Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaCPAM.pdf: 984936 bytes, checksum: 2ad822e0048cda570ce57a014ed42a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The tanning industries are those which transform animal hide or skin into leather. Due to the complexity of the transformation process, greater quantities of chemicals are being used which results in the generation of effluents with residual solids. The chromium in the residual waters generated by tanning tend to be a serious problem to the environment, therefore the recovery of this metal could result in the reduction of manufacturing costs. This metal is usually found in a trivalent form which can be converted into a hexavalent compound under acidic conditions and in the presence of organic matter. The present study was carried out with the objective to recover chromium through an extraction/re-extraction process using micro emulsions. Micro emulsions are transparent and thermodynamically stable system composed of two immiscible liquids, one forming the continuous phase and the other dispersed into micro bubbles, established by an interfacial membrane formed by surface active and co-surface active molecules. The process of recovering the chromium was carried out in two stages. The first, an extraction process, where the chromium was extracted in the micro emulsion phase and the aqueous phase in excess was separated. In the second stage, a concentrated acid was added to the micro emulsion phase rich in chromium in order to obtain a Winsor II system, where the water that formed in the micro emulsion phase separates into a new micro emulsion phase with a higher concentration of chromium, due to the lowering of the hydrophiles as well as the ionisation of the system. During the experimental procedure, a study was initiated with a synthetic solution of chromium sulphate passing onto the effluent. A Morris extractor was used in the extraction process. Tests were carried out according to the plan and the results were analysed by statistical methods in order to optimise the main parameters that influence the process: the total rate of flow (Q), stirring speed (w) and solvent rate (r). The results, after optimization, demonstrated that the best percentuals in relation to the chromium extraction (99 %) were obtained in the following operational conditions: Q= 2,0 l/h, w= 425 rpm and r= 0,375. The re-extraction was carried out at room temperature (28 ?C), 40 ?C and 50?C using hydrochloric acid (8 and 10 M) and sulphuric acid (8 M) as re-extracting agents. The results obtained demonstrate that the process was efficient enough in relation to the chromium extraction, reaching to re-extraction percentage higher than 95 %. / Os Curtumes s?o ind?strias que transformam peles em couro. Devido a complexidade do processo de transforma??o s?o utilizadas grandes quantidades de agentes qu?micos e gerados grandes volumes de efluentes e res?duos s?lidos. O cromo presente nas ?guas residu?rias geradas pelos curtumes constitui um s?rio problema ambiental e sua recupera??o poder? representar uma redu??o nos custos do processo. Normalmente encontra-se na forma trivalente podendo ser convertido a cromo hexavalente sob condi??es ?cidas e na presen?a de mat?ria org?nica. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de recuperar o cromo atrav?s de um processo de extra??o/reextra??o utilizando microemuls?es. As microemuls?es s?o sistemas transparentes, termodinamicamente est?veis, constitu?dos por dois l?quidos imisc?veis, um formando a fase cont?nua e o outro disperso na forma de microgot?culas, estabilizadas por uma membrana interfacial formada por mol?culas de tensoativo e cotensoativo. O processo de recupera??o do cromo ocorre em duas etapas. Na primeira, a extra??o, o cromo ? extra?do para a fase microemuls?o e a fase aquosa em excesso ? separada. A segunda etapa, ? realizada adicionando-se a fase microemuls?o, rica em cromo, um ?cido concentrado visando a obten??o de um sistema Winsor II, em que parte da ?gua que formava a fase microemuls?o, devido a diminui??o da hidrofilia e ioniza??o do sistema, se desloca formando uma nova fase aquosa, mais concentrada em cromo. Durante o procedimento experimental, iniciou-se o estudo com uma solu??o sint?tica de sulfato de cromo passando-se, em seguida, ao efluente. No processo de extra??o do cromo em escala semi-piloto utilizou-se o extrator Morris. Os ensaios foram efetuados seguindo um planejamento experimental e os resultados obtidos foram analisados, atrav?s de m?todos estat?sticos, visando a otimiza??o dos principais par?metros que influenciam no processo: vaz?o total (Q), velocidade de agita??o (w) e taxa de solvente (r). Os resultados obtidos, ap?s a otimiza??o, demonstraram que os maiores percentuais de extra??o (99 %) s?o obtidos nas seguintes condi??es operacionais: Q=2,0 l/h, w= 425 rpm e r= 0,375. A reextra??o foi realizada a temperatura ambiente (28 ?C) e a 40?C e 50?C utilizando-se como agente reextratante ?cido clor?drico (8 e 10 M) e ?cido sulf?rico (8 M). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o processo foi eficiente com rela??o ao cromo, obtendo-se percentuais de reextra??o acima de 95%

