O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar os neurônios mioentéricos do jejuno e do colo durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal de ratos Wistar utilizando morfometria com enfoque estereológico e analisar as mudanças na área ocupada por neurônios e axônios mediante Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Foram usadas 20 fêmeas de ratos da linhagem Wistar, divididas em grupos de acordo com a idade pós-natal em dias (G0, G7, G21 e G60). A análise morfométrica foi realizada em preparados totais de membrana usando azul cuprolínico, histoquímica para acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d), e imuno-histoquímicas para VIP e substância P. Foram estimadas a densidade numérica neuronal/área de superfície serosa, o número total de neurônios por segmento e a área neuronal média. A análise da área ocupada por neurônios e axônios foi realizada a partir de imagens de NADPH-d e AChE. Ocorreu uma diminuição significativa na densidade neuronal/área, nos neurônios totais e nos neurônios nitrérgicos a partir de G7 no jejuno e de G0 no colo, e nos neurônios colinérgicos entre G0 e G7 no jejuno e G0 e G21 no colo. O número total de neurônios corados com azul cuprolínico aumentou significativamente no colo a partir de G7; houve aumento dos neurônios nitrérgicos entre G7 e G21 e nos neurônios colinérgicos entre G21 e G60. No jejuno somente houve aumento do número total de neurônios nitrérgicos entre G0 e G7. Também foi percebido um aumento significativo na área dos neurônios nitrérgicos a partir de G7 no jejuno e de G0 no colo, e dos neurônios colinérgicos entre G7 e G21 no jejuno e G0 e G21 no colo. A área ocupada pelos axônios aumentou entre os grupos G0 e G7, diminuiu entre G7 e G21 e aumentou de novo entre G21 e G60. Estes resultados demonstraram que os neurônios e os axônios sofrem mudanças morfológicas e químicas durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal do sistema nervoso entérico, provavelmente devido a fatores microambientais como os fatores de crescimento e de replicação, a alimentação e o próprio crescimento do intestino. É possível que a completa maturidade do intestino somente seja completada quando este finaliza o seu processo de crescimento. / The aim of this study was to quantify jejunum and colon myenteric neurons during postnatal development in Wistar rats using morphometry and to analyse the changes in the area occupied by neurons and axons using Geographic Information Sistem (GIS). Twenty female Wistar rats divided in groups according to the age in days (G0, G7, G21 e G60) were used. Whole mount preparations using cuprolinic blue (CB), histochemistry for acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and immunohistochemistry for VIP and substance P were used for morphometric evaluation. Neuronal numerical density/area of serosal surface, total number of neurons for segment and mean neuronal area were estimated. Analyses of the area ocuppied by neurons and axons were performed using images of NADPH-d and AChE. This study showed a significant decrease in the neuronal numerical density/area in total and nitrergic neurons from G7 in jejunum and G0 in colon, and in cholinergic neurons from G0 and G7 in jejunum and G0 and G21 in colon. In colon, total number of neurons increased significantly in cuprolinic blue stain from G7, in NADPH-d between G7 and G21 and in AChE between G21 and G60. In jejunum, there was a significant increase in the same parameter between G0 and G7 in NADPH-d. There was also a significant increase in the mean area of nitrergic neurons from G7 in jejunum and from G0 in colon, and in cholinergic neurons between G7 and G21 in jejunum and between G0 and G21 in colon. The area occupied by axons increased between G0 and G7, between G7 and G21 decreased and increased again between G21 and G60. This results showed that neurons and axons suffer morphologic and chemical changes during postnatal development in the enteric nervous system, probably due to micro-environmental factors as growth and replication factors, nutrition and growing of the intestine. It is possible that complete maturity of the intestine is achieved when it finishes its growing process.

