This thesis is the real time implementation of the new, unified field, dual&ndash / radix Montgomery modular multiplier architecture presented by SavaS et al, for performance comparison with standard Montgomery multiplication algorithms. The unified field architecture operates in both GF(p) and GF(2n). The dual radix capability enables processing of two bits of the multiplier in every clock cycle in GF(2n) mode, while one bit of the multiplier is processed in GF(p) mode. The new architecture is implemented in a Xilinx FPGA on the custom printed circuit board. The windows user interface is developed in Borland Builder environment and the ethernet interface is implemented by Ubicom IP2022 controller. The algorithms are compared from operating clock frequency, silicon area cost and multiplication time perspectives. The new architecture multiplies two times faster in GF(p) and four times faster in GF(2n), compared to the previous architectures as expected. The operand length is increased from 8 bits to 1024 bits, with the compromise of decreasing the operating clock frequency from 150 Mhz down to 15 Mhz.

Multipliers are used in most arithmetic computing systems such as 3D graphics, signal processing, and etc. It is inherently a slow operation as a large number of partial products are added to produce the result. There has been much work done on designing multipliers [1]-[6]. In first stage, Multiplication is implemented by accumulation of partial products, each of which is conceptually produced via multiplying the whole multi-digit multiplicand by a weighted digit of multiplier. To compute partial products, most of the approaches employ the Modified Booth Encoding (MBE) approach [3]-[5], [7], for the first step because of its ability to cut the number of partial products rows in half. In next step the partial products are reduced to a row of sums and a row of caries which is called reduction stage. / Multiplication is one of the major bottlenecks in most digital computing and signal processing systems, which depends on the word size to be executed. This paper presents three deferent designs for three-operand 4-bit multiplier for positive integer multiplication, and compares them in regard to timing, dynamic power, and area with classical method of multiplication performed on today architects. The three-operand 4-bit multipliers structure introduced, serves as a building block for three-operand multipliers in general

This thesis sets out to explain the relationship between fiscal spending and economic growth. The relationship is established using a panel vector autoregression model estimated by GMM, using GDP growth and government spending on a panel of 30 OECD countries. The model used is tested with slight variations in specification which are concluded to be important in the finalized results. By altering the specification used in the model this thesis produces relatively different sizes on the multiplier effect both in the short run and in the long run effect. The size of the multiplier effect produced by this thesis is varying between 0.437 on the low side and 2.224 on the high side depending on a few alterations in model specification. Similarly, the long run multiplier effect is measured as 1.873 on the low side and 8.263 on the high side. The mean duration of the multiplier effect is estimated to be approximately 3 years.

The use of statutory reserve requirement as a monetary policy tool has arguably diminished in recent years. Moreover, the money multiplier, a fundamental macroeconomic theory, which deals with the relationship between the monetary base, required reserves and the money supply, has been a target for some heavy critique.  The money multiplier theory encompasses a required reserve ratio, excess reserve ratio and currency ratio to explain the changes in the money multiplier. The multiplier, which in itself is the ratio of the broad money and the monetary base, is described as a decreasing function of the ratios. In this paper, we calculate the respective ratios and employ a linear regression model based on the multiplier theory to examine the relationships between the ratios. The effects are estimated individually in USA, Eurozone, Japan and in a panel data analysis combining all three currency areas.   We find that the reserve requirement ratios do not significantly explain the changes in the money multiplier in the USA or in the Eurozone. However, the reserve requirement ratios are found to have a significant effect in Japan and in the pooled data analysis. Further, in all of the cases, except in the Eurozone, the empirical model of the multiplier is found to explain significantly the variation in the multiplier, albeit with poor explanatory power in the pooled model.  The varying explanatory power of the model and the altering significance of the reserve requirements suggests that the multiplier theory does not hold exactly.  This implies that the effectiveness of the reserve requirements as a tool of monetary policy should not be taken as granted in contemporary economies.

