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Multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) is the second member the C subfamily in the superfamily of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters. MRP2 is a critical player for generation of bile acidindependent bile flow and biliary excretion of glutathione, glucuronate and sulfate conjugates of endo- and xenobiotics. Dysfunctional expression of MRP2 is associated with Dubin-Johnson Syndrome. Pathological and physiological states or xenobiotics change the MRP2 expression level. Under some conditions, expression of the human MRP2 and rat Mrp2 proteins are regulated at the translation level. There are several transcription initiation sites in MRP2/Mrp2 gene. The 5’ untranslated regions (5’UTRs) of MRP2/Mrp2 contains multiple translation start codons. The focus of this study, therefore, was investigation of the translational regulatory mechanisms mediated by the upstream open reading frames (uORF) of MRP2/Mrp2. Using in vitro translation assays and transient cotransfection assays in HepG2 cells, we showed that the rat uORF1 starting at position -109 (relative to the ATG of Mrp2) and the human uORF2 starting at position -105 (relative to the ATG of MRP2) are two major cis-acting inhibitors of translation among the rat and human multiple uORFs, respectively. Translational regulation mediated by the uORFs in the rat Mrp2 mRNA is a combined effect of the leaky scanning model and the reinitiation model, and also results from interaction of the multiple uORFs. In addition, by Ribonuclease Protection Assays (RPA), we detected multiple transcription initiation sites of MRP2/Mrp2 gene in tissues. We also found that the relative abundance of the rat Mrp2 mRNA isoforms with different 5’UTRs differed in the rat liver, kidney, jejunum, ileum, placenta, and lung. This is the first study on the translational regulatory mechanisms of the MRP2/Mrp2 gene.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gerardi_dg_dr_jabo.pdf: 906206 bytes, checksum: 29e6a477f11cbcccee68cc2a21495f1a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tendo em vista a expressão da proteína associada à resistência a múltiplas drogas (MRP1), da enzima glutationa-S-transferase pi (GSTpi) e da proteína p53 com o desenvolvimento da resistência a múltiplas drogas (RMD) nas células neoplásicas, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a expressão desses três marcadores, pela imunoistoquímica, em 68 espécimes de neoplasias caninas, incluindo tumores venéreos transmissíveis (TVTC), mastocitomas, carcinomas mamários e de glândula hepatóides e linfomas. Os espécimes foram subdivididos em: TVT, Tumor venéreo transmissível (n=9); TVTR, TVTs resistentes à quimioterapia (n=5); MASTI, mastocitomas cutâneos grau I (n=8); MASTIII, mastocitomas cutâneos grau III (n=8); CARM, carcinomas mamários (n=14); CARH, carcinomas de glândulas hepatóides (n=8); LINFB, linfomas de células B (n=9); LINFT, linfomas de células T (n=7). Resultados mostraram que as expressões da MRP1, GSTpi e p53 foram observadas em 38 (55%), 43 (62,3%) e 50 (72,4%) espécimes, respectivamente. Em 27 (39,1%) espécimes houve coexpressão dos três marcadores. A expressão da MRP1, GSTpi e p53 isoladas ou associadas pôde ser observada em todos os grupos experimentais, exceto o grupo TVTC que não expressou a MRP1. A localização da marcação nas células tumorais foi citoplasmática para MRP1 e nuclear e/ou citoplasmática para a GSTpi e p53. Não foi observada diferença na expressão dos marcadores de resistência a quimioterapia em relação à resistência a quimioterapia (TVT e TVTR), gradação histológica (MASTI e III) e imunofenótipo (LINFB e T). Há relação direta entre o aumento da expressão da MRP1 e da GSTpi nos linfomas T. / Multidrug resistance in tumors involves the expression of multidrug resistance protein-1 MRP1, enzyme glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTpi), and p53 protein. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the expression of these three markers, by immunohistochemistry, in neoplasic cells. Sixty-eight canine tumor samples, including transmissible venereal tumor (TVTC), cutaneous mast cell tumor, mammary carcinoma, hepatoid gland carcinoma, and lymphoma were studied. Samples were assigned into one of the following subgroups: TVT, transmissible venereal tumor (n=9); TVTR, chemoresistant TVT (n=5), MASTI, grade-I cutaneous mast cell tumor (n=8); MASTIII, grade-III cutaneous mast cell tumor (n=8); CARM, mammary carcinoma (n=14); CARH, hepatoid gland carcinoma (n=8); LINFB, B-cell lymphoma (n=9); LINFT, T-cell lymphoma (n=7). We observed that 38 (55%), 43 (62.3%), and 50 (72.4%) samples expressed MRP1, GSTpi, and p53, respectively. Co-expression of the three markers was present in 27 (39.1%) samples. Expression of MRP1, GSTpi, and p53 alone or associated could be observed in all experimental groups, except for TVT group which did not express MRP1. Staining in the tumor cells was cytoplasmatic to MRP1, and both nuclear and cytoplasmatic to GSTpi and p53. No significant difference in the expression of the markers could be observed with relation to chemoresistance (TVT and TVTR), histological grade (MASTI and MASTIII) and immunophenotype (LINFB and LINFT). A direct relation was present between the raise of the expression of MRP1 and GSTpi in T cells lymphoma.