Culex coronator Dyar & Knab e Culex usquatus Dyar são duas espécies irmãs, que fazem parte do Complexo Coronator, composto por mais quatro espécies (Culex usquatissimos Dyar, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini). As fêmeas deste grupo são indistinguíveis por caracteres morfológicos, sendo a identificação possível somente através da distribuição e tamanho das cerdas apicais que ornamentam o gonocoxito da genitália masculina. Cx. coronator, é a espécie com maior distribuição geográfica, ocupando as Américas do Norte, Central e Sul. Já Cx. usquatus só foi registrado nas Américas Central e do Sul, ocorrendo em simpatria no Brasil com Cx. coronator. Apesar da semelhança morfológica das fêmeas das duas espécies, até o momento, somente Cx. coronator foi encontrado naturalmente infectado por diversas arboviroses. Considerando que estudos populacionais são importantes para compreender a evolução e a dinâmica de populações de pontencias vetores, e que a correta identificação de fêmeas é fundamental para estudos de competência vetorial, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) distinguir fêmeas adultas de Cx. coronator de Cx. usquatus (2) obter conhecimento da estrutura populacional de Culex coronator nas regiões Sul e Sudeste (3) examinar a possível existência de outras espécies não descritas e/ou incorretamente identificadas sob o epíteto de Cx. coronator. Para tanto foram utilizadas duas ferramentas: uma morfológica (morfometria de asa), e outra genética (4 loci de microssatélites e sequenciamento do fragmento barcode do gene COI). As análises dos três marcadores mostraram que as populações do Sudeste são geneticamente e morfologicamente diversas, mas não apresentam estrutura populacional, enquanto as populações do Sul são mais homogêneas, e diferentes das do Sudeste. Assim, tanto os microssatélites como a morfometria geométrica, mostraram alguma estruturação populacional em relação às macrorregiões Sul e Sudeste. A análise da morfometria da asa distinguiu as espécies de Cx. coronator e Cx. usquatus, enquanto a análise do COI barcode apresentou uma politomia das duas espécies. Nenhum marcador indicou a existência de um complexo de espécies sob o espíteto Culex coronator. / Culex coronator and Culex usquatus are sibling species belonging to Coronator Group, which comprises five other species (Culex usquatissimos Dyar, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini). Except by Cx. yojae, the females of this group are indistinguishable, being the identification only possible by the analysis of the arrangement and number of appendicles on the apical lobe of the gonocoxite of the male genitalia. Cx. coronator is the most widely distributed species in the complex, occupying North, Central and South America, while Cx. usquatus was recorded only in Central and South America. Therefore, these species are sympatric in Brazil. Despite the morphological similarity of the females of both species, only Cx. coronator has epidemiological importance, being found infected with many arboviruses. Since studies focusing in population structure are important to understand the evolution and dynamics of potencial vectors and that the correct female identification is critical for development of vectorial competence studies, the aims of this study were to: (1) distinguish adult females of Cx. coronator from Cx. usquatus (2) obtain knowledge of the population structure of Culex coronator in Southern and Southeastern areas (3) examine the presence of undescribed and/or incorrectly identified species under Cx. coronator. Thereby, a survey was carried out using morphological (wing geometry) and genetic (4 microsatellite loci and barcode region of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) markers. Results showed genetic and morphological diversity of southeastern populations, with low population structure, while southern populations were more homogenous but different from those of Southeast Brazil. Thus, analysis of microsatellite and wing morphometry showed some populational structure according to South and Southeast macro-regions. Only wing morphometric analysis distinguished Cx. coronator from Cx. usquatus, while the COI barcode analysis showed a polytomy of the two species. No marker indicated Cx. coronator s.s as a group of cryptic species.

O estudo do espaço físico territorial é de extrema importância para o planejamento municipal, principalmente quando se situa no seu limite administrativo uma área protegida. Neste contexto, o mapeamento geoambiental se destaca como uma ferramenta essencial na identificação e delimitação de regiões que apresentam características semelhantes, direcionando de forma rápida e eficiente os órgãos gestores na solução das demandas de cada área. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o mapeamento geoambiental do município de Delfinópolis (MG), na escala de 1:50.000, tendo como base a utilização da análise de agrupamentos para delimitar as áreas com alto nível de similaridade referente às características do meio físico. O município pode ser considerado especial, devido 40,35% da sua área corresponder à unidade de conservação do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC). O mapeamento teve por base a caracterização física das bacias hidrográficas de até 4ª ordem de ramificação que se encontram totalmente inseridas no município. A análise de agrupamentos das bacias de 1ª ordem foi realizada considerando o percentual de área de três atributos fundamentais do meio físico (materiais inconsolidados, substrato rochoso, e declividade). Já as bacias hidrográficas de 2ª, 3ª e 4ª ordens foram inicialmente agrupadas com base em nove índices morfométricos e posteriormente analisadas frente aos mesmos atributos fundamentais do meio físico. Em todas as análises de agrupamentos foi utilizado o método pareado igualmente ponderado e na análise dos dendrogramas foi estabelecida uma linha de fusão de 20% para identificação das unidades homogêneas e de 80% para os grupos de unidades que apresentam alto nível de dissimilaridade. A integração da análise morfométrica com as informações do meio físico permitiu a delimitação de nove unidades geoambientais com nível de homogeneidade compatível com a escala de mapeamento. A análise dessas unidades mostrou certa compatibilidade das características físicas da zona intangível e da zona de ocupação temporária do PNSC com a unidade UG 8. Com relação às áreas de preservação permanente, nenhuma das unidades obedece totalmente os limites previstos na legislação. Dentre as unidades, duas apresentam-se pouco degradadas, duas encontram-se degradadas e as demais se enquadram em nível regular de degradação. / The study of territorial physical space is extremely important for municipal planning, especially when a protected area is located within its administrative boundary. In this context, the geoenvironmental mapping stands out as an essential tool in the identification and delimitation of regions that present similar characteristics, directing public management quickly and efficiently in the solution of the demands of each area. The objective of this work is to perform the geoenvironmental mapping of the city of Delfinópolis (MG), in the scale of 1: 50.000, based on the use of cluster analysis to delimit the areas with high level of similarity referent to the characteristics of the physical environment. The municipality can be considered special, since 40,35% of its area corresponds to the conservation unit of National Park Serra da Canastra (PNSC).The mapping was based on the physical characteristics of the watersheds up to the 4th order of ramification that are totally inserted in the municipality. The analysis of groupings of the 1st order basins was performed considering the percentage of area of three fundamental attributes of the physical environment (unconsolidated materials, geology, and slope).The 2nd, 3rd and 4th order watersheds were initially grouped based on nine morphometric indices and later analyzed against the same fundamental attributes of the physical environment. In all cluster analysis, we used the unweighted pair-group method and in the analysis of dendrograms a 20% melting line was established to identify the homogeneous units and 80% of the groups of units with a high level of dissimilarity.The integration of the morphometric analysis with the information about the physical environment allowed the delimitation of nine geoenvironmental units with level of homogeneity compatible with the scale of mapping.The analysis of these units showed the similarity of the physical characteristics of the intangible zone and the temporary occupation zone of the PNSC with the unit UG 8.In relation to the areas of permanent preservation, none of the units fully obey the limits established in the legislation. Among the units, two are poorly degraded, two are degraded and the other ones fall into a regular level of degradation.

There has been considerable progress in the clinical, pathological and genetic fractionation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes in recent years, driving the development of novel diagnostic criteria. However, phenotypic boundaries are not always distinct and syndromes converge with disease progression, limiting the insights available from traditional diagnostic classification. Alternative transdiagnostic approaches may provide novel insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of symptom commonalities across the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. In this thesis, I illustrate the use of transdiagnostic methods to investigate apathy and impulsivity. These two multifaceted constructs are observed across all frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes, including frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome. They cause substantial patient morbidity and carer distress, often coexist and are undertreated. Using data from the Pick’s disease and Progressive supranuclear palsy Prevalence and INcidence (PiPPIN) Study, I examine the frequency, characteristics and components of apathy and impulsivity across the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. A principal component analysis of the neuropsychological data identified eight distinct components of apathy and impulsivity, separating patient ratings, carer ratings and behavioural tasks. Apathy and impulsivity measures were positively correlated, frequently loading onto the same components and providing evidence of their overlap. The data confirmed that apathy and impulsivity are common across the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Voxel based morphometry revealed distinct neural correlates for the components of apathy and