This thesis explores the conditions of painting artists in the former GDR. The conclusion after studying rather many artists excepted paintings is, that they had a very personal style within the figuration, considering the official prescription of Social realism. The main objective for the study is common motives and changes over time. It showed a development against greater freedom in expression. A closer analyse of one painter´s work (Susanne Kandt-Horn) and of the exhibitions in Rostock Art Museum during the 80´s illustrates the circumstances under which the artists lived.

No description available.

The thematic unit formed by the five versions of The Adoration of the Magi painted by Sandro Botticelli provide a special opportunity for studying his artistic development. An investigation of these five paintings shows that Botticelli aimed toward a goal of perfecting compositional techniques. He systematically made alterations to these works in order to create special point of view effects. / This thesis outlines the general trends in art with respect to the Adoration theme and then concentrates on a demonstration of Botticelli's attempts at correlating compositional devices and the unique features developed with respect to spectator involvement. This selected study allows for a careful examination which spans the artistic career of Sandro Botticelli. As a result, it can be shown that it was perhaps Botticelli, rather than Leonardo da Vinci, who was primarily responsible for the development of a compositional format which became a foundation stone of High Renaissance compositions.

This thesis examines the history, written sources and physical aspects of the citadel at Ankara with respect to building materials, masonry styles, design and topography. The distribution of different types of building materials in selected areas are analyzed and documented by using modern methods.

Interest in sport, especially in soccer has been increasing in Turkey. Consequently, sport clubs should ascertain the reasons why people attend sporting events and what motivates them to attend in order not to lose their interest. From this point / the purpose of this study was to examine the motivational factors affecting spectator attendance of soccer games in Turkey. In order to measure the sport fan motivations of the spectators, the Turkish version of Motivational Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) was distributed to 602 spectators in three different Super League Soccer games with the systematic sampling procedure. Results of this study indicated that the physical skills of the athletes, aesthetics related with the game of soccer and the achievement motives are the most effective motives in explaining spectators&rsquo / decisions to attend soccer games in Turkey. On the other hand, escape, drama, and social interaction motives were found to be the least important motives of the Turkish soccer spectators. The findings of this study also revealed that the more frequent ticket consumers&rsquo / achievement and acquisition of knowledge motivations were higher than the other consumer types in spectator segmentation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 27 % of the variance in future ticket consumption intentions can be accounted for by the linear combination of 6 of the 12 variables including past ticket consumption frequency, fan identification with the team, and the motives of achievement, acquisition of knowledge, aesthetics, and social interaction. These findings indicated that Turkish spectators are mainly motivated by the core product of the sport, the game itself. However, previous studies indicated that overarching motives (escape, social interaction) should be one of the aspects of the game attendance. Thus, findings of this study showed that Turkish spectators do not perceive the attending a sport game as a social and stress releasing activity. In conclusion, motivations are the needs of the sport consumers, therefore, Turkish sport clubs should try to fulfill the needs of their customers, in this case, acquiring skilled soccer players, playing good team soccer, and playing combatively to win games should be the prerequisites of the sport clubs to not to lose their spectators&rsquo / interest in following their team from the stadium.

Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) consists of beliefs that the experience of anxiety symptoms leads to illness or additional anxiety. The aim of the present study was to examine the factor structure of the Turkish version of Anxiety Sensitivity Index&amp / #8211 / Revised (ASI-R), and to investigate associations among AS, alcohol use and drinking motives in university students and alcohol dependent inpatients. The participants were 411 university students (225 females and 186 males) and 55 (3 females and 52 males) alcohol dependent inpatients. All participants were administered ASI-R, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised, and Demographic Information Form. Exploratory factor analyses revealed four lower order factors of the ASI-R: (1) fear of respiratory symptoms / (2) fear of cardiovascular symptoms / (3) fear of cognitive dyscontrol / and (4) fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms. ANOVA revealed that the frequency and amount of alcohol use were significantly higher in male students than females. Males reported more alcohol use for Coping and Conformity Motives than did females. Regression analyses revealed that only fear of cognitive dyscontrol significantly predicted hazardous alcohol use of students. Coping Motives significantly predicted alcohol use after controlling the effects of demographics, depression and ASI-R lower order factors in students using alcohol. Fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms significantly predicted frequency of alcohol use in students using alcohol. Students reported using alcohol mostly for Enhancement, Social, Coping, and Conformity Motives, respectively. Students with high AS reported more alcohol use for Coping, Social and Conformity Motives than those with moderate and low AS. Fear of cognitive dyscontrol and fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms explained a significant variance of drinking motives in students. In alcohol dependent inpatients, only fear of respiratory symptoms had a significant correlation with Coping Motives. Patients reported having used alcohol mostly for Coping, Enhancement, Social, and Conformity Motives, respectively. Coping and Enhancement Motives were significantly correlated with alcohol use. Results were discussed within the findings in the literature.

