As economic inequality constantly grows, understanding what drives individuals’ support for redistribution is as critical as ever. In the current dissertation, we find evidence suggesting that attitudes towards reducing economic inequality can be experienced with moral conviction (i.e., perceived as rooted in one’s core beliefs about right and wrong). This, in turn, can motivate support for redistribution. In Study 1, reducing economic inequality moral conviction scores were comparable to other highly moralized topics (e.g., euthanasia), and higher than lowly moralized topics (e.g., tattoos). In Studies 2 and 3, a greater moral conviction for reducing economic inequality (family wealth and family income, respectively) positively predicted support for redistributive government policies (such as minimum wages and tax breaks increases) – also when controlling for income, subjective socio-economic inequality and economic system justification (i.e., other critical predictors of support for redistribution). Furthermore, this relationship was mediated by empathic concern (with mixed results) and structural causal attributions. Finally, Study 4 showed how moral conviction predicted a positive evaluation of poverty reduction program – even in the face of negative evidence (i.e., description of a fictitious family misusing their welfare bonuses). Moreover, moral conviction worked as a predictor of family evaluation when positive cases were shown. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of one’s moral conviction as a motivator of support for redistributive policies - suggesting that future research should take into account addressing not only implications concerning cost and benefits, but individuals’ personal moral considerations as well.

L’augmentation observée de la prévalence du surpoids et de l’obésité au Québec comme ailleurs en Occident inquiète tant les gouvernements que les autorités médicales. Afin de contenir ce phénomène qui est désormais décrit comme une pandémie d’obésité, ces organisations y sont allées de différentes initiatives et recommandations, dans un contexte d’inefficacité avérée des interventions de gestion de poids à caractère clinique et d’émergence de stratégies de prévention dont l’efficacité et la sécurité à long terme restent encore à démontrer. Méthode : L’objet de cette recherche a été de décrire l’évolution du discours des organismes officiels de santé au Québec en matière de gestion du poids par l’analyse de contenu. Cette analyse a eu recours à une grille de plus de 160 documents produits au cours des 60 dernières années par les gouvernements, les autorités professionnelles et les médias québécois. Résultats et discussion : L’analyse révèle que l’évolution du discours de ces organisations s’inscrit dans trois continuums : le pathologique (une évolution, une gradation, une inflation étymologique du sens qui est donné au poids problématique); la surveillance (avec l’établissement de critères rationnels, la surveillance d’abord individuelle est devenue collective et s’est institutionnalisée); la responsabilisation (la responsabilité du poids s’est déplacée de l’individu vers le collectif puis vers le social). Ces continuums illustrent un déplacement de la manière de conceptualiser le poids de la sphère privée vers la sphère publique. Cette analyse révèle aussi qu’il y a à l’œuvre un exercice disciplinaire propre à une moralisation qui s’appuie sur la prémisse que l’augmentation de la prévalence touche toute la population de manière égale. Or, il n’en est rien. / The increase in overweight and obesity prevalence observed in Quebec as elsewhere worries governments and medical authorities. In order to contain what is described as an “obesity pandemic”, Quebec public health organisations have proposed a number of recommendations depsite the fact that long-term safety of clinical interventions have proven inefficient, and prevention strategies to manage weight undetermined. Objective: To examine the evolution of public discourses about weight management by Quebec’s public health organisations in order to identify if there is a moral standard being constructed and discuss what this reveals about modern societies. Method: Through content analysis of over 160 official documents produced by government, public health organisations and the media over the last 60 years, this thesis will describe and analyze weight management discourses of Quebec’s official health organisations. Results and Discussion: The evolution of public weight management discourses by official public health organisations can best be described using three distinct continuums which all illustrate a shift from the private domain to the public one in the way weight problems are conceptualised. These continuums are: the pathological, or the etymological evolution of meaning given to the problematic weight; surveillance, in that rational criteria has been established and surveillance is no longer in the realm of the personal but rather has become a problem of the collective and in so doing, has become institutionalised; and finally, responsibility, where weight management has migrated from the individual through to the collective and then firmly into the social domain. This analysis illustrates that the disciplinary exercise of weight management, which functions as a moralizing process, considers the increase in overweight and obesity prevalence is across the population. However, such is not the case.

