Malgré l’inversion de la signification du cynisme, ses deux acceptions principalesconservent de troublantes similitudes. Tout cynisme se montre : il s’exhibe par le dénuementexemplaire des ascètes comme par les possessions des parvenus. Le cynisme est doncontologiquement théâtral. Par son association à la dérision des valeurs ou à celle de leurabsence, il se rapproche plus spécifiquement de la comédie. Cynisme et comédie ont unemême ambivalence en partage.La relation des dramaturges à l’utile dulci s’est rarement révélée aussi complexe etévolutive qu’entre 1685 et 1750. Leurs postures par rapport à la place du rire et de la moraleau théâtre influent sur leurs manières de représenter le cynisme et l’amoralité. Mais leurappréciation des arcanes des subversions morale et amorale détermine réciproquement lapoétique de leurs comédies.Dancourt, Lesage, Regnard et autres joyeux drilles couvrent de leurs sarcasmes uneamoralité collective qu’ils dédaignent de corriger. En réaction à leurs provocations, leurscenseurs ligués dénoncèrent la corruption du théâtre et entreprirent sa réforme. La comédie setransforme notamment en chaire publique, grâce à l’action de Destouches qui substitue lamoralisation au rire. C’est en moralistes que Dufresny et Marivaux envisagent, en revanche,la genèse, les causes et les implications des travers moraux. Ils découvrent que, au siècle desLumières, les ténèbres prévalent : le Mal gangrène société, individus et langage. Sublimantleur pessimisme, leur désir d’y remédier les incite alors à évaluer, avec Delisle, la possibilitéde restaurer le cynisme antique pour réenchanter leur monde / Inspite of the inversion of the meaning of cynicism, its two variants do preserve somedisquieting affinities. All cynicism must make itself visible: it exhibits itself in the ascetic’soustanding privation as much as in the parvenu’s gallery of possessions. Cynicism is thenontologically theatrical. Through its association with the mocking of values or with theirabsence, it shares closer ties with comedy. Both partake of the same ambivalence.The dramatists’ relationship to the utile dulci has rarely shown itself to be a complex andevolving as in the period between 1685 and 1750. Their stances in connection with the placeof laughter and morality in theatre bears strongly on the way cynicism and amorality arerepresented. Yet, their appreciation of the well-guarded secrets of subversions, wether moralor amoral, determines in turn their own comic poetics.Dancourt, Lesage, Regnard and other wanton libertines screen with their sarcasm acollective amorality they are loath to redress. In response to their provocations, their consorsunited to denounce the theatre’s corruption and brace up for reform. Comedy, steps then intothe pulpit owing to Destouche’s contribution substituting moralization for laughter. It is asmoralists, however, that Dufresny and Marivaux conceive the genesis, causes, andimplications of moral defects. They came to realize that in the Age of Enlightenment,darkness still prevailed: Evil corrupt society, the individual and language. The call forredemption, with the sublimation of pessimism it breeds steers them forth to evaluate, alongwith Delisle, the possibility of restoring classical cynicism in the aim of bringing enchantmentback to their worlds

À une époque qui se concentre sur l’avenir de l’humanité, Maupassant s’intéresse aux origines. Pour lui, l’homme est un « animal humain » en qui coexistent le moderne et l’archaïque. C’est à ce regard original que nous invite son œuvre, qui travaille à montrer le primitif dans et non contre le civilisé. En quoi le primitif est-il une figure dérangeante ? En quoi le rapport à la nature et au corps est-il primitif ? Ici, le rapport à la nature, le corps, la sexualité, l’animalité, la bêtise sont traités comme des composantes irréductibles de l’humain. Mais la nature et le corps sont fondamentalement ambivalents. La figure du primitif, par son inscription dans la matière, est donc un miroir troublant tendu à l’homme du XIXe siècle. Ainsi définie, la notion de primitif fonctionne, si l’on peut dire, comme un pavé dans la mare, qui éclabousse la notion de civilisation et ses valeurs. Dénonçant la société comme dénaturée, Maupassant en vient à mettre en question la définition même de la civilisation et à mettre en cause l’opposition traditionnelle entre sauvage et