Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Mark Parillo / America forged a successful way of war that relied on adaptation, and this trait was not simply an adjunct to industrial might as a reason why the Allies won World War II. An American penchant for organization and corporate management allowed for mass production of war material, which clearly contributed to Axis defeat. However, to claim that the Axis Powers were merely overwhelmed by an avalanche of weapons and supply is reductionist. This dissertation contends that adaptability was as much an American way of war as mass production and overwhelming firepower. The particular nature of American adaptability and its contribution to Allied victory are exhibited in the Army’s use of animal power during a conflict synonymous with mechanized warfare and advanced technology. The application of pre-modern technology in a modern, machine-driven war was not archaic. On the contrary, the nature of American adaptability allowed the Army to move forward by retreating down a culturally constructed hierarchy of modernity and employing the traditional mode of animal transportation. The Army’s technological regression from motors to mules in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and China-Burma-India during World War II is the focus of this work. Americans possessed material abundance in campaigns across Western Europe and the Central Pacific in 1944 and 1945, as German and Japanese prisoners attested. Mountains of artillery shells, fuel, and food, however, did not exist in the backwater “sideshows.” American military success on the periphery was not due to material abundance, nor to a greater sense of determination. America won the backwater campaigns because the nature of American adaptability was cultivated over the centuries and converted from a way of life to an American way of war.

Orientador: Celso Antônio Rodrigues / Resumo: O comportamento das mulas, durante o estro, influencia negativamente sua função zootécnica. A ovariectomia tem se apresentado como forma de torná-las mais cooperativas. Procedimentos realizados por videocirurgia se apresentam com uma possibilidade para reduzir as complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Então, foram utilizadas 9 mulas, com idade de 7,9 ± 3,2 anos, pesando 352 ± 76 kg. Realizou-se estudo do comportamento reprodutivo dos animais durante a rufiação com garanhão equino, nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral. A duração do estro foi de 6,4 ± 1,4 dias. As ovulações ocorreram 5,3 ± 2,6 dias após o início dos sinais de estro. Os sinais que apresentaram maior correlação foram micção frequente (MF) e levantamento da cauda (LC) (0,79) e imobilidade (IM) e LC (0,76) enquanto que os que apresentaram menor correlação foram aproximação do macho (AM) e LC (0,26) e AM e MF (0,29). Posteriormente foi realizada a ovariectomia por videolaparoscopia e no pós-operatório foi realizado o acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial para caracterizar possíveis complicações da técnica. Para hemostasia dos vasos presentes no pedículo ovariano utilizou-se no grupo A um bisturi ultrassônico e no grupo B um aplicador de clips de laqueação de titânio. Observou-se que o grau de dificuldade da ovariectomia foi inversamente proporcional ao tamanho do ovário. O enfisema subcutâneo foi a complicação pós-operatória mais evidente, sendo observada em todo grupo (9/9), e o hemoperitôneo foi considerado a complic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The mules’ behavior influences their zootecnical function negatively during the estrus. Ovariectomy is an interesting way to make these animals more cooperative. Videosurgeric procedures has become a possibility to reduce operative and postoperative complications. Nine mules underwent the procedure and were followed from January to May 2017. The average age of the animals was 7,9 ± 3,2 years old and the weight approximately 352 ± 76 kg. A prospective evaluation of reproductive behavior was set during the ruffling of the stallion equine, along different phases of the estrus. Estrus length was 6,4 ± 1,4 days. Ovulation occurred 5.3 ± 2.6 days after the onset of estrus signs. The signs that presented the highest correlation were frequent micturition (MF) with tail lifting (LC) (0,79) and immobility with just LC (0,76). The least correlations were male approximation (AM) with LC and AM with