Orientador: Márcia Azevedo de Abreu / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_LeandroThomazde_D.pdf: 1735364 bytes, checksum: c7cb2d8f47efd71585fbe1492cb96185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O critério moralizante, presente de maneira inconteste enquanto elemento de atribuição de valor dos romances produzidos em meados do século XIX no Brasil, também esteve presente na literatura naturalista. Essa constatação, nada óbvia se considera a crítica sobre o naturalismo produzida durante todo o século XX, ampara-se tanto na recepção crítica dos romances naturalistas contemporânea ao seu lançamento, quanto na elaboração teórica do escritor Émile Zola. Ao se deter no tema da moral enquanto critério avaliativo da literatura de finais do XIX, o presente trabalho procura também explicar a relação que a literatura e o naturalismo guardaram com a idéia de natureza, muito presente nas discussões que envolveram a tarefa de representação da realidade que seria própria ao naturalismo. Ele propõe ainda uma leitura dos romances Bom- Crioulo, A carne e Livro de uma sogra, a partir das discussões teóricas tratadas na tese / Abstract: The moral criterion for evaluating the literature, unchallenged while the mid-nineteenth century in Brazil, was also present in the literature naturalist. This finding, nothing obvious if one considers the criticism on naturalism produced throughout the twentieth century, is supported by both the critical reception of contemporary naturalistic novels, as the theoretical elaboration of the writer Émile Zola. By dwelling on the theme of morality as a criterion of evaluation literature from the late nineteenth, this thesis also seeks to explain the relationship that literature and naturalism kept with the idea of nature, very present in discussions involving the task of representing reality that would be proper to naturalism. He also proposes a reading of the novels Bom-Crioulo, A carne e Livro de uma sogra, taking into account the theoretical discussions addressed in the thesis / Doutorado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

1 Abstrakt anglicky This diploma thesis discusses the phenomenon of justice in contemporary legal thought. In general part the thesis deals with the genesis and development of the concept of justice in Greek legal-philosophical thought and defines selected problems arising from formal-logical and historical view on researched phenomenon. It is stated that justice is in Greek thought understood primarily as a moral category which serves to measure law and its correctness. It is also made a finding that concrete opinions on justice are already in Greece very diverse and it is difficult to find a common element. In special part of the thesis is given an exposition of selected thinkers of contemporary legal thought and their opinions on justice. It has been found that although their reflections are inferior to those of their Hellenic predecessors, they agree with them that justice is an ethical category. In the light of findings gained by studying both ancient Greek authors as well as contemporary authors there are examined selected aspects of liberal-democratic legal orders in the prism of justice. There has been found in the thesis that there exist aspects that do not correspond to the concept of justice introduced in the thesis and that therefore exists a space for potential improvement. Given examination is...

The study is an analytical investigation on morality decline with the youth at Higher Education Institutions in Swaziland. The contribution which this article has made with regard to the issues of morality is to share on how morals can be formed with the Youth at Higher Education Institutions. The study addressed the cultural and religious factors which contribute to the tendency of the youth to act in ways that are congruent with their own well-being and the welfare of others. The main objectives of the study were to analyze the extent to which tertiary institutions see the need for Pastoral care at higher education institutions. It was also to formulate a methodology for pastoral care that will be appropriate to the life situation of students in Tertiary institutions. This would prepare young people to be able to nature the next generation. Morals were shared with the recognition of religion and culture, of course without neglecting the value of education as the means of developing appropriate behavior with the youth more especially in Higher Education Institutions. Morals were also discussed looking at justice. Such that how to behave when the national laws are against human rights and the holy biblical mandate. Pastoral care was identified as the basic task of fostering the development of young people who respect themselves and others. This was the core concern for moral judgments and consequent actions in the content of moral development of young people. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Understanding Plutarch’s Parallel Lives as a literary text is the focus of current scholarship. However, to this date, no one has looked at Plutarch’s Life of Cimon to analyze what it reveals about morality. My thesis endeavours to understand how Plutarch shapes Cimon as a literary character to bring to light the moral focus of this Life. It first investigates Plutarch’s life and the atmosphere in which he lived to understand what influenced his writing. Chapter One follows with a discussion of the composition of the Lives to understand how they are organized. The insistence on reading each book’s four parts (proem, Life 1, Life 2, synkrisis) to fully appreciate their moral relevance leads to Chapter Two, which dissects the main components of Plutarch’s moral mirror. This provides the necessary background needed for Chapter Three’s case study of Plutarch’s Cimon. Here, I argue that the main moral message contained therein is the importance of generosity and euergetism.

