Este trabalho buscou compreender como os adolescentes percebem, refletem e se relacionam com o tema da morte e verificar como explicam as altas taxas de mortalidade na sua faixa etária. Além disso, investigou-se a necessidade de discutir o tema da morte com a família, amigos, profissionais e quais as maneiras que consideram melhor. Esta reflexão é relevante e fundamental uma vez que as estatísticas mostram dados alarmantes sobre o aumento da mortalidade entre adolescentes, principalmente relacionadas com acidentes e mortes violentas. Buscou-se compreender o processo da adolescência e a sua relação com o tema da morte, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa na coleta e na compreensão dos dados. Participaram desta pesquisa adolescentes do Ensino Fundamental e Médio de duas escolas da cidade de São Paulo. Foi exibido o vídeo “Falando de morte com o adolescente" (do Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Morte do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo) e foram propostas discussões com os adolescentes inspiradas na modalidade denominada Grupo Focal. Categorias temáticas foram destacadas com o intuito de formar alguns eixos de análise. As reflexões feitas pelos adolescentes envolveram o tema da morte e a dificuldade de pensar na possibilidade da perda de pessoas queridas. De uma forma geral, os adolescentes não percebem a morte como possibilidade pessoal, expressando sentimentos de imortalidade e onipotência. Ao relatarem perdas de amigos também adolescentes, os sentimentos de choque e tristeza intensa são freqüentes e os amigos são importantes fontes de apoio num processo de identificação. Algumas das hipóteses sobre os altos índices de mortalidade na adolescência foram: uso de drogas; violência; banalização da morte; situações sociais desfavoráveis; AIDS; falta de emprego e de perspectivas de futuro; suicídios; dificuldade na comunicação com profissionais, amigos e familiares; dificuldades na expressão de sentimentos e pedidos de ajuda; acidentes; falta de limites e a postura de desafiar o mundo; más influências; não imposição de responsabilidade pela sociedade; entraves na educação etc. Foi estabelecido um contato com profissionais de educação que refletiu como a escola compreende um importante espaço para possibilitar a discussão e a reflexão sobre o tema da morte entre os profissionais e entre/com os alunos. / This work investigated how the adolescents perceive, reflect and deal with the subject of death and verify how the teenagers explain the high rates of mortality in their age group. Moreover, it was investigated the need of discussing the subject of death with family, friends, professionals and the best way to do it. This reflection is relevant and fundamental once the statistics show astonishing data about the increase of mortality between adolescents, mainly related to accidents and violent deaths. It was intended to comprehend the process of adolescence and its relation to the subject of death, using a qualitative approach. Teenagers (ages 14 to 17) from two schools in the city of São Paulo participated in this study. The video “Talking about death with the adolescent" (Laboratory of Death Studies of Psychology Institute of University of São Paulo) was shown and discussions with the adolescents were proposed, inspired in the modality called Focal Group. Thematic categories were stood out with the intention of construct some points of analyses. The reflections made by the adolescents envolved: the subject of death and the difficulty of thinking about the possibility of loss of dear persons. In general, the adolescents don’t notice death as a personal possibility, expressing feelings of immortality and onipotence. When losses of adolescent friends were mentioned, the feelings of shock and intense sadness were frequent and friends are important sources of support in a process of identification. Some of the hypothesis about the high rates of mortality in adolescence were: use of drugs; violence; banalization of death; unfavourable social situations; AIDS; unemployment and lack of perspectives of future; suicide; difficulty in the communication with professionals, friends and family; difficulty in the expression of feelings and help requests; accidents; lack of limits and attitude of challenging the world; bad influences; non-imposition of responsability by society; difficulties in education etc. It was stablished a contact with professionals of education that reflected how schools are an important space to offer the discussion and reflection about the subject of death between professionals and between/with the students.