A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science. Johannesburg, September 2017. / Sable antelope numbers have been declining in protected areas of South Africa and they are listed as Vulnerable in the National Red List Assessment. In Kruger National Park, since 1986, the abundance of sable antelope has declined from 2240 to just under 400 individuals in 2014, making them at risk of local extirpation. The aim of the study was to explore some of the possible explanations, not explored before, for sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) perceived decline in the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (KMR), in the North-West Province of South Africa. I therefore looked at assessing sable antelope use of space in relation to ‘high risk’ areas as determined by distances to fences, campsites and roads; determining the seasonal variations in the nutritional status of sable antelope; estimating calves recruitment, survival and population sex ratio. To achieve these objectives two sable antelope heifers were collared in the reserve, one from the ‘vlei’ herd and one from the ‘woodland’ herd. Both herds avoided ‘high risk’ areas, especially areas close to camping huts. The herds made little use of areas where there was lots of human movement. I expected the herds to utilise areas close to fences, especially after security burns along the perimeter of the park, but that was not the case as these areas were little utilised. Both herds preferred the tall grassland type of vegetation. As expected both herds utilised burnt areas and the woodland herd used these areas more than the vlei herd. Faecal crude protein and faecal phosphorus values during the dry season were higher compared to a previous study in KMR, which seems to suggest that currently the sable population in KMR is doing better compared to 2002-2003. Since 2011 until 2014, there were a total of 34 calves born with 15 missing after the study but only one mortality recorded. Therefore the reasons for the missing calves are still unclear. The best way to monitor survival of populations for long term studies would be to mark individuals in a population but unfortunately this was impossible for this study. I expected more females to be born as compared to males and this was not the case as there were more males (20) born than females (14), further indicating that potentially currently the population is doing better than in the past. / MT2018

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016. / Resource selection by animals is a hierarchical process, reflecting the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic environmental conditions and resources. In savannah ecosystems, the availability and nutritional quality of forage resources across the seasonal cycle constitute two of the main drivers of feeding choices, seasonal movements, and, ultimately, population dynamics of large herbivores. As a consequence of the increasing insularisation of protected areas in southern Africa, the understanding of the ecological requirements of confined populations of nomadic ungulates constitutes a crucial issue for their management. The study aimed at determining the effects of forage quality and availability across the seasonal cycle on the home range occupation and resource selection by eland in an insular-like protected area, the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (KMR) in South Africa. I focused on three spatio-temporal scales of selection: seasonal home range selection over the available landscape; habitat selection within the seasonal home range; and selection for plant species included in the diet. The main objectives at the scales of landscape and habitat selection were: 1) to determine the extent and location of the seasonal home ranges utilised by collared adult female eland in the KMR, in order to identify the seasonally favoured resource units within the available landscape; and 2) to determine the influence of environmental drivers, including the seasonal variation in forage quality and abundance, on resource selection by eland at the two different scales. Four adult female eland were fitted with GPS collars, over the course of two years. The extent and location of annual and seasonal home ranges were estimated using a-LoCoH. The influence of environmental factors, including vegetation-type, burnt areas, and NDVI, on landscape- and habitat-scale selection of used locations at peak feeding times over available scattered points was tested using mixed-effects logistic regression models. Despite the small size of the KMR, eland occupied spatially distinct dry and wet season ranges. The dry season ranges were smaller than their wet season counterparts, and During the dry season, seasonal ranges were small, and were located in moderate to very green (as indicated by NDVI values) woodland areas in respect to the available landscape. Eland selected for dry grassland, wet grassland, and open shrubland (associated with low NDVI levels) during the wet season, when they coalesced into a nursery herd and occupied a relatively large home range. The selective use of burnt areas over the available landscape units was mostly restricted to the wet season, after a green herbaceous flush had been prompted by rainfall events. Within the seasonal home ranges, eland preferentially foraged on burnt woodland and open shrubland, where