civilisé. L’acception anthropologique de la notion de primitif, et plus particulièrement le principe de « participation », jettent a posteriori un éclairage singulier sur l’œuvre. C’est l’angle d’attaque de la dernière partie. Parce qu’elle échappe au normatif, la figure du primitif met à mal ce qui, dans la société, a valeur de cadre, de loi. Aussi assiste-t-on chez Maupassant au brouillage des différenciations sexuelle, sociale et morale, ainsi qu’au brouillage des frontières entre folie et raison, et entre fantastique et réaliste. De cet ébranlement des repères participe, enfin, une écriture elle-même primitive. / At a time when the future of humanity was all that mattered, Maupassant focused on the origins. For him man is a “human animal” combining elements of both modern and archaic behaviour. This original approach is the one Maupassant wants us to adopt with regard to his work, in which he endeavours to reveal the primitive aspect of man within his civilized refinement and not in opposition to it. In what way is the primitive an element which is disturbing? How does Maupassant portray the relationship between nature and the human body as primitive? He describes nature, the body, sexuality, animality and stupidity as irreducible components of man. However, nature and the human body are fundamentally ambivalent. The primitive element holds up a disturbing mirror image to the 19th century man. As such, it is tantamount to setting the cat among the pigeons, thereby tarnishing the notion of civilized man and his values. By condemning society as unnatural, Maupassant challenges the actual definition of civilized behaviour, and questions the traditional opposition between the civilized and the uncivilized. The anthropological acceptance of the concept of primitive, and in particular the principle of “participation”, in hindsight throws a different light on Maupassant’s works. This is the angle adopted in the last section. Because it defies norms, the notion of primitive refutes what constitutes the framework and laws of society. Hence Maupassant’s works blur the distinctions between social, sexual and moral behaviour, as well as those between madness and reason, between fantasy and realism. Lastly Maupassant contributes to this breakdown of bearings with his primitive style of writing

Orientador: Mário Luiz Frungillo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:41:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macario_PaulaGomes_D.pdf: 2046658 bytes, checksum: 5fadb7c1fc29def33ea655c8c32c303f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A presente tese inclina-se sobre a obra do escritor francês Pierre Louÿs (1870 - 1925). Estudioso dos antigos poetas gregos e entusiasta da arte antiga, Louÿs pode, num primeiro momento ser associado à escola parnasiana. Em seus primeiros poemas, bem como em diversos momentos importantes de seu trabalho, ele dedicou-se à construção de um ambiente pagão, harmonioso e aprazível, munido de uma sensualidade bastante associada à plasticidade das formas. Porém, uma propensão singular transportou igualmente seu trabalho a outro território. Propensão esta que se revela pela adoção da temática do erotismo e, sobretudo, pela forma particular com que ele apropria-se de tal matéria. Pode-se ler em seus livros uma atmosfera bela, sensual e hedonista, que ao mesmo tempo atualiza uma das grandes tradições do erotismo literário: o humor a ironia e os excessos lúbricos postos em cena para caçoar e combater as regras morais e a hipocrisia sexual da sociedade. Na combinação desses dois ideais, um estético e outro subversivo, encontramos a face particular da produção de Louÿs que servirá de guia à nossa investigação: Como defensor de uma nova maneira, mais libertária, de pensar e de lidar com as paixões do corpo, o escritor termina por criar uma série de personagens que, armados de grande beleza e de uma graciosa ironia, cumprem o papel de contestar a moral puritana. Estamos falando prioritariamente de personagens femininas, pois no trabalho deste autor uma atenção especial é concedida às mulheres. Vasta, variada e incontestavelmente sedutora é a procissão de beldades femininas que desfilam por seus livros. Mas o elemento mais interessante a se notar nessas mulheres não se resume ao quadro de seus encantos físicos, e sim algo que segue de par com eles, a saber, uma personalidade espontânea e de