Les publications successives de recherches neuroscientifiques relatives au sens moral ont relancé le débat sur l'existence de valeurs morales communes et naturelles.En effet, s'esquisse l'hypothèse de l'existence de zones cérébrales dédiées à un sens moral, qui serait, d'une part, une capacité au jugement moral, et d'autre part, constitué de valeurs protosystématiques.Par suite la thèse d'une distinction entre sens moral et mœurs connait une recrudescence et des théories naturalistes qui apparaissaient dépassées par le triomphe du relativisme culturel semblent ravivées.La thèse tente de montrer comment ces travaux, qui revisitent les fondements de la morale et tendent à en réviser la définition, pourraient déstabiliser l'assise actuelle de l'analyse des rapports entre droit et morale. Par exemple, s'il existait bien un phénomène d'édification sélective de mœurs diversifiées à partir d'une base commune, quel pourrait-être le rôle du droit dans cette dynamique ? En outre, ces travaux pourraient avoir des incidences en droit tant conceptuelles que pratiques autour de la question de la responsabilité juridique. / Successive publications of neuroscientific research on moral sense have revived the debate about the existence of common natural and moral values.Indeed, the hypothesis of the existence of brain areas dedicated to a moral sense is sketched. This moral sense would be, first, a capacity to moral judgment, and secondly would consists of protosystematics values. This is why the thesis of a distinction between morality and moral sense is experiencing a resurgence, and naturalistic theories that appeared overwhelmed by the triumph of cultural relativism seem revived.The thesis attempts to show how these works, which revisit the foundations of morality and tend to revise the definition, could destabilize the current base of the analysis of the relationship between law and morality. For example, if a phenomenon of selective edification of diverse mores from a common basis exists, what might be the role of law in this dynamic? In addition, this work could have conceptual and practical implications in law, around the question of legal liability.

This theoretical study depicts and highlights the seemingly individual phenomenon of depression in a social and collective light. Shame and guilt naturally invoke negative responses in people, yet, this has been found beneficial for the social solidarity of a collective. However, such emotions are oftentimes imposed by people and institutions in authoritative positions on their subordinates as a form of social control. This social control is masked under the virtuous face of morality. Thus, it is difficult for an already unstable mind, such as the depressed, to distinguish between constructive and toxic feedback when applying it to the self. The contradiction that arises is that a collective system of common interest manifests in a marginalising fashion and causes the deviant to further deviate from the normative collective. The purpose and aim of this inquiry are thus to investigate how the social construction of emotions and morality contribute to the maintenance of depression. The theoretical background largely shapes the analysis and is based on Charles Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self, and Emile Durkheim’s study on suicide. A literature review on the research phenomenon also acts as an essential tool within the analysis as it helps grasp the core of the topic. The methodological approach is of a theoretical fashion as opposed to empirical. Furthermore, it uses the inference of abduction to construct arguments that illustrate the most reasonable explanation for the social nature of depression. The results showed that there is indeed a correlation between depression, emotions, morality and social control that manifest in a case of structural depression. Furthermore, the findings illustrated a fine balance between the intentions of morality and social control through emotive imposition, and the reality which seldom benefits the deviant members of society. Finally, the abstract nature of this study introduced representational limitations which in future empirical research can be modified by addressing context-specific structural depression.