"Strong situations" have been shown to decrease behavioral variability, thereby attenuating the criterion-related validity of non-ability individual differences for criteria such as job performance (Barrick&Mount, 1993; Meyer, Dalal,&Bonaccio, 2009). However, it has been suggested that individuals, based on individual differences in implicit motives, may impute discrepant psychological meaning to social stimuli like situational strength--a process sometimes known as differential framing (James&McIntyre, 1996). If different psychological interpretations are attached to strong situation stimuli (e.g., Meyer, Dalal,&Hermida, 2010), an interesting behavioral "double-edged sword" is possible. On the one hand, behaviors pertinent to "primary criteria" (i.e., criteria for which external situational influences and pressures lead to targeted behavioral homogeneity) may occur among those who would not normally engage in them. But, at the same time, behaviors pertinent to "secondary criteria" (i.e., unintended, unforeseen, and potentially reactionary behaviors and/or attitudes) might also increase for some individuals (i.e., those with certain implicit motive characteristics). In other words, high situational strength may simultaneously constrain behavioral variability in primary criteria while serving as a stimulus for differential framing, thereby expanding variability on secondary criteria. The purpose of the present dissertation was twofold: 1) to explore the degree to which situational strength is differentially framed, and 2) to ascertain how the differential framing of situational strength may lead to unintended secondary outcomes. Study 1 findings indicate that, to a partial extent, situational strength is differentially framed by individuals with different implicit motives. Study 2 findings are largely consistent with extant situational strength theory, though partially inconsistent with study predictions.

Children and adolescents are now using online communication to form and/or maintain relationships with strangers and/or friends. Relationships in real life are important for children and adolescents in identity formation and general development. However, social relationships can be difficult for those who experience feelings of loneliness and social anxiety. The current study aimed to replicate and extend research conducted by Valkenburg and Peter (2007b), by investigating differences in online communication patterns between children and adolescents with and without selfreported loneliness and social anxiety. Six hundred and twenty-six students aged 10-16 years completed a questionnaire survey about the amount of time they engaged in online communication, the topics they discussed, who they communicated with, and their purposes of online communication. Following Valkenburg and Peter (2007b), loneliness was measured with a shortened version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) developed by Russell (1996), whereas social anxiety was assessed with a sub-scale of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (La Greca & Lopez, 1998). The sample was divided into four groups of children and adolescents: 220 were “non-socially anxious and non-lonely”, 139 were “socially anxious but not lonely”, 107 were “lonely but not socially anxious”, and 159 were “lonely and socially anxious”. A one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests were conducted to evaluate the aforementioned differences between these groups. The results indicated that children and adolescents who reported being lonely used online communication differently from those who did not report being lonely. Essentially, the former communicated online more frequently about personal things and intimate topics, but also to compensate for their weak social skills and to meet new people. Further analyses on gender differences within lonely children and adolescents revealed that boys and girls communicated online more frequently with different partners. It was concluded that for these vulnerable individuals online communication may fulfil needs of self-disclosure, identity exploration, and social interactions. However, future longitudinal studies combining a quantitative with a qualitative approach would better address the relationship between Internet use and psychosocial well-being. The findings also suggested the need for further exploration of how such troubled children and adolescents can use the Internet beneficially.