MF. Subsequently, video-laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. In post-operative days, clinical follow up and laboratory assay were performed to detect possible complications. Two groups were randomly selected for ultrasonic scalpel (group A) and titanium clips (group B) aiming the hemostasis of the vascular pedicle on the ovaries. The difficulty of the procedure was greater as smaller the ovary was. Some complications were observed. Subcutaneous emphysema was found in all mules studied, possibly caused by CO2 blowing. On the other hand, hemo-peritoneum was uncommon (just one animal developed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The emergence of the mule's role as a beast of burden working in mountain tourism is founded on our appreciation of this species' great attributes as a means of transport in the mountain environment. Our appreciation of mules does not always extend to their care and welfare. This is particularly true of the mountain tourism industry in Morocco, where this study is situated. Why has there been a collective absencing of the mule from the consciences of those involved in this industry? In seeking to answer this question and in moving towards the question of how the mountain tourism industry can be more present to the mule and to mule welfare, this thesis explores the multiple ways in which we know the mule. Drawing on a ten-year engagement with the industry, extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the High Atlas and an Action Research initiative supporting tour operators as they develop and implement welfare policy and practice, this thesis explores how mule welfare can be viewed as emerging from a multiplicity of practices that, in failing to cohere, become subject to negotiation and ontological politics. An alternative community approach based on dialogue is evoked that might allow a consensus to emerge over how welfare should be practised. The thesis focuses on the quality of the relationship between mules and humans. It emphasises the importance of genuine meeting and dialogue and the need for spaces and places in which mules and humans can come together to identify how they can establish relationships based on mutual trust and understanding rather than on control and domination. In prototyping better relationships between mules, muleteers and their employers, this thesis offers the mountain tourism industry transformative pathways toward a more equitable and sustainable co-creative project.

Na região Amazônica do Norte do Brasil, Panicum maximum cultivares Mombaça, Tanzânia e Massai causam cólica severa e morte durante o período chuvoso quando os pastos em brotação são pastejados pelos equídeos. Em oito surtos estudados, um total de 52 de 153 equídeos adoeceram e 19 morreram (10 mulas e 9 cavalos). Os sinais clínicos foram de cólica e dilatação abdominal e os sinais clínicos variaram de 12 horas a 4 dias. As atividades séricas de gama glutamiltransferase e aspartato aminotransferase estavam em níveis normais e os valores séricos de uréia e creatinina se mostravam elevados esporadicamente. Os principais achados macroscópicos e microscópicos observados foram no sistema digestivo. O estômago, intestino delgado e grosso apresentavam hemorragia severa, ulcerações e erosões da mucosa. Ao exame histológico foram observadas gastrite linfoplasmocitária difusa e enterite com congestão severa e hemorragias, e ocasionalmente necrose epitelial e ulceração. Necrose linfocítica do tecido linfóide associada ao intestino foi observada ocasionalmente. Nefrose tubular ocorreu em alguns animais. Em relação à etiologia da doença, nos estudos dos surtos foram pesquisadas três causas prováveis: intoxicação por saponinas contidas nas pastagens; intoxicação por esporidesmina produzida por Pithomyces chartarum; e intoxicação por cantaridina produzida por Epicauta spp. Os pastos foram negativos para as saponinas diosgenina e yamosgenina, os níveis de oxalato estavam dentro da normalidade para a espécie e não foram encontrados besouros do gênero Epicauta na pastagem. Foram realizados 3 experimentos com Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça em brotação. No experimento 1, realizado na época de seca, dez animais receberam no cocho durante 40 dias o capim em brotação recém cortado sem adoecer. No experimento 2, realizado na época de chuvas, outros 10 animais receberam capim recém cortado em brotação no cocho. Adoeceram dois animais, um no 5º dia e outro no 11º dia de experimento com sinais clínicos de cólica sendo retirados do experimento. No experimento 3, também durante a época de chuvas, com o capim em brotação, os mesmos 10 animais foram separados em dois grupos de 5, um grupo recebia capim recém cortado e o outro recebia o capim cortado, dessecado à sombra durante 24 horas antes da administração. No experimento 3, no grupo que recebia o capim coletado com 24 horas de antecedência, um animal adoeceu no 13º dia de experimento e também foi retirado do experimento. Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas nas amostras de P. maximum cv. Mombaça e Tanzânia aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias de crescimento vegetativo para verificar os valores de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Os valores médios de CNF encontrados nas 36 amostras das pastagens aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias foram de 19,15, 19,36, 10,61 e 12,90%, respectivamente. Esses valores são mais do que o dobro do observado em pastagens de P. maximum em outras regiões do Brasil, indicando que as cólicas causadas por P. maximum na região Amazônica poderiam estar ligadas à grande concentração de CNF durante a época de chuvas, causando distúrbios fermentativos, com produção de gás e cólicas. / In the Amazon region of northern Brazil, Panicum maximum cultivars Mombaça, Tanzania, and Massai cause severe colic and death in horses and mules. The disease occurs in the rainy season, when sprouting pastures are grazed by equidae. In the 8 separate disease outbreaks studied, a total of 52 out of 153 equidae were affected, including 19 that died (10 mules and 9 horses). Clinical signs were colic and abdominal dilatation, with a clinical manifestation period of 12 hr to 4 days. Serum activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase and aspartate aminotransferase were within reference intervals; however, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were occasionally elevated. The primary gross and histologic lesions were observed in the digestive system. The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine had severe hemorrhages and mucosal erosions and ulcerations. Histologic examination revealed diffuse lymphoplasmacytic gastritis and enteritis with severe congestion, hemorrhage, and occasional epithelial necrosis and ulceration. Lymphocellular necrosis was occasionally observed within gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Tubular nephrosis occurred in some animals. In the outbreaks the toxic pastures were negative for diosgenin- and yamogenin-based saponins, and oxalate concentrations were within reference intervals for the species. Epicauta spp was not found in the pastures. Three experiments were performed with growing Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça in penned horses. In Experiment 1, performed during the dry season, 10 horses were fed with sprouting P. maximum immediately after collection during 40 days, without showing clinical signs. In Experiment 2, performed during the raining season, other 10 horses were fed with recently harvested sprouting P. maximum. Two horses showed colic on the 5th and 11th days after the start of the ingestion. The other animals showed dilated abdomen due to gas production. In Experiment 3, also during the raining season the same 10 horses used in experiment 2 were divided in two groups of 5 horses each. Group 1 received P. maximum immediately after harvesting, and Group 2 received the Grass 24 hours after harvesting. One horse from group 2 showed colic on day 13th after the start of feeding. Nutritional analysis was performed in pastures of P. maximum cv Tanzania causing colic and in the pastures of P. maximum cv Mombaça used for Experiments 2 and 3. The pastures were examined at the start of the raining season, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after been cut. Mean concentrations of non structural carbohydrates (NSC) in 36 samples at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of regrowth were 19.15%, 19.36%, 10.61% and 12,9%, respectively. The concentrations of NSC at 15 days after cutting were more than twice the concentrations reported in other Brazilian regions, suggesting that colic in horses in P. maximum pastures, in the Northern (Amazon) region are due to high concentrations of non NSC during growing of the pastures on the raining season, causing a fermentative disturb followed by gas production, abdominal dilatation and colic.