impulsivity. Patient ratings correlated with white matter changes in the corticospinal tracts, which may reflect retained insight into their physical impairments. Carer ratings correlated with grey and white matter changes in frontostriatal, frontotemporal and brainstem systems, which have previously been implicated in motivation, arousal and goal directed behaviour. Response inhibition deficits on behavioural tasks correlated with focal frontal cortical atrophy in areas implicated in goal-directed behaviour and cognitive control. Diffusion tensor imaging was highly sensitive to the white matter changes underlying apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. Diffusion tensor imaging findings were largely consistent with voxel-based morphometry, with carer ratings reflecting widespread changes while objective measures showed changes in focal, task-specific brain regions. White matter abnormalities often extended beyond observed grey matter changes, providing supportive evidence that white matter dysfunction represents a core pathophysiology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Apathy was a significant predictor of death within two and a half years from assessment, consistent with studies linking apathy to poor outcomes. The prognostic importance of apathy warrants more accurate measurement tools to facilitate clinical trials. Although causality remains unclear, the influence of apathy on survival suggests effective symptomatic treatments may also prove disease-modifying. These findings have several implications. First, clinical studies for apathy/impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes should target patients who present with these symptoms, irrespective of their diagnostic category. Second, data-driven approaches can inform the choice of assessment tools for clinical trials, and their link to neural drivers of apathy and impulsivity. Third, the components and their neural correlates provide a principled means to measure (and interpret) the effects of novel treatments in the context of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

Dans cette étude paléontologique, plusieurs méthodes ont été mises au point pour tester les hypothèses sur l’utilité des mustélidés en tant que signal paléoécologique, paléoenvironnemental et chronologique pour les sites préhistoriques du Paléolithique. Les genres Gulo, Martes, Mustela et Meles du Pléistocène et de l’Holocène de la moitié Sud de la France sont étudiés sous l’angle de l’anatomie comparée, de la biométrie et de la morphométrie géométrique sur un matériel très varié : crânien, dentaire et post-crânien. Les mustélidés proviennent de nombreux sites différents par leur âge, climat et altitude : Saint- Vallier, la Caune de l’Arago, Orgnac 3, le Lazaret, le Portel-Ouest, La Fage, La Marche, Siréjol, Villereversure, La Tanne du Beau Prince, la grotte des frères Traversat, Tuchan et Ambrussum. Cette approche systémique a permis de découvrir de nouveaux outils de sexage des mustélidés, sur les I3 notamment. L’indice de constriction orbitaire que nous avons établi livre une diagnose sexuelle très claire sur les blaireaux. La pente de la droite de régression des P4 et des Canines supérieures chez Mustela montre une distinction entre M. martes et M. foina. Nous confirmons la grande variabilité morphologique de ces petits Carnivores, qui reflète les environnements dans lesquels ils vivent ou ont vécu et qui est plus importante que la distinction spécifique chez Martes martes et Martes foina. De même, nous proposons Melesmeles atavus comme sous-espèce chronologique du Pléistocène moyen et présent à la Caune de l’Arago.De plus, les M. thorali, M. palerminea, M. praenivalis présentent plutôt des mandibules robustes et des dents graciles par rapport à leurs homologues actuels. / In this paleontological study, several methods have been developed to test hypotheses about the utility of mustelids as a paleoecological, palaeoenvironmental and chronological signal for prehistoric Paleolithic sites. The genera Gulo, Martes, Mustela and Meles of the Pleistocene and the Holocene of the half of the South of France are studied from the angle of comparative anatomy, biometry and geometrical morphometry on a very varied material: cranial, dental and postcranial. Mustelids come from various sites differed by age, climate and altitude: Saint-Vallier, Caune de l'Arago, Orgnac 3, Lazaret, Portel-Ouest, La Fage, La Marche, Siréjol, Villereversure, the Tanne du Beau Prince, Frères Traversat’s cave, Tuchan and Ambrussum. This systemic approach made it possible to discover new tools for sexing mustelids, particularly on I3. The post-orbital constriction index that we have established provides a very clear sexual diagnosis of badgers. The slope of the regression line of P4 and upper Canines of Mustela shows a distinction between M. martes and M. foina. We confirm the great morphological variability of these small carnivores, that reflects the environments in which they live or have lived and which is more important than the specific distinction in Martes martes and Martes foina. Similarly, we propose Meles meles atavus as a chronological subspecies of the Middle Pleistocene and present at the Caune de l'Arago. In addition, M. thorali, M. palerminea, M. praenivalis have strong mandibles and slender teeth compared to their current counterparts.