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DJALMA ANTONIO DA SILVA JUNIOR.pdf: 3848227 bytes, checksum: 1904d70387982421a30c0d626079c004 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / Dengue is a major re-emerging diseases in the world, provided mainly by environmental and economic changes in the social space organized. With increasing national incidence of severe forms and deaths, it is necessary to better understand the real magnitude of the disease at the local level, aiming to characterize the demographic distribution of dengue cases in the city of Goiânia, from 2001 to 2009. This is a descriptive and transversal epidemiological study whose data were provided by the Department of Epidemiology Municipal Health Secretariat of Goiânia, and extracted the information about the variables of the form of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases. In the analyzed period were 124,629 dengue cases reported, affecting more females, caucasians, living in urban areas with the highest incidence in age from 15 to 24 years (p<0.001). During the study period, was identified the three serotypes DENV 1, DENV 3 and DENV 2, the latter being identified in all the years of the series, alternating with the other. There was no preference for a particular serotype of gender, race and age of infected individuals. Of 124,629 cases of dengue, 4.4% required hospitalization with greater involvement of the age group 5- 14 years (p=0.04), those with a more favorable course of the disease, unlike the hospitalized population over 55 years whose mortality rate was above 5.6% (p=0.04). The DENV serotype 2 was most related to the infections that led to hospitalization (p<0.001). Goiânia is figured as an urban center with a high incidence of dengue in all years of the series, especially in 2008 when they accounted for 36.6% of all reported cases and 75% of deaths in the Midwest. The dengue fever was the most prevalent clinical form (99.7%). Cases with complications (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome), had increasing reports since the beginning of the series, especially in the years 2008 and 2009, occurred when recirculation of DENV 1 and DENV 2, respectively, also providing a high case fatality. The spatial distribution of deaths from dengue in Goiânia, showed that the administrative districts of Campinas and the Centre had the highest prevalence (22.2% and 17.1%) respectively. / A dengue é uma das principais doenças reemergentes no mundo, proporcionada principalmente pelas mudanças ambientais e econômicas no espaço social organizado. Com o aumento da incidência nacional das formas graves e de óbitos, torna-se necessário um melhor entendimento da real magnitude da doença a nível local, tendo como objetivo a caracterização da distribuição demográfica dos casos de dengue no município de Goiânia, no período de 2001 a 2009. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e transversal, cujo dados foram fornecidos pelo Departamento de Epidemiologia da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Goiânia, sendo extraídas as informações referentes as variáveis da ficha do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. No período analisado foram notificados 124.629 casos de dengue, comprometendo mais indivíduos do sexo feminino, da raça branca, que residiam na zona urbana, com maior incidência na etária de 15 a 24 anos (p<0,001). Durante o período de estudo, foram identificados os três sorotipos DENV 1, DENV 2 e DENV 3, sendo este último identificados em todos os anos da série, com alternância dos demais. Não houve preferências de um determinado sorotipo quanto ao sexo, a raça e a idade dos indivíduos infectados. De 124.629 casos de dengue, 4,4% necessitaram de hospitalização com acometimento maior do grupo etário de 5 a 14 anos (p=0,04), estes com uma evolução mais favorável da doença, ao contrário da população hospitalizada acima de 55 anos, cuja taxa de mortalidade esteve acima de 5,6% (p=0,04). O sorotipo DENV 2 foi o mais relacionado com as infecções que motivaram a hospitalização (p<0,001). Goiânia figurou-se como centro urbano de alta incidência de dengue em todos os anos da série, principalmente em 2008, quando foi responsável por 36,6% de todos os casos notificados e 75% dos óbitos da região Centro-Oeste. A dengue clássica foi a forma clínica com maior prevalência (99,7%). Os casos com complicações (Febre Hemorrágica da Dengue e Síndrome do Choque da Dengue), tiveram notificação crescente desde o início da série, em especial nos anos de 2008 e 2009, quando ocorreu a recirculação do DENV 2 e DENV 1, respectivamente, proporcionando também uma alta letalidade de casos. A distribuição espacial dos óbitos pela dengue em Goiânia, revelou que os distritos administrativos do Centro e de Campinas foram os de maior prevalência (22,2% e 17,1%) respectivamente.