Na região Amazônica do Norte do Brasil, Panicum maximum cultivares Mombaça, Tanzânia e Massai causam cólica severa e morte durante o período chuvoso quando os pastos em brotação são pastejados pelos equídeos. Em oito surtos estudados, um total de 52 de 153 equídeos adoeceram e 19 morreram (10 mulas e 9 cavalos). Os sinais clínicos foram de cólica e dilatação abdominal e os sinais clínicos variaram de 12 horas a 4 dias. As atividades séricas de gama glutamiltransferase e aspartato aminotransferase estavam em níveis normais e os valores séricos de uréia e creatinina se mostravam elevados esporadicamente. Os principais achados macroscópicos e microscópicos observados foram no sistema digestivo. O estômago, intestino delgado e grosso apresentavam hemorragia severa, ulcerações e erosões da mucosa. Ao exame histológico foram observadas gastrite linfoplasmocitária difusa e enterite com congestão severa e hemorragias, e ocasionalmente necrose epitelial e ulceração. Necrose linfocítica do tecido linfóide associada ao intestino foi observada ocasionalmente. Nefrose tubular ocorreu em alguns animais. Em relação à etiologia da doença, nos estudos dos surtos foram pesquisadas três causas prováveis: intoxicação por saponinas contidas nas pastagens; intoxicação por esporidesmina produzida por Pithomyces chartarum; e intoxicação por cantaridina produzida por Epicauta spp. Os pastos foram negativos para as saponinas diosgenina e yamosgenina, os níveis de oxalato estavam dentro da normalidade para a espécie e não foram encontrados besouros do gênero Epicauta na pastagem. Foram realizados 3 experimentos com Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça em brotação. No experimento 1, realizado na época de seca, dez animais receberam no cocho durante 40 dias o capim em brotação recém cortado sem adoecer. No experimento 2, realizado na época de chuvas, outros 10 animais receberam capim recém cortado em brotação no cocho. Adoeceram dois animais, um no 5º dia e outro no 11º dia de experimento com sinais clínicos de cólica sendo retirados do experimento. No experimento 3, também durante a época de chuvas, com o capim em brotação, os mesmos 10 animais foram separados em dois grupos de 5, um grupo recebia capim recém cortado e o outro recebia o capim cortado, dessecado à sombra durante 24 horas antes da administração. No experimento 3, no grupo que recebia o capim coletado com 24 horas de antecedência, um animal adoeceu no 13º dia de experimento e também foi retirado do experimento. Foram realizadas análises bromatológicas nas amostras de P. maximum cv. Mombaça e Tanzânia aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias de crescimento vegetativo para verificar os valores de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Os valores médios de CNF encontrados nas 36 amostras das pastagens aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias foram de 19,15, 19,36, 10,61 e 12,90%, respectivamente. Esses valores são mais do que o dobro do observado em pastagens de P. maximum em outras regiões do Brasil, indicando que as cólicas causadas por P. maximum na região Amazônica poderiam estar ligadas à grande concentração de CNF durante a época de chuvas, causando distúrbios fermentativos, com produção de gás e cólicas. / In the Amazon region of northern Brazil, Panicum maximum cultivars Mombaça, Tanzania, and Massai cause severe colic and death in horses and mules. The disease occurs in the rainy season, when sprouting pastures are grazed by equidae. In the 8 separate disease outbreaks studied, a total of 52 out of 153 equidae were affected, including 19 that died (10 mules and 9 horses). Clinical signs were colic and abdominal dilatation, with a clinical manifestation period of 12 hr to 4 days. Serum activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase and aspartate aminotransferase were within reference intervals; however, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were occasionally elevated. The primary gross and histologic lesions were observed in the digestive system. The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine had severe hemorrhages and mucosal erosions and ulcerations. Histologic examination revealed diffuse lymphoplasmacytic gastritis and enteritis with severe congestion, hemorrhage, and occasional epithelial necrosis and ulceration. Lymphocellular necrosis was occasionally observed within gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Tubular nephrosis occurred in some animals. In the outbreaks the toxic pastures were negative for diosgenin- and yamogenin-based saponins, and