A anóxia neonatal decorre da redução de oxigênio no feto ou no recém-nascido e provoca morte e morbidade principalmente nos prematuros. Neste projeto avaliamos se o exercício físico espontâneo em ratas gestantes atenua os problemas no desenvolvimento e na cognição provocados pela anóxia neonatal nos filhotes. Para tanto, avaliamos o desenvolvimento somático e sensorimotor dos filhotes até o desmame e na idade adulta avaliamos a sua memória espacial. Também analisamos a densidade de neurônios e a expressão relativa de sinapsina I no hipocampo de animais jovens e adultos. O exercício materno espontâneo foi capaz de reverter o atraso provocado pela anóxia neonatal no aparecimento de características físicas e reflexos. Em animais jovens, ele também diminuiu a redução, pela anóxia, da densidade neuronal no giro dentado e da expressão relativa de sinapsina I. Os efeitos do exercício materno e da anóxia neonatal aparentemente não persistiram até a vida adulta. Assim, o exercício materno espontâneo atenua os efeitos da anóxia neonatal em jovens. / Neonatal anoxia follows from oxygen reduction in fetus or newborn and causes death and morbidity mainly in premature children. We evaluated if spontaneous maternal exercise in pregnant rats attenuates problems in the development and in the cognition caused by neonatal anoxia in pups. Thereunto, we evaluated the somatic and sensory-motor development of pups until weaning and, at adult age, we evaluated their spatial memory. We also analysed the neuron density and the relative expression of synapsin I in the hippocampus of young and adult animals. The spontaneous maternal exercise was able to reverse the delay caused by neonatal anoxia in the development of physical traits and reflexes. In young animals, maternal exercise also decrease the reduction, by anoxia, of neuronal density in the dentate gyrus and of relative expression. of synapsin I. Maternal exercise and neonatal anoxia effects apparently did not persist until adulthood. Thus, spontaneous maternal exercise attenuates neonatal anoxia effects in Young rats.

Cette thèse a pour objectif la quantification de l’impact d’incertitudes affectant le processus de Retournement Temporel (RT). Ces aléas, de natures diverses, peuvent avoir une forte influence s’ils se produisent entre les deux étapes du RT. Dans cette optique la méthode de Collocation Stochastique (CS) est utilisée. Les très bons résultats en termes d’efficacité et de précision observés lors de précédentes études en Compatibilité ÉlectroMagnétique (CEM) se confirment ici, pour des problématiques de RT. Cependant, lorsque la dimension du problème à traiter augmente (nombre de variables aléatoires important), la méthode de CS atteint ses limites en termes d’efficacité. Une étude a donc été menée sur les méthodes d’Analyse de Sensibilité (AS) qui permettent de déterminer les parts d’influence respectives des entrées d’un modèle. Parmi les différentes techniques quantitatives et qualitatives, la méthode de Morris et un calcul des indices de Sobol totaux ont été retenus. Ces derniers apportent des résultats qualitatifs à moindre frais, car seule une séparation des variables prépondérantes est recherchée. C’est pourquoi une méthodologie combinant des techniques d’AS avec la méthode de CS a été développée. En réduisant le modèle aux seules variables prédominantes grâce à une première étude faisant intervenir les méthodes d’AS, la CS peut ensuite retrouver toute son efficacité avec une grande précision. Ce processus global a été validé face à la méthode de Monte Carlo sur différentes problématiques mettant en jeu le RT soumis à des aléas de natures variées. / The aim of this thesis is to measure and quantify the impacts of uncertainties in the Time Reversal (TR) process. These random variations, coming from diverse sources, can have a huge influence if they happen between the TR steps. On this perspective, the Stochastique Collocation (SC) method is used. Very good results in terms of effectiveness and accuracy had been noticed in previous studies in ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC). The conclusions are still excellent here on TR problems. Although, when the problem dimension rises (high number of Random Variables (RV)), the SC method reaches its