" In the last decade, cloud computing became popular among companies for outsourcing some of their services. Companies use cloud services to store crucial information such as financial and client data. Cloud services are not only cost effective but also easier to manage since the companies avoid maintenance of servers. Although cloud has its advantages, maintaining the security is a big concern. Cloud services might not have any malicious intent, but attacks targeting cloud systems could easily steal vital data belong to the companies. The only protection that assures the security of the information is a strong encryption. However, these schemes only protects the information but prevent you to do any computation on the data. This was an open problem for more than 30 years and it has been solved recently by the introduction of the first fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme by Gentry. The FHE schemes allow you to do arbitrary computation on an encrypted data by still preserving the encryption. Namely, the message is not revealed (decrypted) at any given time while computing the arbitrary circuit. However, the first FHE scheme is not practical for any practical application. Later, numerous research work has been published aiming at making fully homomorphic encryption practical for daily use, but still they were too inefficient to be used in everyday practical applications. In this dissertation we tackle the efficiency problems of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) schemes. We propose two new FHE schemes that improve the storage requirement and runtime performance. The first scheme (Doröz, Hu and Sunar) reduces the size of the evaluation keys in existing NTRU based FHE schemes. In the second scheme (F-NTRU) we designed an NTRU based FHE scheme which is not only free of costly evaluation keys but also competitive in runtime performance. We further proposed two hardware accelerators to increase the performance of arithmetic operations underlying the schemes. The first accelerator is a custom hardware architecture for realizing the Gentry-Halevi fully homomorphic encryption scheme. This contribution presents the first full realization of FHE in hardware. The architecture features an optimized multi-million bit multiplier based on the Schönhage-Strassen multiplication algorithm. Moreover, a number of optimizations including spectral techniques as well as a precomputation strategy is used to significantly improve the performance of the overall design. The other accelerator is optimized for a class of reconfigurable logic for somewhat homomorphic encryption (SWHE) based schemes. Our design works as a co-processor: the most compute-heavy operations are offloaded to this specialized hardware. The core of our design is an efficient polynomial multiplier as it is the most compute-heavy operation of our target scheme. The presented architecture can compute the product of very-large polynomials more efficiently than software implementations on CPUs. Finally, to assess the performance of proposed schemes and hardware accelerators we homomorphically evaluate the AES and the Prince block ciphers. We introduce various optimizations including a storage-runtime trade-off. Our benchmarking results show significant speedups over other existing instantiations. Also, we present a private information retrieval (PIR) scheme based on a modified version of Doröz, Hu and Sunar’s homomorphic scheme. The scheme is capable of privately retrieving data from a database containing 4 billion entries. We achieve asymptotically lower bandwidth cost compared to other PIR schemes which makes it more practical. "

We have built an application that integrates a technical editor feature and a custom real-time strategy game. The end users are able to use the technical editor feature for tweaking and customizing the unit attributes and progressions in the game using simple mathematical formulas, and they can play or test their tweaked formulas within the game. Various game modes in the software, which are Single Player, Multiplayer, and Simulation, can help display to the end users the results of their tweaked formulas, or users can just have fun by playing the game. The software was evaluated to see whether the software with the editor feature enabled is more attractive and appealing to the end users than the software with the editor feature disabled. The evaluation is based on the players’ feedback on the game with or without the editor. A total of 50 testers were randomly assigned into 2 groups evenly, the Tool group and the Game group. Testers assigned to the Tool group were able to customize the game unit attributes via the editor and play, while the testers in the Game group only play the game. The results from the post-test survey show both versions of the software are highly appealing to the testers, and there is no significant difference in game appeals between the Tool version and the Game version.