re-growth of woody plants was also available. The study animals also selected for locations characterized by low vegetation greenness and biomass as a consequence of the concentration of foraging activities in open areas where low-lying browse was accessible. At the smallest scale considered for this study, the two main objectives were: 1) to determine the changes in the use of vegetation types and burnt areas during foraging activities between two different seasons; 2) to determine forage selection at the plant species scale, as influenced by the phenophase of grasses and browse. In March-April 2015 (wet-early dry transition season) and July-August 2015 (mid-dry season), feeding sites of eland were located through both VHF-tracking and scanning from vantage points. Characteristics of used feeding sites were only descriptively addressed, and included vegetation type, burning, canopy cover, and soil catenal position. The greenness and basal cover of plant species were also recorded. Availability, acceptance, and dietary contribution for each species were calculated for the two seasons, while the influence of phenological traits on plant species selection was investigated through mixed-effects logistic regression models. Woody plants were consumed in larger proportions than grasses and herbaceous forbs during the entire study period. Woody forbs and shrublets such as Lippia javanica and Athrixia elata were particularly favoured. Eland targeted species offering high proportions of green leaves. During the wet-early dry transition, the deciduous Vangueria parvifolia was particularly selected for, while the consumption of evergreen species, including Searsia lancea, increased during the dry season. Most of the observed grazing took place on flushing burns during the wet-early dry transition. The decline in grass consumption was paralleled by a considerably lowered use of the burns and of the dry grassland during the dry season, as also reflected by collars data. The results indicated that eland in the KMR adjusted their landscape and habitat selection in response to spatio-temporal variations in the availability and quality of food resources. During the wet season, flushing burns provided accessible green forage to nursery herds. Conversely, evergreen woody plants probably represented a crucial resource for eland during the limiting dry season, when herbaceous plants were mostly dormant and foliage on deciduous species was unavailable. Therefore, environmental heterogeneity at different spatial scales likely constitutes a key factor for the persistence of eland populations in small, fenced reserves. / LG2017

The aim of this essay is to study population change in tourism intensive mountain municipalities. Then to investigate whether center displacement takes place from the municipality center to the area with growing tourism. Areas of growing tourism have in this study been delimited to ski resorts. To answer the study’s purpose and questions, both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used. Population statistics have been used to explain population change in Swedish mountain municipalities. Population statistics showed that there are four mountain municipalities that have a shrinking population in the municipality and in the municipality center, while there is a ski resort with population growth in the municipality. These mountain municipalities are Dorotea, Malung-Sälen, Storuman and Härjedalen. Interviews with officials from these municipalities have been used as a complement to analyze the findings from the population statistics. The result of the interviews shows that the ski resorts have characteristics of being so-called ‘center’ with reference to the center-periphery model. At the same time, it also appears that the informants do not think that it is possible to talk about any tourism-driven center displacement. At least not with regard to public service. The municipality house will be remain located where it is today. Based on the given results, this essay conclude that ski resorts should be regarded as commercial centers and that the municipality center is the public center. From this aspect this study also conclude that there is possible to talk about a patriell center displacement from the municipality center to the ski resorts. Which, based on this study, is explained as commercial. The study also conclude that the commercial supply is dependent on the tourist visitors and those who work on the ski resorts, where the result shows that much of those who live in the ski resorts work in the touristindustry. In this way, the commercial center displacement also becomes tourism-driven.