limits and the efficiency decreases. Therefore a study on Sensitivity Analysis (SA) techniques has been carried out. Indeed, these methods emphasize the respective influences of the random variables of a model. Among the various quantitative or qualitative SA techniques the Morris method and the Sobol total sensivity indices have been adopted. Since only a split of the inputs (point out of the predominant RV) is expected, they bring results at a lesser cost. That is why a novel method is built, combining SA techniques and the SC method. In a first step, the model is reduced with SA techniques. Then, the shortened model in which only the prevailing inputs remain, allows the SC method to show once again its efficiency with a high accuracy. This global process has been validated facing Monte Carlo results on several analytical and numerical TR cases subjet to random variations.

Un système de lancement aéroporté est constitué d'un porteur de type avion larguant un lanceur à une certaine altitude. De tels systèmes sont l'objet d'un intérêt croissant, notamment pour la mise à poste de petits satellites. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'intègrent dans le programme Perseus du CNES qui a déjà donné lieu à la construction d'un modèle réduit appelé EOLE. Il s'agit d'étudier la phase de largage, particulièrement sensible.Les contraintes de similitude pouvant permettre l'étude du largage taille réelle avec EOLE sont d'abord identifiées. Les possibilités d'extrapolation directe et déterministe des mesures réalisées avec EOLE étant limitées par le non respect d'une contrainte de masse, il est choisi d'étudier le largage avec une approche probabiliste en développant un nouveau modèle multi-corps. Une grande variété d'incertitudes est prise en compte, concernant par exemple aussi bien les interactions aérodynamiques que le mécanisme de séparation. Un nouveau critère de performance générique,basé sur des géométries élémentaires, est développé pour évaluer la fiabilité du largage.L'analyse de sensibilité du largage aux facteurs d'incertitude est ensuite réalisée. Compte tenu du nombre élevé de paramètres en jeu et du temps de simulation, il est d'abord recherché une simplification du modèle. La méthode de Morris est utilisée pour identifier des facteurs d'incertitude peu influents pouvant être fixés à une certaine valeur. Cette étape est fréquente, mais il est montré qu'il existe un risque important de fixer des facteurs dont l'influence a en fait été sous-estimée. Une adaptation de la méthode de Morris améliorant l'échantillonnage des facteurs, le calcul de leurs influences et le traitement statistique des résultats permet de réduire considérablement ce risque.Une fois l'impact des différentes incertitudes estimé, il a été possible d'optimiser les conditions de largage afin de réduire la probabilité qu'un problème intervienne. / In an air launch to orbit, a space rocket is launched from a carrier aircraft. Air launchto orbit appears as particularly interesting for small satellites. This Ph.D. thesis is part of the program Pegasus of the French space agency CNES and it follows the development of a small scale demonstrator called EOLE. It focuses on the very sensitive separation phase.The similitude constraints which have to be respected to study the large scale system with EOLEare first identified. A problem of mass limits the possibilities to directly extrapolate at a larger scale, in a deterministic approach, data obtained with EOLE. It is decided to study the separation in a probabilistic approach by developing a new multi-body model. A great variety of uncertainties are taken into account, from the aerodynamic interactions to the atmospheric turbulences, the separation mechanism, and the launch trajectories. A new performance criterion is developed to quantify the safety of the separation phase. It is based on elementary geometries and it could beused in other contexts.A sensitivity analysis is applied to estimate the influence of the uncertainties on the performance criterion. Given the large number of factors of uncertainty and the non-negligible simulation time,the model is first simplified. The Morris method is applied to identify the factors with a low influence which can be fixed to a given value. It is a frequent step, but it is shown that there isa high risk to fix the wrong factors. Any further study would then be altered. The risk to fix the wrong factors is significantly reduced by improving the factors sampling, the calculation of their influence, and the statistical treatment of the results. This new method is used to estimate the influence of the uncertainties at the separation and the safety is improved by optimizing launch trajectories.

