkeys were given a choice between dolls and trucks (Phase A) and subsequent phases looked at the influence of moving wheels (Phase B) and hardness (Phase C). Contrary to previous findings, monkeys did not show sex-typed object preferences. Instead, the monkeys preferred blue objects, hard PVC objects such as trucks and hard dolls, and dolls with wheels. The influence of previous reward based cognitive testing, familiarity of substrate materials, and rearing condition are considered as possible explanations for these findings.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13537号 / 論医博第2277号 / 新制||医||1065(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 近藤 玄, 教授 齋藤 潤 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The aim of this thesis is to examine the cognitive processes of social learning from the bottom up. In the field of comparative psychology, an overemphasis on understanding complex cognitive processes in nonhuman animals (e.g. empathy, imitation), may be detrimental to the study of simpler mechanisms. In this thesis, I report five studies of simple cognitive processes related to social learning. A series of experiments with human children and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.), examined action imitation and identified a possible role for associative learning in the development of this ability. An analysis of observational data from captive capuchins explored a number of lesser-studied social learning phenomena, including behavioural synchrony, the neighbour effect, and group-size effects. The results of this study emphasise the importance of exploring behaviour at a number of levels to appreciate the dynamic nature of social influence. Two final experiments examined social contagion in capuchin monkeys, and highlight the importance of describing the relationship between behaviour and emotion to properly understand more complex social cognition. Together, these studies demonstrate how approaching human and nonhuman behaviour from the bottom up, as well as from the top down, can contribute to a better comparative science of social learning.

A 12-month study of the ranging behaviour of 11 spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) was undertaken at the Otochma' ax Yetel Kooh nature reserve in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. The aims were: 1) to evaluate the relationship between ranging patterns of the monkeys and ecological features i.e. climate and food distribution, 2) to assess the efficiency of ranging patterns, and 3) to test the hypothesis that spider monkeys navigate between important sources through spatial memory of key locations. A focal animal was followed daily for as long as possible and details of its ranging patterns recorded by entering positional fixes with a GPS receiver. Behavioural states were included in the observations to link them with the geographical information recorded simultaneously. The results revealed that the ranging patterns of spider monkeys at the study site were determined by the availability of key species of fruit in the area. Ranging was efficient, as evidenced by the fact that in most instances - particularly in the dry season when food was scarce - (1) spider monkeys moved in straight lines to distant food sources, (2) were able to orient their movement toward a food source at distances that could not have been in sight from the point where directed movement originated, and (3) the successive organisation of these linear segments was consistently forward, suggesting an ability to plan ahead of the next food source visited. I present these results as evidence of the use of spatial memory to move efficiently between important sources in their environment, and I argue in favour of higher-level spatial abilities in this species of New World monkeys.

The research aims of this thesis are to experimentally investigate how behaviours spread socially, and what factors contribute to the development of group-wide social traditions in capuchins (Cebus apella). Given the apparent convergent evolution between such monkeys and great apes, capuchin traditions are of great interest anthropologically and for a biological and psychological understanding of culture. Several studies have investigated social learning in capuchins, but few have made headway into understanding how it supports the development of traditions either in the wild or in captivity. By experimentally introducing novel foraging behaviours into several captive groups, the studies included in this thesis simulate the development of foraging behaviours so that their spread can be studied from various viewpoints. Five experiments are presented investigating: (1) the chained transmission of foraging behaviours, (2) the role of social facilitation on the rate of individual learning, (3) the fidelity of learning from localised stimulus enhancement & object-movement re-enactment, (4) the quality of individual relationships in the social transmission of novel foraging techniques, and (5) the open diffusion of group-specific foraging behaviours in capuchin monkeys. Together, these experiments explore how traditions may develop, ranging from individual learning to how behaviour patterns may spread socially based on social ties within the group.

This thesis explores social learning in mother-reared and “enculturated” capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). At the outset a framework for understanding the social influence on learning is discussed, followed by a review of the social and cognitive abilities of capuchin monkeys, establishing the rationale for studying social learning in this species. Studies of wild capuchins suggest an important role for social learning but experiments with captive subjects have generally failed to support this. Some potential reasons for the lack of evidence in experimental settings are given. An example of using the two - method design to test social learning in acquiring behaviour by enculturated subjects is addressed. The results are related to findings with other species tested with a similar apparatus. Before testing mother-reared monkeys, an observational study of the object manipulation and tool-use repertoire of the subjects was carried out in order to facilitate the design of suitable social learning tasks for these monkeys. The first empirical study in Chapter 6 reports results of experiments with the enculturated and mother-reared capuchin monkeys employing the two -action method together with a third control group. The enculturated monkeys exhibited high fidelity copying that included the specific tool use technique witnessed while opening the foraging box. Mother-reared monkeys exhibited fidelity at a lower level, tending only to re-create the results the model had achieved. The second empirical study in Chapter 7 tested whether capuchin monkeys could show cumulative cultural learning manifested in the ability to switch from an established mode of manipulating a dipping box to a complex yet more advantageous one. Both populations were able to do so. The enculturated monkeys, as in the previous study, showed higher fidelity copying of the model. The last experiment was a preliminary study employing the “do as I do” method which was carried out with four of the enculturated monkeys. It provides suggestive evidence for at least one monkey's understanding of the task. The results of the studies are discussed in relation to previous experimental research as well as to data from capuchin monkeys in nature. The possible role of enculturation in social learning ability is considered.