The traditional view of a lifelong monogamy between a king and a queen has recently been challenged in termites. In several species, multiple parthenogenetically-produced secondary queens replace the primary queen and mate with the primary king; this strategy is referred to as “Asexual Queen Succession” (AQS). The aim of my thesis was to investigate the modalities of reproduction and the ecology of neotropical soil-feeding termites from the Termitinae, with a focus on the inquiline termite Cavitermes tuberosus in the Termes group.In the first axis, we investigated the modalities of reproduction of C. tuberosus. (i) AQS is the main reproductive strategy of this species. (ii) The evolution of AQS requires the propensity of parthenogens to develop into neotenic queens. In C. tuberosus, secondary queens develop from a developmental stage of “aspirants” which participate to the social tasks usually undertaken by workers, as long as the primary queen is alive. (iii) In AQS species, a female-biased sex ratio is expected in the dispersing reproductives. In C. tuberosus, sex ratio varies among years and according to the type of reproductives, and the population sex ratio is balanced. These results raise hints on queen-king conflict over the sex ratio.In the second axis, we described the ecology and symbioses of C. tuberosus. (iv) Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium mainly known for manipulating the reproduction of arthropods in order to enhance its own transmission, infects all individuals in societies. This bacterium, particularly abundant in a gut-associated bacteriome, may play a role in the nutrition of C. tuberosus; both partners would have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis. (v) Inquiline termites live in a nest built by other termite species and do not forage outside. Physico-chemical measures and microbiota sequencing revealed that C. tuberosus is a generalist nest-feeder.Finally, we expanded our study of the breeding systems in the phylogenetic proximity of C. tuberosus. (vi) We described Palmitermes impostor, a new genus and species as a sister-group to the genus Cavitermes. (vii) AQS is the main reproductive strategy in P. impostor, and queens of Spinitermes trispinosus and Inquilinitermes inquilinus are able to reproduce parthenogenetically. Therefore, it appears likely that the conditional use of sexual and asexual reproductions is a preadaptation common to the whole Termes group, and that it evolved into a stable element of their breeding system at least in some species.Overall, our results open new perspectives in the understanding of reproductive strategies in termites and their relationships with their bacterial symbionts. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Composante importante de l’écosystème marin benthique, les bivalves exploités sont surtout situés dans la zone littorale dont les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles engendrent des fluctuations populationnelles naturelles et contribuent à de fortes variations de biomasse et de structure démographique s’ajoutant aux effets d’activités anthropiques. La compréhension des interactions entre l’espèce, son environnement et son exploitation est cruciale. Leur formalisation, y compris pour la gestion, passe par le développement de modèles mathématiques qui visent à décrire le fonctionnement du système, expliquer des phénomènes observés en termes de cause à effet ou prédire l’effets de nouvelles causes. Espèce introduite en France dans les années 1980, la palourde japonaise (Venerupis philippinarum) constitue une ressource économique importante pour des zones littorales. Pour le bassin d’Arcachon, les pêcheurs à pied professionnels capturent quelques 600 tonnes par an. Outre la réglementation européenne qui fixe une taille minimale de capture, des mesures de gestion complémentaires sont établies par les structures professionnelles locales de la pêche dans un cadre de cogestion impliquant ces structures, scientifiques et administration.Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte en intégrant les traits d’histoire de vie de la population dans le modèle de simulation utilisé à des fins de gestion. A l’échelle locale, l’analyse de forme conventionnelle basée sur des mesures métriques et pondérales établit des relations d’allométrie entre des paires de descripteurs avec un changement significatif de morphologie à partir d’une longueur de 16-20 mm. La variabilité phénotypique intra-site s’articule en trois patrons morphologiques. Dans le bassin d’Arcachon, le caractère globuleux, décrit pour la première fois ici, est associé à de faibles densités et à de fortes proportions d’individus affectés par la maladie du muscle marron, maladie émergente sur le bassin. A l’échelle de la façade atlantique française, trois ratios morphométriques (indices d’élongation, de densité de la valve et de poids de la valve sur sa longueur) discriminent les populations des sites nord (Banc du Guer, golfe du Morbihan) de celles des sites sud (Bellevue, bassin d’Arcachon). Une corrélation significative entre ces ratios et les conditions trophiques approchées par la concentration en chlorophylle a ainsi qu’un lien entre l’indice de densité de la valve et le pourcentage de températures comprises entre 12 et 20°C sont démontrés. La complexité des facteurs intervenant sur la morphologie intra et inter-sites laisse supposer l’intervention d’autres facteurs comme la nature du substrat, ce qui est conforté par des premières analyses de contours. Les travaux ont confirmé l’importance de la température sur les variables d’état du stock notamment lors de la période de reproduction. Pour