Orientadora: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Banca: Renée Laufer Amorim / Banca: Carlos Roberto Daleck / Banca: Felipe Augusto Ruiz Sueiro / Banca: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Resumo: Tendo em vista a expressão da proteína associada à resistência a múltiplas drogas (MRP1), da enzima glutationa-S-transferase pi (GSTpi) e da proteína p53 com o desenvolvimento da resistência a múltiplas drogas (RMD) nas células neoplásicas, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a expressão desses três marcadores, pela imunoistoquímica, em 68 espécimes de neoplasias caninas, incluindo tumores venéreos transmissíveis (TVTC), mastocitomas, carcinomas mamários e de glândula hepatóides e linfomas. Os espécimes foram subdivididos em: TVT, Tumor venéreo transmissível (n=9); TVTR, TVTs resistentes à quimioterapia (n=5); MASTI, mastocitomas cutâneos grau I (n=8); MASTIII, mastocitomas cutâneos grau III (n=8); CARM, carcinomas mamários (n=14); CARH, carcinomas de glândulas hepatóides (n=8); LINFB, linfomas de células B (n=9); LINFT, linfomas de células T (n=7). Resultados mostraram que as expressões da MRP1, GSTpi e p53 foram observadas em 38 (55%), 43 (62,3%) e 50 (72,4%) espécimes, respectivamente. Em 27 (39,1%) espécimes houve coexpressão dos três marcadores. A expressão da MRP1, GSTpi e p53 isoladas ou associadas pôde ser observada em todos os grupos experimentais, exceto o grupo TVTC que não expressou a MRP1. A localização da marcação nas células tumorais foi citoplasmática para MRP1 e nuclear e/ou citoplasmática para a GSTpi e p53. Não foi observada diferença na expressão dos marcadores de resistência a quimioterapia em relação à resistência a quimioterapia (TVT e TVTR), gradação histológica (MASTI e III) e imunofenótipo (LINFB e T). Há relação direta entre o aumento da expressão da MRP1 e da GSTpi nos linfomas T. / Abstract: Multidrug resistance in tumors involves the expression of multidrug resistance protein-1 MRP1, enzyme glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTpi), and p53 protein. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the expression of these three markers, by immunohistochemistry, in neoplasic cells. Sixty-eight canine tumor samples, including transmissible venereal tumor (TVTC), cutaneous mast cell tumor, mammary carcinoma, hepatoid gland carcinoma, and lymphoma were studied. Samples were assigned into one of the following subgroups: TVT, transmissible venereal tumor (n=9); TVTR, chemoresistant TVT (n=5), MASTI, grade-I cutaneous mast cell tumor (n=8); MASTIII, grade-III cutaneous mast cell tumor (n=8); CARM, mammary carcinoma (n=14); CARH, hepatoid gland carcinoma (n=8); LINFB, B-cell lymphoma (n=9); LINFT, T-cell lymphoma (n=7). We observed that 38 (55%), 43 (62.3%), and 50 (72.4%) samples expressed MRP1, GSTpi, and p53, respectively. Co-expression of the three markers was present in 27 (39.1%) samples. Expression of MRP1, GSTpi, and p53 alone or associated could be observed in all experimental groups, except for TVT group which did not express MRP1. Staining in the tumor cells was cytoplasmatic to MRP1, and both nuclear and cytoplasmatic to GSTpi and p53. No significant difference in the expression of the markers could be observed with relation to chemoresistance (TVT and TVTR), histological grade (MASTI and MASTIII) and immunophenotype (LINFB and LINFT). A direct relation was present between the raise of the expression of MRP1 and GSTpi in T cells lymphoma. / Doutor

<p>This thesis examines the isolation and characterisation (biological and chemical) of polypeptides from plants. A fractionation protocol was developed and applied on 100 plant materials with the aim of isolating highly purified polypeptide fractions from small amounts of plant materials. The polypeptide fractions were analysed and evaluated for peptide content and biological activities. A multitarget functional bioassay was optimised as a method for detecting substances interacting with the inflammatory process of activated neutrophil granulocytes. In this assay, the neutrophil was challenged with an inflammatory mediator, <i>N</i>-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or with platelet activating factor (PAF), to induce exocytotic release of the enzyme elastase, which then was quantified by photometric determination of the product p-nitroanilide (pNA) formed from a chromogenic substrate for elastase. Of the tested extracts, 41% inhibited pNA formation more than 60%, and 3% stimulated formation.