Este trabalho buscou compreender como os adolescentes percebem, refletem e se relacionam com o tema da morte e verificar como explicam as altas taxas de mortalidade na sua faixa etária. Além disso, investigou-se a necessidade de discutir o tema da morte com a família, amigos, profissionais e quais as maneiras que consideram melhor. Esta reflexão é relevante e fundamental uma vez que as estatísticas mostram dados alarmantes sobre o aumento da mortalidade entre adolescentes, principalmente relacionadas com acidentes e mortes violentas. Buscou-se compreender o processo da adolescência e a sua relação com o tema da morte, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa na coleta e na compreensão dos dados. Participaram desta pesquisa adolescentes do Ensino Fundamental e Médio de duas escolas da cidade de São Paulo. Foi exibido o vídeo “Falando de morte com o adolescente” (do Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Morte do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo) e foram propostas discussões com os adolescentes inspiradas na modalidade denominada Grupo Focal. Categorias temáticas foram destacadas com o intuito de formar alguns eixos de análise. As reflexões feitas pelos adolescentes envolveram o tema da morte e a dificuldade de pensar na possibilidade da perda de pessoas queridas. De uma forma geral, os adolescentes não percebem a morte como possibilidade pessoal, expressando sentimentos de imortalidade e onipotência. Ao relatarem perdas de amigos também adolescentes, os sentimentos de choque e tristeza intensa são freqüentes e os amigos são importantes fontes de apoio num processo de identificação. Algumas das hipóteses sobre os altos índices de mortalidade na adolescência foram: uso de drogas; violência; banalização da morte; situações sociais desfavoráveis; AIDS; falta de emprego e de perspectivas de futuro; suicídios; dificuldade na comunicação com profissionais, amigos e familiares; dificuldades na expressão de sentimentos e pedidos de ajuda; acidentes; falta de limites e a postura de desafiar o mundo; más influências; não imposição de responsabilidade pela sociedade; entraves na educação etc. Foi estabelecido um contato com profissionais de educação que refletiu como a escola compreende um importante espaço para possibilitar a discussão e a reflexão sobre o tema da morte entre os profissionais e entre/com os alunos. / This work investigated how the adolescents perceive, reflect and deal with the subject of death and verify how the teenagers explain the high rates of mortality in their age group. Moreover, it was investigated the need of discussing the subject of death with family, friends, professionals and the best way to do it. This reflection is relevant and fundamental once the statistics show astonishing data about the increase of mortality between adolescents, mainly related to accidents and violent deaths. It was intended to comprehend the process of adolescence and its relation to the subject of death, using a qualitative approach. Teenagers (ages 14 to 17) from two schools in the city of São Paulo participated in this study. The video “Talking about death with the adolescent” (Laboratory of Death Studies of Psychology Institute of University of São Paulo) was shown and discussions with the adolescents were proposed, inspired in the modality called Focal Group. Thematic categories were stood out with the intention of construct some points of analyses. The reflections made by the adolescents envolved: the subject of death and the difficulty of thinking about the possibility of loss of dear persons. In general, the adolescents don’t notice death as a personal possibility, expressing feelings of immortality and onipotence. When losses of adolescent friends were mentioned, the feelings of shock and intense sadness were frequent and friends are important sources of support in a process of identification. Some of the hypothesis about the high rates of mortality in adolescence were: use of drugs; violence; banalization of death; unfavourable social situations; AIDS; unemployment and lack of perspectives of future; suicide; difficulty in the communication with professionals, friends and family; difficulty in the expression of feelings and help requests; accidents; lack of limits and attitude of challenging the world; bad influences; non-imposition of responsability by society; difficulties in education etc. It was stablished a contact with professionals of education that reflected how schools are an important space to offer the discussion and reflection about the subject of death between professionals and between/with the students.

<p>This study aim at investigating whether income inequality ceteris paribus is a determinant of population health measured by infant mortality rate and average expected lifetime. Earlier research has found results pointing in different directions but the income inequality hypothesis suggests that income inequality alone is something bad for the population. The study uses data on income distribution from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). Data on economic development and health indicators comes from the OECD database. An econometric model which applies country fixed effects is specified and the results indicates no effect from income inequality on infant mortality rate but some indications of a negative effect on average expected lifetime.</p>

This study aim at investigating whether income inequality ceteris paribus is a determinant of population health measured by infant mortality rate and average expected lifetime. Earlier research has found results pointing in different directions but the income inequality hypothesis suggests that income inequality alone is something bad for the population. The study uses data on income distribution from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). Data on economic development and health indicators comes from the OECD database. An econometric model which applies country fixed effects is specified and the results indicates no effect from income inequality on infant mortality rate but some indications of a negative effect on average expected lifetime.