Cette thèse propose de penser les liens entre gouvernance, innovation sociale et territoire dans des marges transfrontalières des Alpes dans une perspective de dépassement disciplinaire. Inscrite principalement en géographie et secondairement en droit, cette recherche explore des thématiques communes que sont la frontière et le territoire. Elle tente de trouver un terrain d’entente sur la gouvernance avant aborder un sujet relativement neuf celui de l’innovation sociale.La gouvernance des coopérations transfrontalières Alpi Marittime-Mercantour et Espace Mont-Blanc a ainsi été décortiquée et analysée de façon comparative. D’ordinaire peu étudiées par la littérature sur la gouvernance, ces coopérations présentent pourtant un intérêt du fait de leurs thématiques et enjeux spécifiques par rapport aux coopérations urbaines. En effet, le développement durable selon les trois piliers classiques est au coeur de leur projet respectif et doit trouver un équilibre acceptable entre protection et développement économique. La frontière défonctionnalisée sur le même modèle que les autres frontières internes à l’Europe permet une coopération. Cependant le relief fait obstacle au franchissement et affecte les modalités de la coopération. Cet aspect doit être intégré à l’analyse de la gouvernance, qui repose sur trois formes : une gouvernance institutionnelle (formelle et informelle), une gouvernance de projet (plutôt formelle) et une gouvernance de programme transfrontalier relativement complexe. Ce système de gouvernance est bien entendu multi-niveaux avec des relations verticales (bottom-up et top-down) mais aussi horizontales. La thèse fait le point sur la définition de l’innovation et en particulier de l’innovation sociale dans une perspective critique. L’ambition n’est pas de déceler des innovations, mais plutôt d’expliquer comment le système de gouvernance décrit précédemment met en place des politiques publiques ayant entre autres objectifs l’innovation et de montrer les failles avec les « presque innovations » et les « innovations ratées ». Enfin les processus d’institutionnalisation et de territorialisation de la coopération transfrontalière sont décrits en regard l’un de l’autre. Tous deux sont des processus continus inscrits dans le temps long, qui dépendent du ou des projets des acteurs de la coopération, de leurs ambitions, mais aussi des cadres politiques et juridiques nationaux et européen. / This thesis examines the links between governance, social innovation and territories with a disciplinaryoverrun context, in Alpine cross-border margins. Mainly related to geography and secondarily to lawdisciplines, this research explores common thematic such us border and space. It tries to find commonground on the governance before working on relatively new topic: social innovation.The Alpi Marittime-Mercantour and Espace Mont-Blanc cross-border governance has been analyzedwith a comparative approach. These cases are poorly investigated by the literature on governance,although they have interesting special topic and issues like sustainable development. They have to findan acceptable balance between protection measures and socio-economic development. Thefunctionalization of border allows for cross-border cooperation but the topography and the pooraccessibility constraint and affect the agreement the of the governance. The analysis of governance isbased on three different forms: institutional governance (formal and informal), project governance(mainly formal) and Interreg program governance relatively complex. This system is obviously multilevelwith vertical (top-down and bottom-up) and horizontal relations.The thesis reviews the definition of innovation especially social innovation with a critical perspective.The ambition isn’t to say “this is an innovation” but to understand and explain how the system ofgovernance implements public policies and finally produces innovations. The goal is also to show andanalyze “almost innovations” and “failed innovation”.Finally, this research considers institutionalization and territorialization processes next to each other.Both of them are continuous on long term and they are dependent on project’s players, their ambitions,but also on national and European, political and legal framework.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-04T18:05:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isaac Batista de Jesus.pdf: 38431955 bytes, checksum: fc8ff6e7f3004a463b0ab22479b14a59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T18:05:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isaac Batista de Jesus.pdf: 38431955 bytes, checksum: fc8ff6e7f3004a463b0ab22479b14a59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work seeks an understanding of the recent popular movement of ascent to the prayer mountains from a social and anthropological analysis of the rituals performed at Monte da Luz in Itapecerica da Serra. The research aims at Monte da Luz, those who attend it and, after a historical perspective of its founder, makes an extensive description of the place, its agents and rituals. The work seeks to present which elements can be extracted for the best understanding of the Modern Pentecostal movement in a broader way and what is the possible unfolding of the movement from this individualized way of experiencing religion as it happens in the prayer mountains. Under the sociological theoretical bulge of Danielle Hervieu-­Legér in "The Pilgrim and the Converted," and anthropological in Mircea Eliade, Victor Turner and Leonildo Campos on his analysis of the engraving "the two paths", it is possible to draw a possible theoretical approach to analysis of how the modern Pentecostal believer is configured. As it is from a new symbolic constructions and less and less institutionalized, which leads to a free and unassisted ritual from the church in Monte da Luz. Although there was no direct conflict between the faithful and the institution, the research revealed that more and more Pentecostal believers have joined a bricolage of different religious concepts to exercise their faith in a personal and free from any dogmatic