tendências licenciosas, dedicada especialmente à realização de uma vida plena de beleza e prazer. Tratamos, portanto, de elencar e analisar, na obra de Pierre Louÿs, uma série de personagens femininos que possuem o atributo de funcionar como um modelo de comportamento permissivo, libertário e atraente. Modelo este que é, sobretudo, o pretexto para uma literatura valiosa, ao mesmo tempo inquietante, e muito deleitável / Abstract: This thesis is based on the work of the French writer Pierre Louÿs (1870-1925). Scholar of ancient Greek poets and enthusiastic of ancient art, Louÿs may at a first moment be associated with the Parnassian school. In his early poems, as well as various important moments in his work, he devoted himself to the construction of a pagan, harmonious and enjoyable atmosphere, equipped with a sensuality somewhat associated to the plasticity of forms. However, a singular inclination transported his work to another territory as well. This inclination is revealed by the adoption of the erotic theme, and especially by the very particular way in which he embraces it. In his books one can read a beautiful, sensual and hedonistic atmosphere which equally updates one of the great traditions of literary eroticism: humor, irony and a lascivious excess brought into play to mock and scuffle society's moral rules and sexual hypocrisy. By combining these two ideals, one aesthetic and another of moral subversion, we find the particular aspect of Louÿs's work that will guide us in our investigation: As an advocate of a new, more libertarian way of thinking and dealing with the body passions, the writer ends up creating a series of characters who, armed with great beauty and graceful irony, play the role of refuting puritanical morality. We refer mostly to female characters, as in the works of this author particular attention is given to women. Vast, varied and attractive is the undoubtedly seductive procession of beauties parading through his books. But the most interesting element to be noticed in these women is not restricted to their physical charms, but rather something that matches that up, that is, their spontaneous and licentious-prone personality, expressly devoted to achieving a life full of beauty and pleasure. We tried, thus, to list and analyze, in Pierre Louÿs's work, a series of female characters that have the attribute of working as a model of a permissive, libertarian and attractive behavior. A model which is above all an excuse for a very valuable and, at the same time, disturbing and very pleasant literature / Doutorado / Literatura Geral e Comparada / Doutora em Teoria e História Literária

Barnes's Vagaries Malicieux, and Nin's Delta of Venus, are examples the developing vision of female sex, and both authors use their literary techniques to accomplish their aesthetic vision of amorality. Nin's visions are based on her and her friends' extreme experiences. Her primary concern was expressing her erotic and amorally aesthetic gaze, and the results of her efforts are found in her aesthetic vision of Paris and the amoral lifestyle. Barnes uses metaphor and linguistics to fashion her aesthetic vision. Her technique in "Run, Girls, Run!" both subverts any sense of morality, and offers an interesting and challenging read for its audience. In "Vagaries Malicieux" Barnes's Paris is dark while bright, and creates a sense of nothingness, indicated only by Barnes's aesthetic appreciation.

Finansvärlden är avantgardistisk i sitt höga arbetstempo och i att bana väg för en abstrakt informationsekonomi, och pengar styr verksamheten på ett sätt som föregripit förändring i samhället i denna riktning. Svenska finansmänniskor uppvisar en urban, stockholmsk övremedelklasskultur men är samtidigt del av en framåtriktad,västerländsk elitkultur. Nationella drag slätas ut efter en amerikansk modell. Svensk finansmarknad kan ha mer av amerikansk, kalvinistiskt-puritansk arbetsetik än med luthersk av svenskt snitt. Mina intervjupersoner bär på protestantisk arbetsetik i form av individualism, flit och asketism. Finansmänniskors nyktra affärssinne liknar puritanens tidigkapitalistiska mentalitet. Individer på finansiella marknader kan svårligen se konsekvenser av sina handlingar. Finansmarknaden är en amoralisk näring, där många aktörer avstår från att ta moralisk ställning. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2001