Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone / The goal of this research is to define self sufficiency for mountain communities, understand the resources that make up a mountain community, and describe how current and future mountain communities can take steps toward self sufficiency. What the report explores and finds is that most mountain communities have all the resources available to become autonomous, sustainable areas able to support human, wildlife, and environmental health. This conclusion came from an extensive literature review on the resources of mountain communities, followed by analysis of the resources held in the mountain community of Summerhaven, Arizona. A list of prescriptive steps based on Summerhaven’s current needs is discussed, giving the community a ranked order of how they can utilize their resources to full potential and become autonomous to any outside resources. While further research into other communities is needed to more effectively understand the different scope of resource issues mountain communities are facing, this report has a general view of what effects all mountain communities. No two mountain communities will be the same in their resource needs, but the analysis on Summerhaven can be repeated in all existing communities. Self sufficiency in mountain communities is entirely possible and should be explored in order to make the mountain a healthy, sustainable, and beautiful landscape to be enjoyed by people for the rest of the time that they will be occupying Earth.

Globalization affects all types of rural places and it is time to know whether this process is in accordance to sustainable development. Here, I analyze the concept of sustainability and its strategies applied at local levels.The sustainable local strategies model brings the opportunity to see the interrelationships of events and current phenomena at spatial scales and at different organizational levels; it allows to see more clearly the intrinsic of the unions of the socioeconomic, political-cultural and environmental dimensions. It allows to pick-up the vulnerabilities of the local systems and the opportunities involved. It contemplates individuals, families, and communities as active actors and appreciates their knowledge and creativity. In my opinion, this model has also the potential to develop as the application experiences are accumulated. / La globalización afecta a las zonas rurales de todo tipo y ya es tiempo de saber si esta va de acuerdo con lo que se entiende como desarrollo sostenible. Aquí se analiza el concepto de sostenibilidad y sus estrategias a nivel local, a la vez que se señalan sus limitaciones y defectos.El modelo de estrategias locales sostenibles permite apreciar las interrelaciones de eventos y fenómenos ocurrentes a escalas espaciales y a niveles organizacionales diferentes; deja ver con más claridad lo intrínseco de las uniones de las dimensiones socioeconómica, político-cultural y medioambientales de la realidad. También, permite captar las vulnerabilidades de los sistemas locales y las oportunidades que encuentran. Contempla a los individuos, a las familias y a las comunidades como actores activos y aprecia su saber y su creatividad. En mi opinión, el modelo tiene también el potencial de su desarrollo, a medida que se vayan acumulando las experiencias de su aplicación.

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L’analyse des politiques fiscales des communautés autonomes de la Val Seriana (XVe-XVIe siècle) montre l’existence d’une relation asymétrique entre la République de Venise, la Commune urbaine de Bergame et les pouvoirs locaux. Dès la conquête, la Dominante et les Communes rurales entament des rapports qui garantissent à la République ses recettes fiscales et aux communautés la tutelle de leur autonomie administrative. La ville perd définitivement son influence directe institutionnelle et donc fiscale sur cette parties de son district. Cette relation continue, renforcée, pendant les deux siècles suivants, en dépit des transformations des modèles de prélèvement (introduction de contributions extraordinaires et d’une taxe militaire unique remplaçant des anciennes charges; fin XVe – début XVIe siècles). Ces changements et l’augmentation de la demande fiscale, due principalement aux guerres en Italie et en Orient, emmènent au développement d’un nouveau système financier local, remplaçant des anciennes organisations fondées sur des impositions tels que les dazi. Bien que bénéfique pour l’entière communauté, ces nouvelles institutions restent sous le contrôle des familles locales qui gouvernent déjà la Commune ; le nouveau système se fonde sur l’emprunt public émis par des créanciers privés, qui font souvent partie de la classe dirigeante locale, et sur la vente et location des biens communs des communautés. / The analysis of the local fiscal policies of the autonomous communities of the Val Seriana during the XV and XVI centuries proves the existence of a three-sided, asymmetrical equilibrium between the Republic of Venice, the Commune of Bergamo and local powers. Whilst the Town manages to influence the communities' choices from a marginalised position, the Republic and the latter share a pact that benefits them respectively in fiscal revenues and protection of autonomy. This relationship will strenghten in time, through the transformations of the Venetian fiscal system (late XV century) that will put more emphasis on extraordinary revenues and monetisation of military corvées. These radical changes combined with the financial strain coming from the renewed war engagement in Italy and in the East that will increase Venetian fiscal demand, will locally set a trend for the development around communal finances of a new apparatus, replacing the old system based on customs. Though beneficial for the whole community, this system will be largely managed by local governing families; its roots will be public borrowing from private businessmen (often, relations to the members of the political management) and the commercialisation of a portion of the communal properties.