and ecclesiastical structure / O presente trabalho busca uma compreensão sobre o recentemente popular movimento de subida aos montes de oração a partir de uma análise sócio antropológica dos rituais executados no Monte da Luz em Itapecerica da Serra. A pesquisa tem por objeto o Monte, aqueles que o frequentam e, seguindo um histórico do seu fundador, faz uma descrição extensiva do local, seus agentes e rituais. O trabalho busca apresentar quais elementos podem ser extraídos para a melhor compreensão do movimento pentecostal moderno de forma mais ampla e quais os possíveis desdobramentos do movimento a partir dessa forma individualizada de experimentar a religião como acontece nos montes de oração. Sob o bojo teórico sociológico de Danielle Hervieu-­Legér em “O Peregrino e o Convertido”, e antropológico de Mircea Eliade, Victor Turner e Leonildo Campos em sua análise da gravura “os dois caminhos”, é possível traçar uma possível abordagem teórica para análise de como se configura o religioso pentecostal moderno à partir de novas construções simbólicas próprias e cada vez menos institucionalizadas, o que desemboca em um ritual livre e desassistido da igreja no Monte da Luz. Embora não tenha apresentado conflito direto entre fiéis e instituição, a pesquisa revelou que cada vez mais os religiosos pentecostais têm aderido a uma bricolagem de diferentes conceitos religiosos para exercer sua fé de forma pessoal e livre de qualquer estruturação dogmática e eclesiástica

La définition de l’Oisans ne renvoie pas seulement à un ensemble cohérent de hauteurs mais plutôt à une symbolique autour de la montagne. L’avènement de l’alpinisme au XIXe siècle offre à ce territoire sa renommée. Processus engagé depuis le début du XXe siècle, la diffusion d’une culture de masse, transforme en profondeur les usages et la structuration économique et sociale de cette terre de pastoralisme. Elle s’accentue à partir des années 1960, faisant des pratiques de loisirs sportifs une ressource majeure de l’Oisans. Les retombées économiques des sports d’hiver incitent en parallèle l’État à mettre en œuvre une politique d’aménagement rationnel pilotée par le Plan neige. En Oisans, l’attractivité de nouveaux sites contribue à inverser les rapports de force entre les « hauts lieux » et les vallées. L’intérêt pour l’alpinisme s’étiole au profit du ski. Celui-ci, avec l’accroissement du temps libre, devient une nouvelle norme sociale et culturelle, un levier d’innovation, certes, mais qui se déploie ni de manière uniforme, ni homogène. Derrière un discours convenu, véhiculé par les agents de la transformation, se laissent entrevoir des conflits, des coopérations et des négociations à propos de la gestion des terrains de jeu. Un contexte de crise permanente s’installe, il freine bientôt les velléités de développement. La conception du progrès est contrariée dans les années 1970 par l’expression d’un courant annonciateur de nouvelles transformations. Dans le même temps, des voix s’élèvent contre l’urbanisation de la montagne, illustrant les controverses portées par ces mutations. À l’aube des années 1980 « l’esprit de la glisse » dont le snowboard, le VTT ou encore le vol libre sont des emblèmes, apporte un nouveau souffle à l’Oisans. Les représentations posées sur ces pratiques influencent les différents acteurs. Ainsi leurs contributions remodèlent l’Oisans de manière asymétrique en fonction d’une dynamique d’innovation inégalement répartie sur le territoire. / The definition of Oisans does not only refer to a coherent system of heights, but to symbolism around the mountains. The arrival of mountaineering in the 19th century is what made this area famous. The spread of a mass culture began in the beginning of the 20th century and transformed deeply the uses and the economic and social structuration of this land where pastoralism prevails. This intensifies in the 1960s, when recreational sports practices became a major resource in the Oisans economy. The economic fallout of winter sports thus encouraged the State to implement a policy of rational planning managed by the Plan neige (the snow plan). In Oisans, the attractiveness of new sites contributes to reversing the ratio of power between ski resorts at high altitudes and enclosed valleys. The interest for mountaineering withers in favor of skiing. With the increase of spare time, skiing becomes a new social and cultural norm, an innovation lever which does not spread out in a similar or homogeneous way. Indeed, behind the conventional speech conveyed by the agents of the transformation, one can find conflicts, cooperation and negotiations about the administration of the playing fields. A context of permanent crisis takes hold and stops the slight hope for development. In the 1970s, the conception of progress is thwarted by the expression of a trend annunciating new transformations. Simultaneously, some concerns are expressed against the urbanization of the mountains, which illustrates the controversies carried by these mutations. In the beginning of the 1980s, the spirit of winter and board sports, including snowboarding, mountain biking or hang-gliding, bring a breath of fresh air to Oisans. The representations based on these uses influence the different actors. Thereby, their contributions remodel the Oisans area in an asymmetric way, according to an innovation dynamic, which is unevenly shared within the area.