The Atlanta Beltline is an urban redevelopment project that was designed to increase access to trails, parks, and greenspace in Atlanta, Georgia. Thirty-three miles of new trail will be developed, providing a place for the community to engage in purposeful physical activity and active transport around the city of Atlanta. Because physical activity is associated with improvements in birth outcomes and under the assumption that close proximity to the Atlanta Beltline encourages physical activity, I hypothesize that women residing within 0.5 mile of the Atlanta Beltline will show improvements in birth outcomes, as compared to women residing 1-1.5 miles away from the Beltline. Birth outcomes were measured as rates for low birth weight, premature live birth, and fetal mortality rates. Census tract data for birth outcomes for the time period “pre-Beltline,” 2002 - 2007, and “post-Beltline,” 2008 - 2012, was obtained from Georgia Department of Public Health. 18 census tracks in three areas along the Beltline (Northside, Eastside, West End) were identified as exposed and 17 in the same areas were unexposed. We found the following mean rates (SDs) of the outcomes in the exposed census tracks during the pre-Beltline period: 119.22 (48.39) low birth weight, 154.94 (55.80) premature birth, and 16.17(15.81) fetal death, all per 1,000 live birth. During the post-Beltline period in the exposed area, these measurements were: 107.55 (39.66) low births weight, 131.06 (48.92) premature birth, and 12.28 (13.51) fetal death, all per 1000 live birth. In the unexposed census tracks during the pre-Beltline period, mean rates (SDs) of the outcomes were 110.82 (42.81) low births weight, 144.88 (46.49) premature birth, and 19.94 (35.45) fetal death, all per 1000 live birth. During the post-Beltline period, these measurements in the unexposed area were: 100.88 (40.76) low births, 134.17 (47.85) premature birth, and 8.06 (6.89) fetal death, all per 1000 live birth. Overall in both the exposed and unexposed areas, the time trends for the examined measurements of birth outcomes were towards improvement; however, only a decrease in premature live birth in the exposed area (p=0.2) and fetal mortality in the unexposed area (p=0.1) were of statistically marginal significance. We conclude that currently no significant improvements in birth outcomes, associated with close proximity to the Atlanta Beltline have been detected.

The impact of change and transformation on small businesses has compelled them to face a multitude of new challenges. The successful application of the selected strategies depends largely on an understanding of the predisposing and prevailing business dynamics and variables that impacts on their profitability, continued sustainability and future growth. There is increased attention that is focused on the turnover factor of small business in South Africa and this gives added need for extensive qualitative and quantitative analysis. International experience suggests that small businesses are a pervasive feature of the economic landscape in the developed world. The intensity and growing proportions of small business failure in South Africa is alarming. The problem not only presents management with new dilemmas, but also presents a challenge to researchers who are faced with the task of identifying through rational and scientifically valid processes, the underlying causes of the high failure rate amongst small businesses. Previous studies suggest that government regulations and franchised business have proven to be successful due to the infrastructure support offered by the franchisor. Since retail service station dealers operate within a highly regulated industry and within a franchised environment, this study examines the reasons for failure and success within the Retail Fuel Industry sector in South Africa. It was anticipated that there are a number of factors that influence success and failure from both within and outside the control of the fuel entrepreneur. While some researchers have identified gender, education levels and age as critical success factors, others suggested that management factors and occupational experience are key drivers. The fuel retail industry is regulated and seeks to reward efficiency through a retail fuel margin. This study provides new insights and important clues concerning the failure amongst fuel retailers. The closure of the business did not result in the physical disappearance of the establishment but rather in a transfer to new ownership. The purpose of this study is to conduct a more in-depth and comprehensive qualitative research using the case study methodology, which will investigate the causal factors that lead to the high mortality rate of fuel retailers in South Africa. The non-fuel aspect of the business comprises the shops and quick service restaurants and presents another dynamic to fuel retailing. This was investigated to fully address the research question. The case study analysis also attempted to quantify the level of support that franchisees received. There was sufficient evidence from the research findings to nullify the rival proposition that success and failure of fuel retailers was only a function of sales and volume. The case study evidence supported the research proposition that the reasons for failure and success were due to factors other than size. The 47% per annum failure rate recorded in the study was attributed to a number of factors from both within and outside the control of the fuel entrepreneur. While gender, education levels and age were not found to be critical success factors, the ability to manage the key components of target costs was critical. The management of manpower costs and the efficient application thereof was found to be the most significant variable in the cost build up and differentiated successful and failed retailers. There was also evidence of substantial imposed costs from both the regulatory environment and the franchisor. The monthly adjustment of fuel prices had an impact on working capital and generally resulted in net stock price losses. Both these variables were not factored into the calculation of the retail fuel margin resulting in the understating of the true costs. The loose regulatory environment also marginalised the fuel retailer. It was found that the oil companies optimised their fuel delivery regimes at the expense of the small business owner through the automatic replenishment system of wet stocks, controlled through a central ordering system. While, wet stock control mechanism was in place for the fuel business, the non-fuel business received limited support for stock and shrinkage management. The case study evidence also supported the retailers view on the inadequate level of business support and training. This was an important finding and such poor orientation negatively influenced the quality of the due diligence checks and business valuation. In many cases, the budgeting was optimistic with little or no recourse for remedial action leading to eventual failure. Statistical analysis indicated that the two groups differed significantly with regard to the mean difference between Shop sales and Budgeted Shop sales. It appears that in the case of the success group that the shop sales mean was much higher than budgeted mean, while in the case of the failure group the mean was lower than budgeted mean. Failure to achieve the shop budgets did contribute to failure. Important recommendations are made based on the case study findings. This includes the establishment of a central training unit, an industry valuation model and a more relevant regulatory regime aimed at removing the imbalances between the oil company and the retailer in terms of delivery and payment methodology. / Thesis (PhD.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.