L'optimisation difficile représente une classe de problèmes dont la résolution ne peut être obtenue par une méthode exacte en un temps polynomial.Trouver une solution en un temps raisonnable oblige à trouver un compromis quant à son exactitude.Les métaheuristiques sont une classe d'algorithmes permettant de résoudre de tels problèmes, de manière générique et efficiente (i.e. trouver une solution satisfaisante selon des critères définis: temps, erreur, etc.).Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est notamment consacré à la description de cette problématique et à l'étude détaillée de deux familles de métaheuristiques à population, les algorithmes évolutionnaires et les algorithmes d'intelligence en essaim.Afin de proposer une approche innovante dans le domaine des métaheuristiques, ce premier chapitre présente également la notion d'analyse de sensibilité.L'analyse de sensibilité permet d'évaluer l'influence des paramètres d'une fonction sur son résultat.Son étude caractérise globalement le comportement de la fonction à optimiser (linéarité, influence, corrélation, etc.) sur son espace de recherche.L'incorporation d'une méthode d'analyse de sensibilité au sein d'une métaheuristique permet d'orienter sa recherche le long des dimensions les plus prometteuses.Deux algorithmes réunissant ces notions sont proposés aux deuxième et troisième chapitres.Pour le premier algorithme, ABC-Morris, la méthode de Morris est introduite dans la métaheuristique de colonie d'abeilles artificielles (ABC).Cette inclusion est dédiée, les méthodes reposant sur deux équations similaires.Afin de généraliser l'approche, une nouvelle méthode, NN-LCC, est ensuite développée et son intégration générique est illustrée sur deux métaheuristiques, ABC avec taux de modification et évolution différentielle.L'efficacité des approches proposées est testée sur le jeu de données de la conférence CEC 2013. L'étude se réalise en deux parties: une analyse classique de la méthode vis-à-vis de plusieurs algorithmes de la littérature, puis vis-à-vis de l'algorithme d'origine en désactivant un ensemble de dimensions, provoquant une forte disparité des influences / Hard optimization stands for a class of problems which solutions cannot be found by an exact method, with a polynomial complexity.Finding the solution in an acceptable time requires compromises about its accuracy.Metaheuristics are high-level algorithms that solve these kind of problems. They are generic and efficient (i.e. they find an acceptable solution according to defined criteria such as time, error, etc.).The first chapter of this thesis is partially dedicated to the state-of-the-art of these issues, especially the study of two families of population based metaheuristics: evolutionnary algorithms and swarm intelligence based algorithms.In order to propose an innovative approach in metaheuristics research field, sensitivity analysis is presented in a second part of this chapter.Sensitivity analysis aims at evaluating arameters influence on a function response. Its study characterises globally a objective function behavior (linearity, non linearity, influence, etc.), over its search space.Including a sensitivity analysis method in a metaheuristic enhances its seach capabilities along most promising dimensions.Two algorithms, binding these two concepts, are proposed in second and third parts.In the first one, ABC-Morris, Morris method is included in artificial bee colony algorithm.This encapsulation is dedicated because of the similarity of their bare bone equations, With the aim of generalizing the approach, a new method is developped and its generic integration is illustrated on two metaheuristics.The efficiency of the two methods is tested on the CEC 2013 conference benchmark. The study contains two steps: an usual performance analysis of the method, on this benchmark, regarding several state-of-the-art algorithms and the comparison with its original version when influences are uneven deactivating a subset of dimensions

It is the purpose of this paper to explore how Morris' novel relates to life in Twin Oaks, primarily as depicted in two books: Living the Dream (1983) by Ingrid Komar, a long-term visitor to the commune and Kinkade's Is It Utopia Yet? (1996). This comparison will demonstrate that the experiences of contemporary intentional communities such as Twin Oaks provide a meaningful context for reading News from Nowhere because of the similarities in goals and philosophy. It will further demonstrate that though Twin Oaks was originally inspired by a utopian novel much more in the tradition of Bellamy's work than Morris', the community's subsequent evolution has brought it much closer in philosophy to News from Nowhere than Looking Backward.