L’augmentation observée de la prévalence du surpoids et de l’obésité au Québec comme ailleurs en Occident inquiète tant les gouvernements que les autorités médicales. Afin de contenir ce phénomène qui est désormais décrit comme une pandémie d’obésité, ces organisations y sont allées de différentes initiatives et recommandations, dans un contexte d’inefficacité avérée des interventions de gestion de poids à caractère clinique et d’émergence de stratégies de prévention dont l’efficacité et la sécurité à long terme restent encore à démontrer. Méthode : L’objet de cette recherche a été de décrire l’évolution du discours des organismes officiels de santé au Québec en matière de gestion du poids par l’analyse de contenu. Cette analyse a eu recours à une grille de plus de 160 documents produits au cours des 60 dernières années par les gouvernements, les autorités professionnelles et les médias québécois. Résultats et discussion : L’analyse révèle que l’évolution du discours de ces organisations s’inscrit dans trois continuums : le pathologique (une évolution, une gradation, une inflation étymologique du sens qui est donné au poids problématique); la surveillance (avec l’établissement de critères rationnels, la surveillance d’abord individuelle est devenue collective et s’est institutionnalisée); la responsabilisation (la responsabilité du poids s’est déplacée de l’individu vers le collectif puis vers le social). Ces continuums illustrent un déplacement de la manière de conceptualiser le poids de la sphère privée vers la sphère publique. Cette analyse révèle aussi qu’il y a à l’œuvre un exercice disciplinaire propre à une moralisation qui s’appuie sur la prémisse que l’augmentation de la prévalence touche toute la population de manière égale. Or, il n’en est rien. / The increase in overweight and obesity prevalence observed in Quebec as elsewhere worries governments and medical authorities. In order to contain what is described as an “obesity pandemic”, Quebec public health organisations have proposed a number of recommendations depsite the fact that long-term safety of clinical interventions have proven inefficient, and prevention strategies to manage weight undetermined. Objective: To examine the evolution of public discourses about weight management by Quebec’s public health organisations in order to identify if there is a moral standard being constructed and discuss what this reveals about modern societies. Method: Through content analysis of over 160 official documents produced by government, public health organisations and the media over the last 60 years, this thesis will describe and analyze weight management discourses of Quebec’s official health organisations. Results and Discussion: The evolution of public weight management discourses by official public health organisations can best be described using three distinct continuums which all illustrate a shift from the private domain to the public one in the way weight problems are conceptualised. These continuums are: the pathological, or the etymological evolution of meaning given to the problematic weight; surveillance, in that rational criteria has been established and surveillance is no longer in the realm of the personal but rather has become a problem of the collective and in so doing, has become institutionalised; and finally, responsibility, where weight management has migrated from the individual through to the collective and then firmly into the social domain. This analysis illustrates that the disciplinary exercise of weight management, which functions as a moralizing process, considers the increase in overweight and obesity prevalence is across the population. However, such is not the case.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1632.pdf: 1816366 bytes, checksum: 70fdaaebe1eee0f7c3355a410f8520c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-13 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The social inclusion projects of President Lula s first term accordingly proceeded through the market, as for instance: the Microcredit project, Banco Popular do Brasil (Brazil s Popular Bank) and especially the pension funds. Social inclusion by way of market is part of PT s political policies, which surveys have provisionally considered as moralization and/or domestication of capitalism, seeing that it strives to apply the money from speculation into productive activities that are capable of generating employment and income for workers. The moralization and/or domestication of capitalism is perceptible in the creation and management guidelines of the pension funds, which became consolidated as a great concern in the Federal Government s program, the three central unions of the country (especially CUT) and the labor unions, especially in the banking and electricity federations. The interaction among the syndicalists and former syndicalists in the Lula Government, businessmen from the pension funds sector and the Federal Government, bespeaks the complicity of interests and the convergence of the elite around the precise configuration of the pension funds. Thus, supported by the discourse of social responsibility, ethical investment, democratic management of the funds, protection of workers savings and the fight against capitalism, by means of their own instruments (domestication of capitalism), the Brazilian syndicalists have expanded accumulated legitimacy to the financial area in the workers scope. Therefore, their argument on management/protection of workers savings is justified as morally legitimate. Taking into account the aforementioned context, the present doctorate thesis set out to understand the social convention changes that the Brazilian syndicalism undergoes, the ambiguities and contradictions of such syndicate actions and the factual role and power our syndicates command. By the same token, it sought to comprehend the social inclusion policies by means of the market of the Lula Government. Lastly, it placed emphasis on the international ideas regarding the pension funds project, as well as the new institutionalizations created by the market s consolidation of pension funds in Brazil. The present work was theoretically influenced by Bourdieu, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Robert Castel, among renowned professionals of the Brazilian and international Social Sciences. Empirically, interviews were conducted with syndicalists, members of the Lula Government and those who oppose the pension funds project, in addition to observation participation in the events of this sector. Moreover, field work was carried out in central unions in France / Os projetos de inclusão social do primeiro Governo Lula passaram necessariamente pelo mercado: projeto microcrédito, Banco Popular do Brasil e especialmente fundos de pensão, são alguns exemplos. A inclusão social via mercado faz parte de uma política do PT que estamos denominando provisoriamente como moralização e/ou domesticação do capitalismo, já que busca aplicar o dinheiro oriundo da especulação em atividade produtiva, capaz de gerar emprego e renda para o trabalhador. A domesticação e/ou moralização do capitalismo fica evidente na política de criação e gestão de fundos de pensão, que se cristalizou enquanto tema de grande interesse na agenda do Governo Federal, das três centrais sindicais do país (sobretudo da CUT) e junto aos sindicatos, especialmente do setor bancário e eletricitário. A interação entre sindicalistas, ex-sindicalistas presentes no Governo Lula, empresários do setor de fundos de pensão e Governo Federal, coloca em evidência a cumplicidade de interesses e a convergência de elite , em torno da configuração precisa dos fundos de pensão. Nesse sentido, apoiados no discurso de responsabilidade social, investimento ético, gestão democrática dos fundos, proteção da poupança dos trabalhadores e na luta contra o capitalismo usando suas próprias armas (domesticação do capitalismo), os sindicalistas brasileiros têm ampliado para o espaço financeiro, a legitimidade acumulada no espaço trabalhista. Para tanto, argumentam ser moralmente legítimos na gestão/proteção da poupança dos trabalhadores. Considerando o contexto exposto acima, essa tese de doutoramento buscou compreender as mudanças de convenções sociais pelas quais passam o sindicalismo brasileiro, as ambiguidades e contradições dessa ação sindical e o real papel e poder do qual dispõem nossos sindicatos. Da mesma forma, buscou entender a política de inclusão social, via mercado do Governo Lula. Finalmente, buscou pontuar as inspirações internacionais para o projeto de fundos de pensão, e as novas institucionalidades criadas pela consolidação do mercado de fundos de pensão. Têm como inspiração teórica Bourdieu, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Robert Castel, dentre grandes nomes das Ciências Sociais do país e do exterior. Empiricamente, foram realizadas entrevistas com sindicalistas, membros do Governo Federal e opositores ao projeto de fundos de pensão, bem como observação participante em eventos do setor. Da mesma forma, foi realizada pesquisa de campo em centrais sindicais na França.