We develop a datapath generator for various arithmetic function units required in the design of the geometry subsystem in the 3D graphics application. The operations considered in the geometry subsystem include coordinate transformations and lighting. The generator will automatically generate efficient designs of function units based on the requirements of area, speed and accuracy. The major function units designed in this thesis are divided into two parts: multiplier-related function units and single-value arithmetic function units. In the generation of multipliers, we consider the design of truncated multipliers to reduce the area cost. In the design of other function evaluators, we consider two table-based methods: piecewise interpolation table-based method and the multipartite table-based method.

AbstractThis thesis is based on two questions: What are the differences in the outcome of a sport event depending on the choice of method to be used for evaluation? And what method is the most appropriate one in terms of evaluation of the economic effects of sport events? There are two methods used: and the first one is the traditional multiplier analysis and the second method used is introduced by Braunerhielm and Andersson (2007). The economic results of the two different methods used in this thesis have been applied on a real life event, The European Championships in Figure Skating in Malmo City 2003. The two methods is of great importance and they provide us with two suggested results that are of interest, but what method to be used depends on who is making the evaluation and for what purpose. The suggested method by Braunerhielm and Andersson (2007) results in an outcome representing the economic effects of the event concerning all areas in the municipality involved both the private sector and the public sector. This method is of best use for athlete organizations that wants to keep a continuous record of their contribution towards the municipality through events and the positive result will help them promote their importance of existence to the municipality so that they can get public funding for arranging future events and gain more profit by increasing the interest of their association. Whereas,the multiplier analysis is appropriate to use for the municipality, as the results is the tax revenue gained from the event that is to be reinvested in e.g. new schools or roads the result will then help promoting the public funding of sport events to the public. The appropriate method to use is the multiplier analysis as it generates results that is of interest for the public as it calculates the effect for the municipality as a whole and not only the effects for the once directly involved in the sport event.

The biological effects of charged particles is of interest in particle therapy, radiation protection and space radiation science and known to be dependent on both absorbed dose and radiation quality or LET. Microdosimetry is a technique which uses a tissue equivalent gas to simulate microscopic tissue sites of the order of cellular dimensions and the principles of gas ionization devices to measure deposited energy. The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has been used since 1997 for tracking particles and for the determination of particle energy. In general, the GEM detector works in either tracking or energy deposition mode. The instrument proposed here is a combination of both, for the purpose of determining the energy deposition in simulated microscopic sites over the charged particle range and in particular at the end of the range where local energy deposition increases in the so‐called Bragg‐peak region. The detector is designed to track particles of various energies for 5 cm in one dimension, while providing the particle energy deposition every 0.5 cm of its track. The reconfiguration of the detector for different particle energies is very simple and achieved by adjusting the pressure of the gas inside the detector and resistor chain. In this manner, the detector can be used to study various ion beams and their dose distributions to tissues. Initial work is being carried out using an isotopic source of alpha particles and this thesis will describe the construction of the GEM‐based detector, computer modelling of the expected gas‐gain and performance of the device as well as comparisons with experimentally measured data of segmented energy deposition. / UOIT

The aim of the study was to examine what the economic and touristic impacts of the sports event - UEFA EURO 2012 - will have on Polish regions. The essay was limited to some specific regions in Poland. Those regions were Gniewino, Malbork, Kalisz, Legionowo, Pommerian Province, Cracow, Olsztyn and Zamosc. The Football Championships that will be held in 2012 are dependent of the big amount of football fans that will came and spend their money in Polish regions. Thanks to the increased consumption this creates demand for local services and products. The generator of spending is the tourism multiplier that is the main link to the touristic expenditure.The multiplier is a catalyst of the region that creates jobs, growing yield, promotion of the region and improvement of its infrastructure and leisure facilities. This is considered as an advantage from an economical and touristic point of view. The economical and tourstic benefits are different for every mentioned region in the study because of their location and link to the UEFA EURO 2012. This study shows only how the different eight regions prepare for the UEFA EURO 2012 and what they think that the negative and positive economical and touristic impacts will gain them. The study gives only a short brief of the football event of what can happen.