oxalate concentrations were within reference intervals for the species. Epicauta spp was not found in the pastures. Three experiments were performed with growing Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça in penned horses. In Experiment 1, performed during the dry season, 10 horses were fed with sprouting P. maximum immediately after collection during 40 days, without showing clinical signs. In Experiment 2, performed during the raining season, other 10 horses were fed with recently harvested sprouting P. maximum. Two horses showed colic on the 5th and 11th days after the start of the ingestion. The other animals showed dilated abdomen due to gas production. In Experiment 3, also during the raining season the same 10 horses used in experiment 2 were divided in two groups of 5 horses each. Group 1 received P. maximum immediately after harvesting, and Group 2 received the Grass 24 hours after harvesting. One horse from group 2 showed colic on day 13th after the start of feeding. Nutritional analysis was performed in pastures of P. maximum cv Tanzania causing colic and in the pastures of P. maximum cv Mombaça used for Experiments 2 and 3. The pastures were examined at the start of the raining season, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after been cut. Mean concentrations of non structural carbohydrates (NSC) in 36 samples at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of regrowth were 19.15%, 19.36%, 10.61% and 12,9%, respectively. The concentrations of NSC at 15 days after cutting were more than twice the concentrations reported in other Brazilian regions, suggesting that colic in horses in P. maximum pastures, in the Northern (Amazon) region are due to high concentrations of non NSC during growing of the pastures on the raining season, causing a fermentative disturb followed by gas production, abdominal dilatation and colic.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-17T15:07:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Elenice Marta de Barros.pdf: 718146 bytes, checksum: 4936ce6a9a93d59d120dd879462c4201 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T15:15:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Elenice Marta de Barros.pdf: 718146 bytes, checksum: 4936ce6a9a93d59d120dd879462c4201 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T15:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Elenice Marta de Barros.pdf: 718146 bytes, checksum: 4936ce6a9a93d59d120dd879462c4201 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-04 / O presente estudo avaliou equídeos de 26 fazendas da região do pantanal matogrossense, sendo 122 equídeos testados pela Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) para detectar os genes de Babesia, Theileria, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia e Neorickettsia e 109 pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) frente a antígenos de Ehrlichia canis. Das amostras testadas na PCR, 17 (14,0%) animais foram positivos. Das amostras positivas 16 foram 100% idênticas a sequencias de Theileria equi e uma foi 99% similar a sequência de Babesia caballi disponível no GenBank. Das 26 fazendas amostradas, 14 (53,8%) apresentaram equídeos positivos. Pela RIFI, 42 (38,5%) equídeos foram soropositivos para antígenos de Ehrlichia spp. sendo 27 amostras (64,3%) com títulos de 40 e 15 (35,7%) com títulos de 320. Das 25 fazendas do município de Poconé avaliadas, 18 (52,0%) apresentaram equídeos soropositivos. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que T. equi e B. caballi infectam equinos nos municípios de Poconé e Barra do Bugre e a presença de anticorpos anti-Ehrlichia spp. sugere a circulação entre os equídeos de espécies antigenicamente relacionadas aos gêneros Ehrlichia e Anaplasma, entretanto a negatividade nos exames de PCR pode indicar provável processo crônico desses agentes. / The present study evaluated equids from 26 ranches in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso State. One hundred and twenty two equides were evaluated by means the Polimerase Chain Raction (PCR) to detect genes of Babesia, Theileria, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia and 109 were tested by means the Imunofluorescent Antibodie Test (IFAT) against Ehrlichia canis antigens. From the total tested in PCR, 17 (14.0%) equids were positive, and 16 yielded amplicons 100% identical to Theileria equi and one presented 99% of similarity to Babesia caballi available on GenBank. Positive equids were from 14 ranches (53.8%). Forty two (38.5%) equids were positive by IFAT and 27 showed titres of 40 (64.3%) and 15 showed titers of 320 (35.7%). From the total of 25 ranches evaluated in IFAT, 18 (52.0%) presented seropositive equids. Our results showed that T. equi and B. caballi are infecting equids in the municipalities of Poconé and Barra do Bugres and the presence of anti-Ehrlichia antibodies suggests that specie closed related to the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are circulating among the equid local population. Moreover, the negative results in PCR possible is related to the chronic infection phase.