<p>Although the under-five mortality rate in Malawi has been declining since 1960, it still remains one of the highest in the world. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in deaths among children under the age of five years in Malawi, there is an ongoing need for better knowledge of the proportion of cause-specific under-five mortality in the country. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct contribution of HIV/AIDS to the observed level of under-five mortality in Malawi during the period 2000 to 2004.</p>

p. 1-184 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-25T20:34:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 55555555555555555555555555.pdf: 2233305 bytes, checksum: 3380329936f1dbff93b28cdac1d17cdb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T16:53:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 55555555555555555555555555.pdf: 2233305 bytes, checksum: 3380329936f1dbff93b28cdac1d17cdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T16:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 55555555555555555555555555.pdf: 2233305 bytes, checksum: 3380329936f1dbff93b28cdac1d17cdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Objetivo: analisar o perfil sócio-demográfico dos óbitos por Acidentes de Trânsito (AT) de residentes no Município de Lanús (Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina) entre os anos 1998 e 2004. Material e Método: se realizou um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, utilizando dados oficiais de mortalidade da Argentina. Foram estudados os óbitos por AT segundo residência e ocorrência, codificados pela CID-10. As variáveis analisadas foram idade, sexo, nível educativo e condição de atividade. Foram utilizados dados econômicos para avaliar e comparar Lanús com os outros Municípios do Gran Buenos Aires, em termos dos coeficientes de mortalidade por AT. Foram realizadas análises uni e bivariadas, e calculada a Mortalidade Proporcional (MP) e a Razão de Mortalidade Proporcional (RMP). Realizou-se georreferenciamento dos óbitos segundo local de residência e de ocorrência da morte para avaliar a distribuição geográfica. Resultados: O perfil epidemiológico é composto principalmente por homens entre 20 e 29 anos, indivíduos com nível educativo primário completo (ou secundário incompleto) e que trabalhavam. Mais da metade deles era ocupante de veículo. O risco dos homens foi quase 3,5 vezes maior que as mulheres e, entre eles, os mais idosos apresentam as maiores incidências. Os analfabetos ou aqueles com formação primária incompleta possuem risco baixo, quase igual as das pessoas com nível educativo superior. A MP em Lanús é menor quando comparada com os Municípios do Gran Buenos Aires. Lanús aparece junto aos municípios que apresentam alta atividade comercial e menores taxas de óbitos. A respeito da georreferência, os achados mostram que os AT atingem mais a população que mora em locais com piores condições socioeconômicas. Conclusões: O município de Lanús apresenta um perfil de mortalidade por AT semelhante ao dos países desenvolvidos. A combinação de técnicas se apresenta como uma alternativa interessante para trabalhar com dados secundários, em pequenas áreas e com números pequenos. Esta pesquisa fornece aportes para a intervenção sobre os problemas ligados aos AT no nível individual e local. Destaca-se a necessidade de contar com estudos mais abrangentes, abordando o problema desde outros enfoques metodológicos. / Salvador

Capturing mortality became a crucial modelling problem throughout the years due to the raising demand of life insurances and annuities. Fitting three models, namely, logistic, Heligman– Pollard HP4 and power–exponential model, to real life data shows that latter two models represent the actual data quite well. Pricing a term life insurance and a whole life annuity, implemented using the MATLAB software, based on these models ends in the result that the Heligmann–Pollard HP4 model is the less preferable model, in perspective of an insured, than the logistic or power–exponential ones.