</p><p>Phoratoxin B and four new peptides, phoratoxins C-F, were isolated from <i>Phoradendron tomentosum</i>. In addition, the cardiac glycoside digitoxin was isolated from <i>Digitalis purpurea</i>. All these substances expressed cytotoxicity and a neutrophil challenging activity.</p><p>Phoratoxins C-F were similar to earlier described phoratoxins A and B, which belong to the group of thionins. All the peptides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in a human cell line panel. Phoratoxin C was the most potent towards the cell lines (mean IC₅₀: 160 nM), and was therefore investigated further on tumour cells from patients. Correlation analysis of the log IC₅₀ values indicated a mechanism of action different from clinically used archetypal cytotoxic drugs. Phoratoxin C also showed selective toxicity to the solid tumours when compared to the haematological cancer types. The phoratoxin C was 18 times more potent towards the solid tumour samples from breast cancer cells (87 nM) compared to the tested haematological malignancies.</p><p>The structure-activity relationship concerning cytotoxicity was evaluated for digitoxin and related cardiac glycosides. Digitoxin was shown to be potent, with the average IC₅₀ 37 nM being within the therapeutic concentration used for cardiac congestion (13-45 nM). Digitoxin expressed selective toxicity towards solid tumours from patients compared to haematological malignancies.</p>

This thesis examines the isolation and characterisation (biological and chemical) of polypeptides from plants. A fractionation protocol was developed and applied on 100 plant materials with the aim of isolating highly purified polypeptide fractions from small amounts of plant materials. The polypeptide fractions were analysed and evaluated for peptide content and biological activities. A multitarget functional bioassay was optimised as a method for detecting substances interacting with the inflammatory process of activated neutrophil granulocytes. In this assay, the neutrophil was challenged with an inflammatory mediator, N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or with platelet activating factor (PAF), to induce exocytotic release of the enzyme elastase, which then was quantified by photometric determination of the product p-nitroanilide (pNA) formed from a chromogenic substrate for elastase. Of the tested extracts, 41% inhibited pNA formation more than 60%, and 3% stimulated formation. Phoratoxin B and four new peptides, phoratoxins C-F, were isolated from Phoradendron tomentosum. In addition, the cardiac glycoside digitoxin was isolated from Digitalis purpurea. All these substances expressed cytotoxicity and a neutrophil challenging activity. Phoratoxins C-F were similar to earlier described phoratoxins A and B, which belong to the group of thionins. All the peptides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in a human cell line panel. Phoratoxin C was the most potent towards the cell lines (mean IC50: 160 nM), and was therefore investigated further on tumour cells from patients. Correlation analysis of the log IC50 values indicated a mechanism of action different from clinically used archetypal cytotoxic drugs. Phoratoxin C also showed selective toxicity to the solid tumours when compared to the haematological cancer types. The phoratoxin C was 18 times more potent towards the solid tumour samples from breast cancer cells (87 nM) compared to the tested haematological malignancies. The structure-activity relationship concerning cytotoxicity was evaluated for digitoxin and related cardiac glycosides. Digitoxin was shown to be potent, with the average IC50 37 nM being within the therapeutic concentration used for cardiac congestion (13-45 nM). Digitoxin expressed selective toxicity towards solid tumours from patients compared to haematological malignancies.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.