Master´s thesis deals with the fundamental stock analysis of Philip Morris CR. The theoretical part describes the methods and procedures of fundamental analysis. In the practical part of the work a fundamental analysis on a global, sectoral and company level is performed. Outcome of this work is an investment recommendation based on the comparison of an observed intrinsic value of a stock with current market price.

La protéine Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) joue un rôle important dans la régulation de la force synaptique, notamment par sa capacité à s'opposer au renforcement synaptique et à encourager la dépression à long terme. Des niveaux anormaux de STEP peuvent altérer l'apprentissage et la mémoire et ont été impliqués dans une variété de troubles neuropsychiatriques tels que la maladie d'Alzheimer. Bien qu'il existe de nombreux substrats et régulateurs connus de STEP, la gamme complète des molécules capables d'intéragir avec STEP reste à découvrir. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé deux méthodes complémentaires afin de trouver de nouveaux intéracteurs de STEP: l'identification par proximité à la biotine (BioID) et la purification par affinité couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (AP-MS). Nous avons ensuite utilisé le protocole de la piscine de Morris chez le rat afin de déterminer l'effet d'un apprentissage spatial sur les niveaux de STEP61, STEP non phosphorylé, le récepteur 1 de la neuromédine U (NMUR1) et la neurologine-1 (NLGN-1) dans l'hippocampe des rats. Nous avons observé qu'un environnement naturel riche en indices distaux radicalement différents les uns des autres était plus propice à l'apprentissage spatial qu'un environnement plus uniforme avec uniquement des images disponibles pour être utilisées comme indices distaux. Nous avons également constaté que la protéine STEP61 totale, la STEP non-phosphorylé et la NMUR1 n'ont pas changé à la suite d'un apprentissage spatial, mais que la NLGN-1 change dans l'un des protocoles utilisés. Enfin, nous n'avons pas été en mesure d'induire des changements dans les niveaux de STEP grâce à l'utilisation de NMDA ou de DHPG pour induire une dépression à long-term dans des cultures hippocampiques dissociées. Des recherches supplémentaires seront nécessaires afin de déterminer la nature des nouvelles interactions découvertes, ainsi que la façon dont celles-ci sont affectées par un apprentissage spatial, et le rôle de la dépression à long terme ou de la potentialisation à long terme dans ces processus. / The Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic strength, namely through its ability to oppose synaptic strengthening and encourage long term depression. Abnormal levels of STEP can impair normal learning and memory, and have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease. Though there are many known substrates and regulators of STEP, the full range of STEP interactions remains to be discovered. In this study, we used Proximity-dependent Biotin Identification (BioID) and affinity-purified mass spectrometry (AP-MS) in order to identify novel interactors of STEP. We then used the Morris water maze (MWM) protocol in rats to determine the effect of a spatial learning event on STEP61, non-phosphorylated STEP, neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1) and neurologin-1 (NLGN-1) levels in the hippocampus of rats. Throughout our experiments, we determined that a natural environment rich with dramatically different distal cues was more conducive to spatial learning than a more uniform environment with only images available to be used as distal cues. We found also that total STEP61, non-phosphorylated-STEP, and NMUR1 did not change as a result of a spatial learning event, but that NLGN-1 was increased in one of the protocols used. Finally, we were unable to induce changes in STEP levels through the use of NMDA or DHPG to induce long-term depression (LTD) in dissociated hippocampal cultures. Further research is required in order to determine the nature of the novel interactions discovered, as well as how these are impacted by a spatial learning event, and the role of LTD or long-term potentiation (LTP) in these processes.