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-25T12:12:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizete de Oliveira.pdf: 871467 bytes, checksum: 2108221263800831d42c4abd23f82e79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T12:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizete de Oliveira.pdf: 871467 bytes, checksum: 2108221263800831d42c4abd23f82e79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / The objective of this study was to investigate antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii in sera from donkeys and mules raised in the Northeast of Brazil. We used 483 samples (395 mules and 88 donkeys) from four states in Northeastern Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Sergipe). For the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii was used the technique of Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) with a cut off 64. Observed frequencies of 23.8% and 43.2% positivity for mules and donkeys, respectively. The state of Pernambuco had the highest frequency of positive samples (29.2%).There was a statistically significant difference in relation to specie (p<0.001) and state (p=0.048). This study is the pioneer in notifying the occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in mules and donkeys in the studied States. And it must be considered as an essential alert to the responsible health authorities regarding the eminent risk of equine meat ingestion. / Objetivou-se com este estudo pesquisar anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em soros de muares e asininos criados na região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas 483 amostras (395 muares e 88 asininos) procedentes de quatro estados da região Nordeste do Brasil (Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe). Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii foi utilizada a técnica da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) com ponto de corte 64. Foram observadas frequências de 23,8% e 43,2% de positividade para muares e asininos, respectivamente. O estado de Pernambuco apresentou a maior frequência de amostras positivas (29,2%), observando-se diferença estatística significativa quanto à espécie (p<0,001) e estado (p=0,048). Este estudo é pioneiro no que se refere à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em muares e asininos nos estados estudados e serve de alerta às autoridades sanitárias para o risco de ingestão de carne de equídeos.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-17T16:03:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Paula Cardoso de Almeida Silva.pdf: 2121155 bytes, checksum: b827c0e7a20bdec7ae36fca85e2c8455 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T16:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Paula Cardoso de Almeida Silva.pdf: 2121155 bytes, checksum: b827c0e7a20bdec7ae36fca85e2c8455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Embryo transfer and other biotechnologies are intensivelyused for equine reproduction and other species as well. Even though there is an expansion of the mule market and an increase in the number of animals, researches working with reproduction of these animals are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate aspects of embryo transfer, embryo morphology and gender identification of hybrid (horses x donkeys) embryos, checking either their similarity or divergence with the characteristics already known of equine embryos. Attempts of embryo collection on Day 6 -9 after OV were performed in mares previously bred with a P?ga donkey. The embryo recovery rates, the characteristics related to age, morphology and embryonic diameter were evaluated. After these assessments, a group of embryos was cut using an adapted technique, where, the cutting process was carried out with the aid of an ophthalmic scalpel blade. The resulting biggest cut portion was used for embryo transfer, and the smallest parts and the others whole embryos to determination of the embryo gender. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, with 5% significance, except the daily growth of embryos, which was analyzed by linear regression. The overall embryo recovery rate was 55,9% (71/127), and for each group D6, D7, D8 and D9, was 57,1% (28/49), 51% (25/49), 63% (15/24) 60% (3/5), respectively. The developmental stage of the collected embryos were, morula: 18.3% (13/71); early blastocysts: 26,8% (19/71); blastocyst: 29,6% (21/71); and expanded blastocysts: 25,3% (18/71). The measured diameter revealed that the size of the embryos ranged from 147 to 1688?m, the mean diameter of all collected embryos was 438,04?m, and according to different groups, the average size (smallest and largest diameter) of embryos were D6 (n = 29) - 183,4?m (147 - 253?m), D7 (n = 24) - 463,2?m (168 - 886?m), D8 (n = 15) - 727,2?m (422 - 1224?m ) and D9 (n = 3) - 1350,6?m (844 - 1688?m), and daily growth rate was 312,7?m. After the section, the 23 embryos were transfered, only one recipient mare was diagnosed as pregnant at 15 days after ovulation, however after 30 days the embryo was lost. The efficiency of the sex identification by PCR using the primers SRY and ZFX / ZFY was 85,9% (61/71), being 55,7% (34/61) determined as female: and 39,3% (27/61) as male. Embryo transfer has shown to be favorable to aid mule reproduction, whereas the recovery rate and the characteristics of the embryos are similar to equine embryos. Altough, the methodology used to section of embryos had unable the gestational development, the most part of the biopsy derived cutting allowed sexing of the embryos / A transfer?ncia de embri?es e outras biotecnologias reprodutivas s?o cada vez mais utilizadas para a produ??o de equinos e de outros animais, entretanto, mesmo com a expans?o do mercado de muares e com crescimento do n?mero de animais, as pesquisas relacionadas com a produ??o desses animais ainda s?o raras. O presente estudo avaliou as caracter?sticas relacionadas ? transfer?ncia de embri?es, a morfologia e a identifica??o do sexo de embri?es h?bridos (muares), verificando sua semelhan?a ou diverg?ncia com as caracter?sticas j? conhecidas em equinos. Foram realizadas colheitas de embri?es provenientes do cruzamento de ?guas com um jumento P?ga, nos dias 6, 7, 8 e 9 ap?s a ovula??o, a taxa de recupera??o embrion?ria, e as caracter?sticas relacionadas com a idade, morfologia e di?metro embrion?rio foram avaliadas para os diferentes dias. Ap?s essas avalia??es, uma parte dos embri?es coletados foi seccionada, com uma t?cnica adaptada onde o corte foi realizado com o aux?lio de uma l?mina de bisturi oftalmol?gico. A maior por??o resultante do corte foi destinada para transfer?ncia de embri?es e a menor parte, juntamente com os embri?es inteiros, foram utilizados para verificar a efici?ncia dos primers SRY e ZFX/ZFY, na an?lise molecular para a determina??o do sexo dos embri?es. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Exato de Fisher, com 5% de signific?ncia, exceto o crescimento di?rio dos embri?es que foi analisado atrav?s da regress?o linear. A taxa de recupera??o embrion?ria total foi de 55,9% (71/127), e para os diferentes dias de colheita D6, D7, D8 e D9, foi 57,1% (28/49), 51% (25/49), 63% (15/24), 60% (3/5), respectivamente. Os embri?es coletados apresentavam-se nos seguintes est?gios de desenvolvimento, m?rulas: 18,3% (13/71); blastocistos iniciais: 26,8% (19/71); blastocistos: 29,6% (21/71); e blastocistos expandidos: 25,3% (18/71). O di?metro mensurado revelou que o tamanho dos embri?es variou entre 147 - 1688?m, a m?dia do di?metro de todos os embri?es recolhidos foi de 438,04?m, e de acordo com os diferentes dias de colheita, o tamanho m?dio (maior e menor di?metro) dos embri?es foi de: D6 (n = 29) ? 183,4?m (147 - 253?m), D7 (n = 24) ? 463,2?m (168 - 886?m), D8 (n = 15) ? 727,2?m (422 - 1224?m) e D9 (n = 3) ? 1350,6?m (844 ? 1688?m), e a taxa de crescimento di?ria foi de 312,7?m. Ap?s a sec??o e transfer?ncia de 23 embri?es, apenas uma receptora foi diagnosticada como gestante aos 15 dias, mas aos 30 dias, o embri?o tinha sido absorvido. A identifica??o do sexo atrav?s da t?cnica de PCR, utilizando os primers SRY e ZFx/ZFy foi de 85,9% (61/71), sendo determinado f?meas: 55,7% (34/61) e machos: 39,3% (27/61). A transfer?ncia de embri?es ? favor?vel para auxiliar na produ??o de muares, a taxa de recupera??o e as caracter?sticas dos embri?es s?o semelhantes aos embri?es equinos. A metodologia de sec??o dos embri?es, inviabilizou o desenvolvimento gestacional, entretanto a biopsia oriunda do corte permitiu a sexagem da maioria dos embri?es coletados.