Foram analisadas, para a detecção de plasmódios, 50 amostras de sangue de bugios (Alouatta guariba clamitans) resgatados de várias áreas circundadas pela Mata Atlântica, pertencentes à região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo. Para tanto, 20 e 30 amostras das regiões de resgate norte e sul respectivamente, foram analisadas pelas técnicas de microscopia, análise molecular e sorologia. Apenas uma lâmina de animal proveniente da região sul foi positiva para Plasmodium sp. A fim de encontrar um consenso molecular (dois ou mais resultados idênticos em PCR), utilizamos três protocolos de PCR. A porcentagem de infecções por plasmódios, detectada por PCR foi de 13,3% (04/30) e 6.6% (02/30) para Plasmodium vivax e P. malariae respectivamente nos animais resgatados na região sul, enquanto que na região norte 25% (05/20) das amostras foram positivas apenas para Plasmodium vivax. As médias geométricas em imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) foram maiores para Plasmodium vivax, seguidas das médias para P. malariae e P. falciparum nas duas regiões. As porcentagens de positividade para anticorpos contra a proteína circumsporozoíta (CSP) foram 30% (9/30), 13,6% (3/22), 3,84% (1/26), 23% (7/30), 27,6% para Plasmodium vivax VK210, P. vivax VK247, P. vivax like, P. malariae/P. brasilianum e P. falciparum respectivamente em regiões ao sul e 10% (2/20), 30,8% (4/13), 11,1% (2/18), 15% (3/20), 33,3% (6/18) para P. vivax VK210, P. vivax VK247, P. vivax like, P. malariae/P. brasilianum e P. falciparum respectivamente em regiões ao norte. Com relação a positividade de anticorpos contra a proteína MSP-119, estas foram de 30% (9/30) para o sul e 10% (2/20) para o norte. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para Pf- MSP119 / In order to detect Plasmodium, fifty blood samples of holler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), collected in areas surrounded by the Atlantic Forest and located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo city, were analysed. Thus, 20 and 30 samples from the northern and southern areas, respectivelly, were examined by microscopy techniques, molecular analysis and sorology. Only one animal slide from the Southern area was positive for Plasmodium sp. In order to achieve a molecular agreement (two or more identic results on PCR), three PCR protocols were applied. The percentage of Plasmodium infections detected by PCR was 13.3% (04/30) and 6.6% (02/30) for Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae, respectivelly, in animals collected in the Southern area. Meanwhile, in the Northern area, 25% (05/20) of the samples were exclusively positive for Plasmodium vivax. The geometric means titles in indirect immunofluorescence were higher for Plasmodium vivax followed by P. malariae and P. falciparum in both areas. Percentages of positive results for antibodies against circumsporozoite protein (CSP) were of 30% (9/30); 13.6% (3/22); 3.84% (1/26); 23% (7/30); 27.6% for Plasmodium vivax VK210, P.vivax VK247, P. vivax like, P.malariae/P.brasilianum and P. falciparum, respectively in Southern areas and 10% (2/20), 30.8% (4/13), 11.1% (2/18), 15% (3/20), 33.3% (6/18) for P. vivax VK210, P.vivax VK247, P. vivax like, P. malariae/P.brasilianum and P. falciparum, respectivelly, in Northern areas. Antibodies with positive results against MSP-119 protein were 30% (9/30) in the South and 10% (2/20) in the North. None of the samples were positive for Pf-MSP119