The potential of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier is hotly debated, but it promises to significantly contribute to a sustainable energy future. Hydrogen can replace fossil fuels in carbon-intensive industries, heavy transport and aviation, and support a renewable energysystem by acting as energy storage to balance intermittent supply. With increasing investment, high demand projections and the promise of hydrogen to reduce carbon emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to include hydrogen in energy models. While some studies include hydrogen in their energy models, they don’t comprehensively analyse the effects of uncertainty, which is significant in the hydrogen sector. This thesis addresses this gap by developing a Nordic energy model that includes hydrogen supply and storage using OSeMOSYS, based on the European OSeMBE model. In addition to a scenario analysis, a global sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most influential uncertainties and key interactions between the hydrogen and electricity sectors. The study identifies hydrogen demand and carbon pricing as key uncertain drivers of change, affecting system costs and emissions levels. Uncertainty about the efficiency of carbon capture and the potential for biomass technology with carbon capture and storage also significantly impact emissions. While the share of renewables is projected to be robust, the technologies used for hydrogen production are susceptible to uncertainties. Steam reforming dominates in the absence of a strong carbon price. Electricity and hydrogen from biomass can provide negative emissions and have the potential to play an important role in decarbonisation. However, biomass availability is limited and policy support like carbon pricing is needed to make these technologies competitive in the market. A key link between the electricity and the hydrogen system is electrolysers. However, while cheaper electricity makes electrolysers more attractive, the cost and performance of hydrogen production technologies, such as steam reforming or biomass gasification, are more relevant in determining which hydrogen technologies will dominate. Hydrogen storage and fuel cells aren’t used in the study, except in small amounts for some of the runs in the sensitivity analysis. However, this may change with a specified time-dependent hydrogen demand or a finer time representation in the model. The thesis shows that uncertainties around hydrogen have a much larger impact on emissions than uncertainties around the electricity system. Hydrogen technologies are in close competition, with steam reforming difficult to displace. While in the Nordic countries, the advance of renewables in electricity generation seems unstoppable, the hydrogen sector needs public policy support to become an ally in decarbonisation rather than a burden. / Vätgasens potential som en ren energibärare är omdiskuterad, men den kan bidra avsevärt till en hållbar energiframtid. Vätgas kan ersätta fossila bränslen i koldioxidintensiva industrier, tunga transporter och luftfart, och stödja ett förnybart energisystem genom att fungera som energilagring för att balansera intermittenta leveranser. Med ökande investeringar, prognoser om hög efterfrågan och löftet om att vätgas kan minska koldioxidutsläppen blir det allt viktigare att inkludera vätgas i energimodeller. Vissa studier inkluderar vätgas i sina energimodeller, men de analyserar inte effekterna av osäkerhet på ett heltäckande sätt, vilket är betydande inom vätgassektorn. Den här avhandlingen adresserar detta gap genom att utveckla en nordisk energimodell som inkluderar vätgasförsörjning och lagring med hjälp av OSeMOSYS, baserat på den europeiska OSeMBE-modellen. Förutom en scenarioanalys utförs en global känslighetsanalys för att identifiera de mest inflytelserika osäkerheterna och viktiga interaktioner mellan vätgas- och elsektorerna. Studien identifierar efterfrågan på vätgas och prissättningen på koldioxid som viktiga osäkra drivkrafter för förändring, vilket påverkar systemkostnader och utsläppsnivåer. Osäkerheten kring koldioxidavskiljningens effektivitet och potentialen för biomassateknik