Αποτελεί αδιαμφισβήτητο γεγονός ότι τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες η βιομηχανία γενόσημων φαρμάκων σημειώνει παγκοσμίως σημαντική πρόοδο και ανάπτυξη. Η εκτεταμένη διείσδυση των γενόσημων φαρμάκων στο χώρο της υγείας δεν είναι καθόλου τυχαία και οφείλεται κατά κύριο λόγο στην οικονομική και αξιόπιστη θεραπευτική λύση που προσφέρουν. Με άλλα λόγια το πλεονέκτημά τους είναι ότι επιφέρουν ισότιμο θεραπευτικό αποτέλεσμα, όπως και τα πρωτότυπα φάρμακα, σε συνδυασμό με τον περιορισμό των φαρμακευτικών δαπανών. Η ιδιαιτερότητά τους αυτή καθορίζεται και εξασφαλίζεται μέσω του ελέγχου της βιοϊσοδυναμίας τους και της χρονικής λήξης των διπλωμάτων ευρεσιτεχνίας των πρωτότυπων φαρμάκων. Από τα παραπάνω λοιπόν, σε συνδυασμό με τη δυσμενή παγκόσμια οικονομική κατάσταση και με τα διογκωμένα οικονομικά προβλήματα που ταλανίζουν το ελληνικό σύστημα υγείας και τους εθνικούς ασφαλιστικούς οργανισμούς, καταδεικνύεται η ανάγκη ευρείας αποδοχής των συγκεκριμένων φαρμάκων από το σύνολο της ελληνικής ιατρικής κοινότητας. Για το σκοπό αυτό η συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία επιδιώκει να διερευνήσει σε βάθος τις πεποιθήσεις, τα κίνητρα και τις συνταγογραφικές συνήθειες των Ελλήνων ιατρών όσον αφορά τα γενόσημα φάρμακα, τα οποία υπόσχονται τον άμεσο περιορισμό των φαρμακευτικών δαπανών χωρίς την υποβάθμιση της ωφέλειας και της ποιότητας ζωής των ασθενών. Τα ευρήματα που προέκυψαν από την έρευνα που διεξήχθη αποκλειστικά στο Νόμο Αχαΐας είναι σημαντικά και αναλύονται διεξοδικά παρακάτω. Παρολ’ αυτά σε γενικές γραμμές αξίζει να αναφερθεί: α) το υψηλό ποσοστό απόκρισης 75,7% στη συμπλήρωση του ερωτηματολογίου, β) το υψηλό ποσοστό μετεκπαίδευσης των ιατρών που ανέρχεται στο 41.6%, γ) η εξοικείωση των ιατρών με τις νέες τεχνολογίες και το διαδίκτυο που φτάνει το 55.7%, δ) ότι το σύνολο των ιατρών συνταγογραφεί γενόσημα φάρμακα ανεξαρτήτως εάν έχουν θετική γνώμη για αυτά ή όχι, ε) ότι το πρωταρχικό και βασικότερο κριτήριο συνταγογράφησης είναι η αποτελεσματικότητα του φαρμάκου, ενώ και τα οικονομικά κίνητρα συμβάλλουν σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή, στ) ότι η απουσία κλινικών δοκιμών των γενόσημων φαρμάκων αποτελεί το σημαντικότερο παράγοντα υστέρησης συγκριτικά με τα πρωτότυπα φάρμακα, ζ) ότι υπάρχουν δευτερογενείς παράγοντες που μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στην αυξημένη συνταγογράφηση των γενόσημων φαρμάκων π.χ. κύρος-όνομα εταιρείας, η επιστημονική ενημέρωση κ.ά., η) ότι οι συνταγογραφικές συνήθειες των ιατρών επηρεάζονται σε μικρό βαθμό από τους ιατρικούς επισκέπτες και σε μεγάλο βαθμό από το όνομα και το κύρος της φαρμακευτικής εταιρείας και θ) ότι δεν εισακούγονται σε μεγάλο ποσοστό 58.5% οι ανάγκες και οι προβληματισμοί των ιατρών από τα φαρμακευτικά στελέχη. Η παρούσα εργασία με τις συγκεκριμένες εστιάσεις προσπαθεί να αποκρυπτογραφήσει τη στάση και τους πιθανούς προβληματισμούς των ελλήνων ιατρών σχετικά με τα γενόσημα φάρμακα και να προσδιορίσει τη συνταγογραφική συμπεριφορά αυτών. Απώτερος σκοπός του παραπάνω εγχειρήματος είναι να βοηθήσει από τη μεριά του στην ανάπτυξη και στη χάραξη πολιτικών και κατευθύνσεων που να είναι σε θέση να βελτιώσουν την οικονομική και κλινική εικόνα του πολύπαθου χώρου της ελληνικής δημόσιας υγείας. / Is it an undeniable fact that in the last decades the manufacture of generic medicinal products marks globally significant progress and development. The vast permeation of generic medicinal products in the health industry is not random at all and is mainly due to the economical and reliable therapeutic solution they offer. In other words, their advantage lies in the fact that they bring equivalent therapeutic results to the reference medicinal products, combined with a reduction of medicinal expenses. This specificity of theirs is determined and secured through the control of their bioequivalence and the expiration time of the letters patent of the reference medicinal products. From all the above and taking into consideration the unfavorable global economic situation and the inflated economic problems which deplore the greek health system and the national insurance organizations, rises the need for a vast acceptance of these particular medicinal products from the greek medical community in its entirety. For this reason, this particular thesis attempts to explore in depth the greek physicians’ beliefs, motives and prescription-writing practices as far as generic medicinal products are concerned – which promise the immediate reduction of medicinal expenses without downgrading the patients’ benefits and quality of living. The findings that emerged from the research which was carried out exclusively within the prefecture of Achaia are significant and are analysed in depth further below. Nevertheless, in general, it is worth mentioning: a) the high rate of responding (75.7%) to the completion of the questionnaire, b) the high rate of doctors’ further education/training which reaches 41.6% c) the doctors’ familiarization with new technologies and the internet which comes to 55.7%, d) the fact that the doctors as a body are prescribing generic medicinal products regardless of their positive or negative views on them, e) that the prime and most fundamental criterion in prescription-writing is the effectiveness of the drug, while economic motives contribute greatly towards this direction, f) that the absence of clinical tests on generic medicinal products is the most significant factor of their lacking in comparison to reference medicinal products, g) that there are secondary factors which can contribute to the increase in prescription of generic medicinal products such as the prestige/brand name of a company, scientific documentation, etc. h) that the physicians’ prescription habits are minorly affected from pharmaceutical representatives and majorly from the brand name and prestige of the pharmaceutical company and i) that in a high rate of 58.5% physicians’ needs and problems are not heard from pharmaceutical executives. This thesis with its particular focuses, attempts to decode greek physicians’ views and possible problems as far as general medicinal products are concerned and to define their attitude towards prescription. A further goal of this attempt is to help the development and tracing of political directions which can be able to improve the economic and clinical image of the much afflicted greek national health system.

Principalement utilisées pour évaluer la performance et rendre compte de la réussite scolaire des individus, les notes sont indicatrices de succès ou d’échec, mais aussi de la valeur comparative des individus. Dans cette thèse nous proposons de tester l’effet des notes lorsqu’utilisées dans des contextes spécifiques de coopération. En effet, si les notes et la comparaison sociale sont pratique courante, les étudiants sont souvent amenés à coopérer en groupe. Cependant, à notre connaissance, point d’études ont testé l’effet des notes sur la coopération; alors que la tendance en milieu éducatif est à l’encouragement des pratiques coopératives. C’est ce que présent les chapitres expérimentaux de cette thèse. Le Chapitre 4 teste l’effet des notes quant à leur capacité à accentuer à la fois visibilité et comparaison sociale. Deux études investiguent l’effet des notes sur un biais motivationnel qui réduit la propension à coopérer: la propension à préférer les informations qui confirment les choix de l’individu. Elles montrent qu’en situation coopérative, les notes accroissent ce biais comparativement à des situations où seule la visibilité individuelle est soulignée, et suggèrent que les notes focalisent les individus sur une comparaison sociale compétitive. Le Chapitre 5 teste l’effet des notes sur les interactions, précisément sur le partage coopératif d’information. Deux études montrent que dans un contexte de travail en groupe coopératif, les notes entravent le bon partage des informations entre individus, et amènent à la rétention d’information. Enfin, le Chapitre 6 teste l’effet des notes sur un autre indicateur de coopération en groupe: la coordination interindividuelle. Il montre que les notes réduisent la coordination inter-individus et les mènent à avoir des comportements de dominance négative entre eux. En somme, les notes entravent la coopération et réduisent les comportements coopératifs entre individus. Nous discutons des implications pour le milieu éducatif. / Widely used to assess achievement and performance in educational contexts, grades provide a clear indicator of success or failure, particularly in comparison to others. In this respect, we study their impact on specific work contexts requiring cooperation. Indeed, students are often exhorted to cooperate in groups and simultaneously are assessed with grades, which bring a focus on inter-individual comparison. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has investigated the effects of grades on cooperation, yet a central question given educational trends encouraging cooperative practices, which we propose to explore in the experimental chapters of this thesis. Chapter 4 tests the effect of grades with regards to their capacity to jointly highlight individual visibility and social comparison. It tries to disentangle which of these facets could affect a motivated bias likely to reduce cooperation, namely individuals’ preference for information confirming their own choice. Results show that a graded-cooperative situation increased this preference effect in comparison to other conditions where only individual visibility was manipulated, and moreover increased individuals’ perception of a competitive atmosphere. Chapter 5 tests the effect of grades on direct cooperative interactions, namely on group information sharing. Results show that grades hindered information exchange between individuals, leading them to withhold crucial task-information. Finally, Chapter 6 tests the effects of grades on another indicator of group cooperation, namely inter-individual coordination. Results indicate that showcasing grades at the onset of a cooperative task necessitating inter-individual coordination decreased group performance and elicited more negative dominant behaviours amongst participants. Together these results provide evidence that grades hamper group cooperation. We conclude by discussing implications for the practice of grading in Education.