O uso de ferramentas para a quebra de frutos encapsulados requer a associação de três elementos: o fruto encapsulado; o martelo, uma pedra ou tronco de árvore resistente solto, o qual o animal consegue carregar e levantar; e a bigorna, uma superfície rígida e fixa. Este estudo dá continuidade às pesquisas que vêm sendo desenvolvidas com um grupo de macacos-prego (Sapajus sp.) em semi-liberdade do Parque Ecológico do Tietê. Dividimos este estudo em duas etapas principais (#1 e #2), e uma paralela (#1B). Na Etapa 1, buscamos analisar se os macacos-prego exibem um padrão na organização das sequências de comportamentos para a realização da quebra de cocos. Disponibilizamos os três elementos para a quebra de coco (coco, martelo e bigorna) em um triângulo, separados, equidistantes e visíveis, cada um pareado com uma placa com padrões gráficos distintos. Assim, para realizar a quebra, os indivíduos precisavam visitar os vértices do triângulo e reunir os elementos móveis (cocos e martelos) na bigorna. Nossos resultados mostram que eles apresentam um padrão bem definido para realizar a sequência de quebra de cocos, sendo o coco o primeiro elemento da quebra a ser coletado, seguido pelo martelo e, depois, pelo transporte de ambos para a bigorna. Observamos que este é um dos trajetos mais curtos e aquele com o menor custo de transporte de martelo. Na Etapa 2, buscamos analisar se a coleta do martelo em segundo lugar é um mecanismo de otimização do transporte de ferramentas ou um subproduto da priorização da obtenção do coco. Disponibilizamos dois martelos, de mesmo peso, a distâncias distintas da bigorna e dos cocos, desta maneira o custo do transporte de martelos (energético e risco de lesões) seria maior ou menor dependendo da escolha, pelo indivíduo, de um ou outro martelo. Nossos resultados mostram que, de fato, a escolha do martelo mais próximo à bigorna e a sequência em que os elementos são coletados diminuem os custos do transporte de martelos. Na Etapa 1B analisamos, através da organização sequencial para a realização da quebra de cocos, se os macacos-prego aprenderam a associação entre padrões gráficos distintos e elementos da quebra de cocos. Para isso utilizamos a mesma configuração do sítio experimental e metodologia da Etapa 1, mas ocultamos os elementos com bacias opacas, de modo que as únicas informações a respeito da posição dos elementos nos vértices seriam as placas com padrões gráficos. Os resultados desta etapa mostraram que os indivíduos não associaram os padrões gráficos com os elementos de quebra durante as Etapas 1 e 1B deste estudo. Acreditamos que os macacos podem não ter realizado a associação na Etapa 1, porque os elementos estavam visíveis, ou seja, não havia a necessidade da associação; a qual seria vantajosa, apenas, na Etapa 1B, mas ela também não ocorreu ao longo desta etapa, talvez pelo tempo reduzido de exposição dos macacos ao problema, somado ao desinteresse dos indivíduos - possivelmente, devido à falta do estímulo visual dos elementos / The use of tools to crack nuts requires the gathering of three elements: the nut; the hammer, a loose rock or tree trunk, that the animal can lift and carry; and the anvil, a rigid and immovable surface. This study gives continuity to research with a group of semi-wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) from the Tietê Ecological Park. We divided this study in two main phases (#1 and #2), and a parallel phase (1B). In Phase 1, we examined if the monkeys exhibit a pattern in the sequential organization of the nut-cracking behavior. We provided and placed the three nut-cracking elements (nut, hammer and anvil) in a triangle: separated, equidistant and visible; each one paired with a plaque with different graphic sings. Thus, to crack the nut the individuals had to visit the triangle vertices and gather the movable elements (nut and hammer) at the anvil. Our results show that the monkeys have a well-defined pattern to perform the nut-cracking sequence: the nut is the first element to be collected, followed by the hammer, and then by the transport of both to the anvil. This is one of the shortest paths and the one with the lowest cost of hammer transportation. In Phase 2, we examined if the hammer being collected in second place is a mechanism to optimize the tool transportation or if it is just a byproduct of the priorization of the nut collection. We provided two hammers, of same weight, and placed them at different distances of the nut anvil, this way the cost of the hammer transportation (energy and risk of injury) would be higher or lower depending on the choice of hammer. The results show that, in fact, choosing the hammer that was closer to the anvil and the sequence that the elements were collected reduces the costs of hammer transportation. In Phase 1B, we examined, through the sequential organization of the nut-cracking behavior, if the monkeys were able to associate different graphic patterns with the nut-cracking elements. We used the same experimental configuration and methodology of Phase 1, but we hid the elements in the vertices underneath opaque bowls, so the only information about the location of the elements were the plaques with graphic signs. Our results show that the individuals did not associate the graphic patterns with the respective nut-cracking elements neither in Phase 1 nor in Phase 1B. We believe that the monkeys did not learn the association in Phase 1 because the elements were visible, so there was no need for the association - which would be advantageous only on Phase 1B - but it didnt occur during this phase either, perhaps because of the reduced time the monkeys were exposed to the problem, added to the disinterest of the individuals possibly due to the lack of the elements visual stimuli