ces mêmes variables, un rôle majeur des ressources trophiques a aussi été démontré avec des réponses différant selon les stades. Une partie de ces résultats a contribué à des modifications dans le modèle de simulation. Elles ont surtout concerné l’intégration de l’effet des ressources trophiques sur le recrutement, la révision de la production de juvéniles et des taux de croissance par classe de taille, la précision de données de captures et l’ajout d’un effet prix sur les stratégies de pêche. En parallèle à la validation du modèle, l’analyse de sensibilité a mis en évidence la sensibilité du modèle aux paramètres environnementaux et aux variables relatives aux stades les plus jeunes. Dans un contexte de cogestion, l’outil a été utilisé pour réaliser des projections sur le devenir de la population selon différents scénarios de gestion. Les différences de tendances d’évolution de la biomasse en réponse à ces dispositifs d’action ont servi aux gestionnaires pour la définition des mesures de gestion actuellement en vigueur. Au final, le modèle renforce la démarche participative engagée. / Significant component of the marine benthic ecosystem, exploited bivalves are mainly located inside the coastal area, which temporal and spatial features generate natural population fluctuations and contribute to considerable biomass and demographic structure changes added to anthropogenic activities’ effects (fishing, pollution,…). Understanding of the relationships between the species, its environment and its exploitation is crucial and their formalization, including for management purposes, requires development of mathematical models that aim at describing the functioning of the system, to explain the observed phenomenon in terms of cause and effect or predict effects of new causes. Originating from venerid culture trials carried out in France in the 80s, Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) is an important economic resource for coastal areas. Inside the Arcachon Bay, professional fishermen catch about 600 tonnes annually. Whereas the minimum legal harvest size is set by European legislation, complementary management measures are established by regional and departmental professional organizations in the framework of a co-management approach involving professional, scientists and administration. This doctoral thesis is part of this objective of co-management by integrating life history traits of the population in a simulation model used for management purposes. At local scale, conventional shape analysis methods using metric weights and measures establish allometric relationships between pairs of descriptors with a significant morphological change detected from a length of ca. 16-20 mm. Intra-site phenotypic variability is structured in three morphological patterns. Occurrence of globular character inside the Arcachon Bay, described here for the first time, is associated to low densities and to high proportions of individuals affected by brown muscle disease, an emerging disease in the Bay. At the scale of the French Atlantic coast, three morphological ratios (elongation, valve density and weight related to length indices) discriminate populations from northern (Banc du Guer and Morbihan Gulf) and southern sites (Bellevue and Arcachon Bay). Significant relationships between those ratios and trophic conditions expressed by chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as a link between weight surface ratios and percentage of seawater temperature ranging from 12 to 20°C are demonstrated. Complexity of factors involved in intrasite and intersite morphology suggests intervention of other factors such as sediment characteristics, which is supported by a first outlines analysis. This work confirmed the importance of seawater temperature on stock state variables particularly during the reproduction period. For those same variables, a major role of trophic conditions has also been demonstrated with answers depending on development stages. Part of this result contributed to modifications within the simulation model dedicated to this population. The modifications mainly concerned integration of trophic resources effect on recruitment level, juveniles’ production and growth rates per length class revision, accuracy of catches by professional fishermen and addition of a price effect on the fishing strategies. In conjonction with the model validation, the sensitivity analysis undertaken highlighted the sensitivity of the model to environmental parameters and to variables related to the younger stages. In a co-management context, this tool was used to perform projections on the future of the population according to various management scenarios. The differences in the patterns of biomass evolution in response to those action schemes were used by the stakeholders to identify management measures currently in force. In the end the model reinforces the engaged participatory process.