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Five studies investigated the links between rights-focused (RFM) and duty-focused mindsets (DFM) and prosociality. Making salient both RFM and DFM in a within-participants designs, Studies 1-2 examined the relationships of RFM and DFM with a number of outcomes related to prosocial attitudes. Results indicated that RFM and DFM both uniquely increased prosociality. Experimentally inducing either RFM or DFM in a between-participants design, Study 3 found that RFM had stronger effects on prosocial outcomes than DFM. Further, Study 3 showed that this relative advantage of RFM over DFM in boosting prosociality was due to RFM (relative to DFM) increasing people’s perceived importance and relevance of individualizing morality (harm and fairness). Study 4 thus explored the possibility that RFM’s greater default potential to increase prosociality is due to the inherent focus of rights on individuality, and whether, by the same token, DFM strengthen its potential to increase prosociality as long as the situation is highly individualized. Adding a baseline to the design of Study 3, and using a vignette paradigm, Study 4 showed that in a context of interpersonal helping (i.e., a highly individualized context), relative to baseline both RFM and (especially) DFM increased people’s prosocial attitudes and behavioral intentions. In a 2x2 design, Study 5 experimentally manipulated mindsets (RFM vs. DFM) as well as individuality (high vs. low, asking participants to think about someone in their inner or outer social network). In line with the individuality explanation, there was a general effect of individuality, prosociality being higher (across both RFM and DFM conditions) when participants thought about someone in their inner rather than outer social network. Together, these studies provide evidence for the prosocial potential of RFM; illuminate the roots of this potential; and, by doing so, show a way to leverage this knowledge to increase the prosocial potential of DFM.

Does power lead to corruption (Kipnis, 1972), and if so, why? Here, a novel mechanism is proposed for understanding the complex relationship between power and corruption by incorporating recent work on morality (Janoff-Bulman, Sheikh, & Hepp, 2009). By bridging the power, self-regulation, and morality literatures we proposed that powerful individuals, because of their approach tendencies, are oriented more towards moral prescriptions or “shoulds” and thus focus more on moral acts and moral intentions while minimizing the importance of moral proscriptions (neglect pathway). We proposed an alternative path to corruption for powerholders via moral self-regard. Powerholders, because of their approach-based moral focus, would experience an automatic boost of implicit moral self-regard that would license future immorality. In three studies we found suggestive evidence that the approach tendencies of participants primed with power maximized the role of good moral acts and intentions and minimized the impact of moral transgressions, because the individual’s monitoring system focused on and valued instances of moral successes rather than moral failures (neglect pathway). We did not find support for the moral self-regard pathway.

Thesis advisor: Liane Young / Thesis advisor: Hiram Brownell / When (moral) psychologists make a claim (e.g., “Participants judged X as morally worse than Y”), how many participants are represented? Such claims are often based exclusively on group-level analyses; here, psychologists often fail to report, or perhaps even investigate, how many participants judged X as morally worse than Y. More troubling, group-level analyses do not necessarily generalize to the person-level. This dissertation first investigates a moral cognition hypothesis about the relation between perceptions of relationship obligations and moral evaluations of helping behavior. It is found that people, on average, judge agents who help strangers as more morally good than agents who help family members, but people also judge agents who help strangers instead of family members as less morally good than agents who help family members instead of strangers. Second, methodological issues with these studies are assessed, fixed, and thus the original psychological effect is retested with better experimental designs, measures, and analyses. Third, it is discovered that the moral cognition hypothesis consistently describes the psychology of only a minority of participants. Moreover, it is discovered that most psychologists misinterpret typical group-level analyses as revealing how prevalent a psychological phenomenon is. Finally, a set of simple and flexible methodological and statistical options are offered to better align typical psychological hypotheses with appropriate analyses, enabling researchers to confront this “group-to-person generalizability” problem in their own work. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology.