Entrepreneurship is on the rise in Africa. The Kenyan government is focusing on entrepreneurship and the digital scene for the future growth of the country. The digital startup ecosystem is growing as well as the number of entrepreneurs is rising which has further increased the discussion of business opportunities in the region. This raises the question why the entrepreneurs themselves want to pursue entrepreneurship as an active career. Past research show that entrepreneurial motivations may differ due to geographical regions, and may differ due to the economical condition of the country. The authors see that more emphasize must be put on entrepreneurial motives in developing countries to further understand why people want to pursue entrepreneurship. Since there is little research on entrepreneurial motivations in developing countries, where on region is Nairobi, Kenya, the authors aim to add knowledge in this field to further understand entrepreneurial motivations across the world. This is a qualitative research where the authors aim to explore the entrepreneurial motives behind going into entrepreneurship in Nairobi, Kenya. 18 participants have been interviewed through a semi-structured interview format in Nairobi for 2 weeks in March 2017. The results show that there are three main motives present in Nairobi. The findings have been compared to, according to the inductive reasoning approach, a theory of entrepreneurial motivations and have found that there are different motives present in Nairobi than in other regions in the world. Some entrepreneurial motives that are less common in developed countries are more common in Nairobi, which confirm that entrepreneurial motives differ due to geographical regions.

INTRODUCTION: Obtenir un résultat orthodontique idéal et un profil facial équilibré peut nécessiter un traitement combinant orthodontie et chirurgie orthognathique. Bien que les avantages esthétiques et fonctionnels de ces procédures soient évidents pour l'orthodontiste, il ne décide pas du traitement. Malgré les connaissances, les recommandations et la bienveillance de l’orthodontiste, le dernier mot revient au patient. Il peut donc évidemment refuser un traitement orthodontique chirurgical. L’obtention du consentement éclairé, avant de débuter le traitement, est une première étape décisive. Afin d’améliorer ce processus, il est essentiel de connaître et de comprendre davantage les facteurs décisionnels qui influencent le choix du patient face à un traitement orthodontique chirurgical. OBJECTIFS: Cette étude qualitative vise à déterminer les motifs pour lesquels les patients refusent le traitement orthodontique chirurgical lorsqu’il est l’option privilégiée par l’orthodontiste. Une meilleure compréhension du raisonnement et des motivations des patients permettra d’améliorer et de rendre l’approche du praticien davantage proactive afin de favoriser un réel consentement éclairé. MÉTHODES: Cette étude a été menée par entrevue verbale semi-structurée immédiatement suivant la consultation orthodontique initiale. Les entretiens individuels ont été enregistrés, retranscrits et analysés en continu. À l’aide du logiciel NVivo 12, les données ont été catégorisées par codage ouvert. RÉSULTATS: Quatre thèmes sont ressortis de cette étude : l'inconfort, la vision facultative du traitement par le patient, le changement d'apparence du visage et les contraintes à débuter le traitement. L'inconfort était un thème récurrent exprimé par tous les participants. CONCLUSION: Bien que les motifs contribuant au refus d'un traitement orthodontique chirurgical soient multiples, l’inconfort est un sujet qui interpelle tous les patients. Sans être forcément la raison principale menant au refus de ce type d'intervention, l'inconfort est un thème répétitif et à intensité variable dans la prise de décision. Il est particulièrement modulé par le vécu personnel du patient, mais aussi fortement influencé par celui de son entourage. Afin de favoriser un consentement plus éclairé, il est pertinent pour le praticien en orthodontie d’aborder ce sujet en profondeur au moment de la consultation. D’autres sujets devraient aussi être couverts selon les circonstances: la vision facultative du traitement par le patient, le changement d'apparence du visage et les contraintes. / INTRODUCTION: Achieving ideal orthodontic results and a balanced facial profile may require a combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment. Although the esthetic and functional advantages of these procedures are obvious to the orthodontist, patients may opt for a nonsurgical approach. Despite the knowledge, recommendations and good intentions of the orthodontist, the fact remains that the decision to proceed with treatment ultimately rests with the patient. Providing informed consent is a decisive step in the course of initiating treatment. To improve this process, it is essential to better understand the decision-making factors that influence the patient's choice for surgical orthodontic treatment. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to determine the motives that influence patients’ refusal of surgical orthodontic treatment even when it is the option of choice according to the orthodontist. Learning and understanding these factors can improve how we explain our treatment options by addressing information correctly, thus improving the process of obtaining informed consent. METHODS: This study was conducted using semi-structured verbal interviews immediately following the initial orthodontic consultation. Individual interviews were recorded, transcribed, and continuously analyzed. Using NVivo 12 software, an open coding analysis method was used. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from this study: discomfort, treatment viewed as elective by the patient, change in facial appearance and constraints to beginning treatment. Discomfort was a recurrent theme expressed by all participants. CONCLUSION: Although the reasons for refusing surgical orthodontic treatment are numerous, discomfort is a subject that concerns all patients. Without necessarily being the main reason for refusing surgical orthodontic treatment, discomfort is variable in intensity and a recurring theme in the patient's decision-making. It is particularly modulated by the patient's personal experience, but it is also strongly influenced by the experience of people around them. To promote a betterinformed consent, it is relevant for the orthodontic practitioner to cover this subject in depth during a consultation. Depending on the circumstances, other subjects should also be covered such as: the optional view of the treatment by the patient, the change in appearance of the face and the constraints.

Contexte : La consommation de cannabis affecte les habiletés de conduite (Capler et al., 2017) et augmente significativement le risque d’accident (Asbridge et al., 2012). Malgré ces risques, 22 % des consommateurs canadiens ont rapporté avoir conduit dans les deux heures suivant sa consommation (Gouvernement du Canada, 2020). Connaitre les motifs de la conduite après avoir consommé du cannabis (CACC) est crucial pour développer des programmes de prévention efficaces visant à réduire la prévalence de ce comportement. Objectif : Le premier objectif est de rapporter et classer les motifs de la CACC mentionnés dans la littérature scientifique. Le deuxième objectif est de valider les propriétés psychométriques du Questionnaire des motifs de la conduite automobile après avoir consommé du cannabis (QMCACC). Méthode : Ce mémoire présente deux articles. Le premier article est une revue de portée des motifs de la CACC. Le deuxième article présente les analyses de validation du QMCACC. Un échantillon de 1 765 conducteurs canadiens a été utilisé pour tester la cohérence interne, la validité convergente/discriminante et la structure du questionnaire via une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Résultats : La revue de portée a extrait 32 motifs de la CACC. Le QMCACC a une bonne cohérence interne, une validité convergente/discriminante adéquate et une bonne validité factorielle. Conclusion : Des messages efficaces de santé publique doivent être mis en oeuvre pour informer la population des risques de la CACC. Le QMCACC semble évaluer efficacement le concept d’intérêt et peut être utilisé pour contribuer aux efforts de prévention. / Background: Cannabis use affects the ability to drive (Capler et al., 2017) and significantly increases the risk of accidents (Asbridge et al., 2012). Despite these risks, 22 % of Canadian consumers reported driving within two hours of using this substance (Government of Canada, 2020). Increased knowledge of the motives for driving after cannabis use (DACU) is crucial to design effective prevention programs to reduce the prevalence of this behaviour. Objective: The first objective is to report and categorize the motives for DACU mentioned in the scientific literature. The second objective is to validate the psychometric properties of the Motives for Driving after Cannabis Use Questionnaire (MDACUQ). Method: This master’s project presents two articles. The first article is a scoping review of the motives for DACU. The second article presents the validation analyzes of the MDACUQ. A sample of 1,765 Canadian drivers was used to test the internal consistency, convergent/discriminant validity and the structure of the subscales (factors) of the questionnaire with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The scoping review extracted 32 motives for DACU. The MDACUQ has good internal consistency, adequate convergent/discriminant validity, and the CFA showed a good factorial validity. Conclusion: Effective public health messages must be implemented to inform the population of the risks of DACU. The MDACUQ seems to accurately captures the concept of interest and can help prevention efforts to reduce the prevalence of this risky behaviour.

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Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman ABSTRACT The Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement under section 287(g). The 287(g) program includes the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) Model, which authorizes specific responsibilities of immigration enforcement to local law enforcement agencies. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the various 287(g) programs from the perspective of law enforcement executives. Local law enforcement was granted the responsibility in part because Congress and local elected officials believed that immigration increased crime. However, as of 2022, little research on the nexus between crime and immigration supports that claim; nor does it support the claim that crime rates fell as a result of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs. Consistent with prior research, this dissertation finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime in these jurisdictions in comparison to jurisdictions that did not participate in the 287(g) programs. Moreover, this dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with procedural justice principles. It examines whether and how immigration enforcement has posed challenges for building trust, legitimacy, community engagement and transparency for law enforcement; looks at whether federal mandates and immigration enforcement affected the advancement of community policing and procedural justice; provides insight on lessons learned from law enforcement's perspective; and contributes to research on the immigration-crime nexus. / Doctor of Philosophy / Local Law Enforcement and Immigration: Lessons and Recommendations from Police Executives (2007-2021) Tonya D. Chapman GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Section 287(g) under the Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) authorized the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) to enter into memoranda of agreement with local law enforcement agencies to participate in immigration enforcement. Under Section 287(g), ICE implemented 5 programs, including the Task Force Model (TFM), Jail Enforcement Model (JEM), Secure Communities (SC), the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) model, and the Warrant Service Officer (WSO) model. This dissertation examines the impact of local law enforcement's participation in the 287(g) programs, from the perspective of law enforcement executives. This dissertation shows that law enforcement's participation in immigration enforcement led to unintended consequences, including adverse impacts on police legitimacy (trust and fear), perceived crime reporting by immigrant communities, and their community policing efforts. The dissertation also finds that immigration enforcement has a "null or non-significant" effect on crime. This research provides guidance on best practices to law enforcement in an effort to re-imagine the profession in accordance with fair and impartial policing principles.

Nature based sports and outdoor recreation activities are much appreciated, but continued densification in urban and peri-urban areas may reduce future opportunities to take part in such activities in a desirable way. To be able to consider the needs of these activities, in relation to other competing land use interests, it is essential to understand why people engage in the activities and how the nature landscape contributes and is used. The aim of this degree project is, therefore, to investigate motives and preferences among participants in various nature based activities, and to describe the role of nature and the participants’ relation to the nature landscape. While many previous studies have targeted recreational activities, where participation traditionally is non-competitive and focused on wellbeing, this study mainly targets nature based sports, where activities, in general, are more physical and result-oriented. The study has a descriptive approach where Rudan, a nature reserve in southern Stockholm, is used as a case study. There, data was primarily collected through a questionnaire (N=64), distributed among members of sport clubs in Rudan as well as among visitors on site. Responses were then analysed through cross-tabulations. The results indicate that people have varying, and often several, motives for taking part in their activities and for performing their activities in a particular setting. The results also show that the nature landscape, and the characteristics it holds, has an important role to play in many aspects; it can be a driver of motivation, a stage for the activity, and a generator of human benefits. The relatively small sample size does, however, affect the accuracy of the study, and more research is needed to get a comprehensive understanding. Nevertheless, the findings can be used to raise awareness and communicate the value of nature in nature based sports and outdoor recreation activities. Recognising nature’s multiple roles and values for participants in such activities will be necessary when analysing potential effects of future development plans or interventions in the peri-urban nature landscape. / Utomhusidrott och friluftsliv utgör uppskattade inslag i många människors vardag, men med fortsatt förtätning i städer och i stadsnära grönområden riskerar de framtida möjligheterna att delta i sådana aktiviteter att försämras. För att möta dessa aktiviteters behov, framförallt då de utsätts för konkurrens av andra samhällsintressen, är det nödvändigt att förstå grunderna för deltagande i sådana utomhusaktiviteter, samt hur naturlandskapet används och bidrar till upplevelsen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att undersöka motiv och preferenser bland deltagare i olika naturrelaterade idrotts- och friluftsaktiviteter, och att därutöver beskriva naturens roll och deltagarnas relation till naturlandskapet. Då många tidigare studier har fokuserat på friluftsliv, där deltagande traditionellt sett är inriktat på rekreation och välmående, vänder sig denna studie främst mot idrottsaktiviteter, där deltagande i allmänhet är mer fysiskt och resultatinriktat. Studien har ett beskrivande tillvägagångssätt där Rudan, ett naturreservat i södra Stockholm, används som fallstudie. Flera metoder har använts, men data har främst inhämtats genom en enkätundersökning (N = 64) som besvarades av medlemmar i idrottsföreningar i Rudan samt av besökare på plats. Svaren analyserades sedan med hjälp av pivottabeller. Resultaten visar att det finns olika, och ofta flera, motiv för att delta i aktiviteterna och för att utföra aktiviteterna i ett visst område. Resultaten visar även att naturlandskapet har en viktig roll, sett ur många aspekter. Det kan vara en motiverande faktor, en arena för aktiviteten och bidra till många övriga mervärden. Då antalet respondenter i studien var relativt lågt är studiens resultat dock något osäkert, och mer omfattande undersökningar behövs för att skapa tydligare förståelse. Trots det kan resultaten i studien användas för att öka medvetenheten och tydliggöra naturens värde inom utomhusidrott och friluftsliv. Naturens många olika värden och roller för idrotts- och friluftslivsutövare bör sedan beaktas inom samhällsplaneringen i stort och vid framtida utveckling av stadsnära natur- och rekreationsområden.