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T06:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pérola Morais Calil - 2009.pdf: 3106835 bytes, checksum: e5ae60613d54ee5455d5dab6bcb6f09e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T06:50:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pérola Morais Calil - 2009.pdf: 3106835 bytes, checksum: e5ae60613d54ee5455d5dab6bcb6f09e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-11T06:50:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pérola Morais Calil - 2009.pdf: 3106835 bytes, checksum: e5ae60613d54ee5455d5dab6bcb6f09e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Planning and environmental management are activities that aim to control and suitable land use for maximum agricultural yield purposes, through a powerful operating system, capable of sustaining human activities with a minimum of disturbances on physical, ecological and social processes. To ensure the rational use of natural resources, soil properties need to be taken in account, as well terrain steepness and water dynamics, since they inform about cropping intensity and agronomic practices to be applied to soils, in order to avoid exhaustion of productive capacity caused by erosion. This work aimed to assess morphometric attributes related to soil distribution over the landscape and suggest the land use potential, based on the roughness coefficient in the Alto Meia Ponte River basin (Goiás, Brazil). Among the studied variables, morphometric attributes, associated to roughness coefficient, proved to be a valuable tool for the definition of land use potentialities in the diagnosis phase. They are low cost procedures, providing suitable information about water dynamics and, or, hydrologic behavior, as well the ease of gathering information. The use of roughness coefficient resulted in initial indication of the watershed for livestock and reforestation. The intersection of roughness coefficient and soil surveys data, associated with average land slopes, allowed to discriminate more areas suited to farming activities and those more vulnerable to environmental degradation. The refinement of information enabled the increase in areas liable to agricultural use, provided that conservative and preventive measures of soil degradation are taken. / O planejamento e o manejo ambiental são atividades que visam ao controle e adequação do uso das terras com a finalidade de maximizar a produtividade agrícola por meio de um sistema de exploração eficiente capaz de sustentar as atividades humanas com um mínimo de distúrbios nos processos físicos, ecológicos e sociais. Para garantir o uso racional dos recursos naturais devem-se considerar as características das propriedades do solo, a declividade do terreno e a dinâmica das águas, pois indicam a intensidade de cultivo e o manejo a ser aplicado ao solo para que não haja exaustão da capacidade produtiva em decorrência da erosão. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os atributos morfométricos em relação à distribuição dos solos na paisagem e sugerir o potencial de uso da terra com base no coeficiente de rugosidade na bacia hidrográfica do alto rio Meia Ponte, Goiás. Dentre as variáveis estudadas, os atributos morfométricos associados ao coeficiente de rugosidade, revelaram-se de grande valor na definição da potencialidade de uso da terra, na fase de prédiagnóstico. São procedimentos de baixo custo, fornecendo informações satisfatórias sobre a dinâmica hídrica e, ou, o comportamento hidrológico, bem como a facilidade na obtenção de informações. O coeficiente de rugosidade resultou na indicação inicial do uso da bacia para pecuária e reflorestamento.Com o cruzamento dos dados do coeficiente de rugosidade e de levantamentos de solos, associados às declividades médias, foi possível discriminar mais áreas aptas às diferentes atividades (agropecuárias) e aquelas mais vulneráveis à degradação ambiental. O refinamento das informações possibilitou o aumento das áreas aptas à agricultura, desde que sejam tomadas medidas conservacionistas, preventivas da degradação do solo.

As abelhas da tribo Euglossini, possuem elevada representatividade nas florestas tropicais (25% da comunidade apícola existente) distribuindo-se do sul dos EUA ao centro da Argentina, sendo restritas à região Neotropical. A espécie Euglossa pleosticta, com ocorrência relatada exclusivamente no território brasileiro, possui hábito de vida solitário e costuma estar presente em levantamentos realizados em remanescentes da Mata Atlântica. Pouco se sabe sobre sua estrutura populacional e os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre as mesmas. Sendo assim, a realização de um estudo populacional para esta espécie é algo relevante, uma vez que colabora para a compreensão dos efeitos da fragmentação florestal na variabilidade genética do grupo, sendo objetivo deste trabalho, caracterizar a variabilidade genética e morfológica desta espécie, utilizando ferramentas morfológicas (Morfometria Geométrica de asas e Assimetria Flutuante), e moleculares (DNA microssatélite e DNA mitocondriais). Sendo assim, trabalhamos com 293 amostras de E. pleosticta coletadas em três fragmentos de mata no Estado de São Paulo. Para as análises morfológicas, foram marcados 18 marcos anatômicos nas intersecções das nervuras das asas anterior direita de cada abelha. Nas análises de microssatélite, trabalhamos com oito loci heterólogos e para realizarmos as análises de DNA mitocondrial, analisamos 20 abelhas por localidade, amplificando segmentos do Citocromo B. Nas análises de Morfometria Geométrica e Microssatélites de DNA, as localidades estudadas formaram dois grupos, os quais corroboraram quanto às características de fitofisionomia, clima, altitude e distância geográfica compartilhadas entre as localidades. Nossos dados sugerem a presença de ecotipos localmente adaptados, o que pode ser explicado em função da plasticidade fenotípica, a qual é muito comum em insetos que vivem em ambientes variados. Na análise de Assimetria Flutuante, observamos valores significativos de assimetria flutuante e assimetria direcional para as três localidades estudadas. Já na análise de DNA mitocondrial, encontramos nove haplótipos, com diversidade nucleotídica (? = 0,01636) e diversidade haplotípica (Hd = 0,777), sendo apenas um destes haplótipos compartilhado (H2). O