Orientador: Marcia Abreu / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:06:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Furquim_TaniaMagaliFerreira_M.pdf: 2332503 bytes, checksum: 4ee7a9c1a43506e791fda5a82343eeb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Mestrado / Historia e Historiografia Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

En réponse à la pandémie de la COVID-19, les gouvernements ont mis sur pied des mesures sanitaires contraignantes afin de limiter la propagation du virus (p. ex., port du masque). Lors de cette crise, les individus sont appelés à coopérer en respectant les mesures sanitaires. De nombreuses études ont démontré que la confiance envers autrui était liée positivement aux comportements coopératifs. Néanmoins, il est possible que, dans le contexte d’une crise sanitaire, les individus soient moins portés à adhérer aux mesures sanitaires lorsqu’ils sont avec des gens en qui ils ont confiance. Ce mémoire vise à examiner si la confiance envers les autres mène les individus à moins coopérer, c’est-à-dire, à moins respecter les mesures sanitaires. Plus particulièrement, nous avons pour objectif de tester si les individus sont moins enclins à respecter les mesures avec leurs proches (p. ex., amis et membres de leur famille), et si ce phénomène peut s’expliquer par la plus grande confiance que nous portons envers nos proches comparativement aux étrangers. Pour ce faire, nous avons entrepris deux études. Dans les deux études, les participants devaient lire une vignette décrivant une situation sociale (p. ex., un concert dans un parc). Les participants devaient s’imaginer assister à la situation sociale avec soit leurs proches (p. ex., amis) ou des étrangers. Les participants devaient ensuite rapporter à quel point ils (1) respecteraient les mesures sanitaires (p. ex., maintiendraient une distanciation physique) et (2) feraient confiance aux autres personnes dans la situation. Il a été démontré que les individus faisaient davantage confiance à leurs proches qu’aux étrangers. Cette plus grande confiance était liée à une moindre adhésion aux mesures sanitaires lors d’interactions sociales avec les proches. De plus, les résultats de la deuxième étude ont montré que les individus étaient moins enclins à adhérer aux mesures sanitaires avec leurs proches, même lorsqu’ils moralisaient le respect des mesures (c’est-à-dire, percevaient comme moralement « mal » le non-respect des mesures). Ce mémoire met donc en évidence un lien négatif entre la confiance et la coopération – dans certains contextes, la confiance interpersonnelle peut nuire aux intérêts collectifs. / In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments implemented stringent preventive measures to limit the spread of the virus (e.g., mask wearing). During this crisis, individuals are called upon to cooperate by complying with preventive measures. Numerous studies have shown that trust in others is positively related to cooperative behaviors. Nevertheless, it is possible that, in the context of a sanitary crisis, individuals are less likely to adhere to preventive measures with people they trust. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine whether interpersonal trust leads individuals to be less cooperative, i.e., less compliant with preventive measures. Specifically, we aim to test whether individuals are less likely to comply with measures with their close others (e.g., friends and family members), and whether this phenomenon can be explained by the greater trust we have in our close others compared to strangers. To do this, we undertook two studies. In both studies, participants were asked to read a vignette describing a social situation (e.g., a concert in a park). Participants had to imagine attending the social situation with either their close others (e.g., friends) or strangers. Participants were then asked to report the extent to which they would (1) adhere to preventive measures (e.g., maintain physical distancing) and (2) trust others in the situation. Results showed that individuals trusted their close others more than strangers. This greater trust was related to less adherence to preventive measures during social interactions with close others. Furthermore, the second study showed that individuals were less likely to comply with preventive measures with their close others, even when they moralized compliance (i.e., perceived non-compliance as morally "wrong"). This master’s thesis thus highlights a negative link between trust and cooperation - in some contexts, interpersonal trust can undermine collective interests.