med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring påverkar också utsläppen avsevärt. Även om andelen förnybara energikällor förväntas vara robust, är de tekniker som används för vätgasproduktion känsliga för osäkerheter. Ångreformering dominerar i avsaknad av ett starkt koldioxidpris. Elektricitet och vätgas från biomassa kan ge negativa utsläpp och har potential att spela enviktig roll i utfasningen av fossila bränslen. Tillgången på biomassa är dock begränsad och politiskt stöd i form av t.ex. koldioxidpriser behövs för att göra dessa tekniker konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. En viktig länk mellan el- och vätgassystemet är elektrolysörer. Men även om billigare el gör elektrolysörer mer attraktiva, är kostnaden och prestandan för vätgasproduktionstekniker såsom ångreformering eller förgasning av biomassa mer relevanta för att avgöra vilka vätgastekniker som kommer att dominera. Vätgaslagring och bränsleceller används inte i studien, förutom i små mängder för några av körningarna i känslighetsanalysen. Detta kan dock förändras med en specificerad tidsberoende vätgasefterfrågan eller en finare tidsrepresentation i modellen. Avhandlingen visar att osäkerheter kring vätgas har en mycket större inverkan på utsläppen än osäkerheter kring elsystemet. Vätgasteknikerna konkurrerar nära varandra, men ångreformering är svår att ersätta. I de nordiska länderna verkar framstegen för förnybara energikällor inom elproduktion vara ostoppbara, men vätgassektorn behöver offentligt politiskt stöd för att bli en allierad i utfasningen av fossila bränslen snarare än en börda.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar a teoria da revolução socialista de William Morris. Nascido em 1834, Morris produziu muitos trabalhos até o ano de 1896, quando morreu com 62 anos. O recorte temporal sob o qual se assenta minha pesquisa está compreendido entre os anos de 1883 e 1890, quando o autor filiou-se a uma organização revolucionária e decidiu dedicar os seus textos à transformação da sociedade inglesa oitocentista. As fontes que nos permitem visualizar a sua teoria apresentam-se em dois discursos diferentes: o panfletário e o ficcional. Em relação ao primeiro, Morris valeu-se de jornais vinculados às organizações revolucionárias para intervir nos debates públicos ingleses e, em meio a essa intervenção, construiu a sua teoria da revolução. Em 1890 a sua teoria estava completa, mas apareceu sob outra roupagem: atravessando o romance utópico Notícias de lugar nenhum. Diante do que foi exposto, é imperativo para esta dissertação compreender os discursos mobilizados pelo cidadão inglês para demonstrar qual foi o papel que eles exerceram nas suas intervenções políticas. Para alcançar esse objetivo, alguns conceitos se fazem importantes, como, por exemplo, o conceito de propaganda porque permitem que as fontes analisadas sejam compreendidas como um meio de atuar na realidade política da Inglaterra vitoriana. / [en] This dissertation aims to investigate the theory of socialist revolution of William Morris. Born in 1834, he produced many works until 1896, when he died at the age of 62. The time frame on which my research is based is between the years 1883 and 1890, when the author joined a revolutionary organization and decided to dedicate his texts to the transformation of the nineteenth century s English society. The sources that allow us to visualize his theory are presented in two different discourses: the pamphleteer and the fictional. Regarding the first, Morris used newspapers linked to revolutionary organizations to act in English public debates and, in the midst of this intervention, built his theory of revolution. In 1890 his theory was complete, but appeared under another guise: traversing the utopian novel News from Nowhere. Based on what was exposed, it is imperative for this dissertation to understand the discourses mobilized by the English citizen to demonstrate what role they played in their political interventions. To achieve this goal, some concepts are important, such as the concept of propaganda because they allow the sources analyzed to be understood as a means of acting in the political reality of Victorian England.