teste de Fst par a par indicou estruturação genética populacional, e na AMOVA a maior taxa de variação observada foi quando consideramos a estruturação de um único grupo com variação interpopulacional (61,9%). Os testes de Mantel realizados tanto para distância genética quanto para distância morfológica, não apresentaram correlação quando relacionadas com distância geográfica. A falta de concordância entre os marcadores moleculares, é algo que já foi relatado em outros trabalhos e pode ser explicado em função da diferente taxa de evolução dos mesmos, uma vez que o marcador mitocondrial é mais conservado quando comparado com o de microssatélite. Em conjunto, estes marcadores apontam para a formação de subpopulações localmente adaptadas (ecotipos) para a espécie de E. pleosticta, provavelmente em decorrência dos processos recentes de fragmentação de habitat. / The bees from Euglossini tribe have high representativeness in tropical forests (25% of existing bee community) and are distributed from the south of USA to the center of Argentina, being restricted to Neotropical region. The Euglossa pleosticta species, with occurrence reported exclusively in the Brazilian territory, has solitary behaviour and, according to some researches, use to be present in Atlantic forest remnants. Little is known about its population structure and the forest fragments effects over them. Therefore, the realization of a population study of this species is relevant, since it contributes to the comprehension of the forest fragmentation effects in the genetic variability of this group. The ultimate goal of this research was to characterize the genetic and morphological variability of this species, usinging morphological tools (Geometric Morphometrics of forewings and Fluctuation Asymmetry) and molecular tools (Microsatellite DNA and Mitocondrial DNA). Thus, we have worked with 293 samples of E. pleosticta, which were collected from three forest fragments in São Paulo state. For the morphological analyses, 18 landmarks were plotted in the vein intersections of the right forewing of each bee. On the Microsatellite DNA analysis, we have worked with eight heterologous loci and on the Mitocondrial DNA analysis, we amplified the Cytochrome B segments to 20 bees per locality. In the Geometric Morphometry and DNA Microsatellites analyzes, two groups were formed from the studied localities, which corroborated to the characteristics of phytophysiognomy, climate, altitude and geographic distance shared between the localities. Our data suggest the presence of locally adapted ecotypes, which can be explained by phenotypic plasticity, which is very common in insects living in different environments. In the Fluctuation Asymmetry analysis, we observed significant values of Fluctuation and Directional Asymmetry for all studied localities. In the mitochondrial DNA analysis, we found nine haplotypes with nucleotide diversity (? = 0.01636) and haplotypic diversity (Hd = 0.777), where only one was shared (H2). The Fst pairwise test indicated population genetic structuring and, in AMOVA, the highest rate of variation was observed when we considered the structuring of a single group with interpopulation variation (61.9%). The Mantel test performed for both genetic and morphological distances, did not present correlation when related to geographic distance. The disagreement between the molecular markers has already been reported in other studies and can be explained by the different rate of evolution of these markers, since the mitochondrial marker is more conserved when compared to the microsatellite. Together, these markers indicate the formation of locally adapted subpopulations (ecotypes) for the species E. pleosticta, probably due to the recent cases of habitat fragmentation.

Um estudo morfoquantitativo foi realizado no plexo intramural de bexigas urinárias de cobaias (Cavia porcelus) jovens (GI) e idosas (GII). As bexigas foram submetidas aos métodos da NADH-diaforase e da detecção da atividade da acetilcolinesterase. Os neurônios intramurais apresentaram-se isolados ou reunidos em gânglios de pequeno a grande número entre os feixes musculares lisos que constituem o músculo detrusor. O número médio de neurônios NADH-diaforase positivos por bexiga urinária foi de 1.433±187 em GI e de 1.107±120 em GII. Foram observados neurônios arredondados ou ovalados em ambos os grupos, porém o perfil citoplasmático apresentou-se com aspecto relativamente denteado em GII. Em relação a colinesterase, os neurônios de GI apresentaram-se com marcação menos intensa do que em GII. A área média do perfil celular dos neurônios intramurais NADH-diaforase positivos foi de 711,01±28,14µm2 em GI e de 873,30±60,25µm2 em GII, sendo esta a principal diferença morfológica encontrada entre os grupos. / A morphoquantitative study was carried on intramural plexus of the urinary bladder of the young (GI) and old (GII) guinea-pigs (Cavia porcelus). The specimens were stained with NADH-diaphorase and AChE methods. The intramural neurons were observed both isolated or in small and large clusters lying between the bundles of smooth muscle fibers of the detrusor muscle. The mean number of NADH-diaphorase staining neurons per urinary bladder was 1.433±187 in the GI and 1.107±120 in the GII. In both groups, round or elongated neurons were observed. The citoplasmatic contour was indented the animals of GII. The AChE method evidenced intensely reactive neurons in GII when compared with those of the GI. The mean of neuronal profiles was 711,01±28,14mm2 in the GI and 873,30±60,25mm2 in the GII. This observation was the main morphological difference between the GI and GII.