The emergence of the mule's role as a beast of burden working in mountain tourism is founded on our appreciation of this species' great attributes as a means of transport in the mountain environment. Our appreciation of mules does not always extend to their care and welfare. This is particularly true of the mountain tourism industry in Morocco, where this study is situated. Why has there been a collective absencing of the mule from the consciences of those involved in this industry? In seeking to answer this question and in moving towards the question of how the mountain tourism industry can be more present to the mule and to mule welfare, this thesis explores the multiple ways in which we know the mule. Drawing on a ten-year engagement with the industry, extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the High Atlas and an Action Research initiative supporting tour operators as they develop and implement welfare policy and practice, this thesis explores how mule welfare can be viewed as emerging from a multiplicity of practices that, in failing to cohere, become subject to negotiation and ontological politics. An alternative community approach based on dialogue is evoked that might allow a consensus to emerge over how welfare should be practised. The thesis focuses on the quality of the relationship between mules and humans. It emphasises the importance of genuine meeting and dialogue and the need for spaces and places in which mules and humans can come together to identify how they can establish relationships based on mutual trust and understanding rather than on control and domination. In prototyping better relationships between mules, muleteers and their employers, this thesis offers the mountain tourism industry transformative pathways toward a more equitable and sustainable co-creative project.

The diploma thesis contain complete solution for Mountain hotel with wellness center including project documentation. The building is situated near area of Beskydy Mountains. Building plot is located in village Kunčice pod Ondřejníkem. The hotel consists of three parts: Wellness center, restaurant facilities, accommodation with recreational areas. The building has 4 floors and is non-celluar. The roof in the first floor is solved by vegetation roof, followed up with metal sloping roof . Construction structure is made of Porotherm ceramic blocks.

Etudier les dynamiques et enjeux au sein d’un village de montagne, en Savoie, engendre une réflexion plus générale sur des questionnements importants de l’époque contemporaine. Jean-Marc Villermet a choisi d’aborder ce sujet pour plusieurs raisons : son attachement à cette région, la proximité des archives, le désir de réactiver le chantier de l’aménagement du territoire en altitude.Il s’intéressa à une région désertée, bien que située dans un espace montagnard réputé pour la qualité de ses sites dans une dimension internationale. Jamais la transformation et les mutations économiques et sociales des zones montagnardes en difficulté, souvent qualifiées d’immobiles, n’ont véritablement été étudiées pour elles-mêmes sous cet angle. Cela semblait donc une piste à la fois nouvelle et tout à fait digne d’intérêt ; d’autant que, situé en Maurienne, le territoire sur lequel se pencha l’auteur demeure aujourd’hui marginal, à l’écart des grands flux touristiques.Ainsi, à partir des années 1860, période où la Savoie devint française jusqu’aux mutations du XXIe siècle, Jean-Marc Villermet a voulu montrer toute la relativité des concepts classiques, voire datés, d’immobilisme ou d’archaïsme, y compris pour un espace montagnard « en souffrance ». Il en étudia les métamorphoses dans toute leur complexité.Cette analyse fine vise à comprendre comment les processus économiques et sociaux ont été portés, vécus et perçus par les individus et comment ils se sont manifestés dans l’espace. Le terrain choisi, l’espace Grand Arc - Lauzière, identifié par le village de Montsapey, dans le canton d’Aiguebelle, sur la rive droite de l’Arc, répond aux critères recherchés : ceux d’une région d’altitude traversée par la déprise rurale depuis un siècle, relativement isolée, bordée en amont et en aval par d’autres territoires beaucoup plus dynamiques.La démarche adoptée se situe au carrefour de plusieurs écoles historiques. Se référant au changement dans sa globalité, ce travail se nourrit des enseignements des grandes thèses classiques d’histoire relatives aux mutations économiques et sociales. Par ailleurs, se réclamant de la micro histoire, l’auteur en utilise les apports et les éclairages.Les sources exploitées proviennent du dépôt des archives départementales de la Savoie et des archives communales sur le territoire étudié. Celles-ci sont confrontées aux documents émanant de différents centres d’archives à Paris. La presse nationale et régionale apporte des éclairages intéressants. Un important travail de collecte d’archives privées a également été effectué, complété par la réalisation de nombreux entretiens et d’un abondant recours à l’iconographie.Proposée dans la première partie de la thèse, l’analyse d’un territoire montagnard a priori fermé, mais en réalité ouvert sur le monde, s’avère riche d’enseignements. Jean-Marc Villermet s’est attaché à démontrer l’importance des mouvements de population en montagne dans une dimension nationale et internationale ; la circulation des hommes et des idées. Il s’agit d’évaluer les conséquences des mouvements migratoires sur l’aménagement du territoire. Les permanences et les « archaïsmes » qui perdurèrent furent accompagnés de regards neufs portés sur la montagne lorsque les hommes explorent les formes, franchissent les reliefs par la voie aérienne et souterraine ou extraient des richesses minérales.La deuxième partie est consacrée aux inéluctables tensions qui perdurèrent pour aménager le territoire : entre offre et demande de montagne. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à l’heure de l’essor des stations de sports d’hiver dans les Alpes, soixante-dix ans de projections permirent d’élaborer des stratégies variées pour dynamiser la pente aux portes de la Maurienne. Des activités économiques pérennes furent envisagées même si elles laissèrent peu de traces durablement. La montagne constitue-t-elle alors un espace de conquête ou d’abandon ? Il y a peut-être de nouveaux concepts à imaginer. / Analysing spatial dynamics and major issues in a mountain village needs to carry out a general review. Jean-Marc Villermet has chosen to study this subject for many reasons : his attachment to the area, public records going back to centuries, and a desire to promote land-use planning at high altitude.His interrest to an abandoned area, even though part of a famous wild space, is consistent with an international focus. All economic, technical and societal developments forcing mentalities and practices to change, have not yet been studied or evaluated from this perspective in moutain areas in trouble, often qualified as unmovable. This clearly is an interesting new lead to follow up on, in at much this area studied by the author remains marginal, out of the major tourism flows.In this way, from the 1860s, date of the french Savoy period, to the beginning of the XXIst century, Jean-Marc Villermet wishes to demonstrate a significant impact on relativity of conventional concepts challenging the status quo, absolute inaction, archaic procedures concerning this remaining action mountain area. The transformation must be assessed with a thorough understanding of this complexity.The narrow consideration of territories also aims to discover the economic and social process implemented, experienced and seen by different groups in society and how they occupied the territorial space. This area, Grand-Arc-Lauziere mountain, identified by Montsapey, a balcony nestled on the Arc river valley, meets the search criteria : a high-altitude isolated land subjected to an over century-long rural decline, impacted upstream and downstream by much more dynamic territories.The approach adopted is at the crossroads of historical trends. Refering to a global change, this study capitalizes on the experience and knowledge that has been accumulated under many PhDs in economic and social history. Availling himself of the micro-history, the author uses its benefits shedding light on the matter.Sources come from records filed with the local and departmental archives, faced with national archives in Paris. The national and regional daily newspapers bring a different approach. A substancial data collection was performed, supplemented with additional interviews and images.As suggested in the first part of the study, analysing major issues in a mountain village, both a closed territory and a land opened up to the World, offers a detailed and insightful account of history. Jean-Marc Villermet is committed to show the huge population swift towards cities with a national and international perspective, movements of people and flows of information. This study evaluates how migratory flows affect land-use planning. Archaic conditions and outdated practices were accompagnied by new perspectives, when people explored the mountains from the air or tunnels and underpasses, to extract mineral resources.The second part is dedicated to the ineluctable tensions that continued : the balance of supply and demand and changes in patterns of mountain request. After World War II, at a time where ski resorts were built in the French Alps, during seventy years, many essential coordinated strategies were prepared to stimulate sustainable, long-term and effective activities on the slope of the mountains around Montsapey. Today, does it reflect the values of a community on a conquered territory or a derelicted place ? An original creative effective concept has to be imagined for the future.

War ranged in the mountains during the four years of the American Civil War. Campaigns intended to capture the Cumberland Gap and the vital railroad line leading out of Knoxville, Tennessee became a prerogative. However, these campaigns evolved from large infantry units to mobile mounted units that allowed them to operate in the mountainous region of Southern Appalachia. First commanders in the area experimented with using the common infantry units, as they would in any military campaign, but they soon found that large infantry units ate out the surrounding communities. Commanders found that mounted units could quickly move through the mountains and to their destination, thereby living off the land for a shorter amount of time and accomplishing their missions more successfully.