This work deals with the analog multipliers, mainly of the voltage multipliers. Also the modifications of current output will appear here. The first part is devoted to a choice several multipliers and a description of their functions, the possible involvement and introduction of the most important catalog values. The next section deals with the simple application that contains at least one of the multipliers. Next was the implementation of selected applications and measure their actual performance parameters. Results are then compared with computer simulations. As final step is done of tolerance and sensitivity analysis of simulated configurations of circuits.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The income and employment multiplier effects of tourism- The case of Rwanda. A. NTIBANYURWA PhD Thesis, Department of Economics, University of the Western Cape. The growing popularity of developing countries as tourist destinations in recent years has stimulated a considerable body of research on the developmental benefits inherent in tourism. Developing countries have been attracting tourists mainly due to their natural resource endowments, considered a vital determinant in this newly-found source of their comparative advantage. After accounting for all the explicit and hidden costs linked to this natural resource-based tourism, the sustainable expansion of the tourism sector is claimed to be contributing substantially to economic growth. Studies to date have investigated the rising share of tourism in macroeconomic output, but have paid limited attention to the economic mechanisms through which tourism supposedly leads to broader development. This study seeks to contribute to filling this gap in our knowledge of the economic dynamics associated with tourism. More specifically, the goal is to shed light on the channels through which tourism contributes to economic growth and to derive tourism income and employment multipliers to estimate its developmental benefits for Rwanda. Our refined multipliers to capture the total effects of tourism to the economy confirm that through its powerful inter-sectoral linkages, tourism improves the economic wealth of many developing countries including Rwanda. Deeper analysis of the macroeconomic consequences of the expansion of the service sector however suggests that, under some conditions, this could exhibit “Dutch Disease” effects. Tourism generates substantial foreign earnings and its development is strongly correlated with the shrinkage of the traditional primary

The study of non-linear input-output maps can be summarized by three concepts: Gain, Positivity and Dissipativity. However, in order to make efficient use of these theorems it is necessary to use loop transformations and weightings, or so called ”multipliers”.The first problem this thesis studies is the feedback interconnection of a Linear Time Invariant system with a memoryless bounded and monotone non-linearity, or so called Absolute Stability problem, for which the test for stability is equivalent to show the existence of a Zames-Falb multiplier. The main advantage of this approach is that Zames–Falb multipliers can be specialized to recover important tools such as Circle criterion and the Popov criterion. Albeit Zames-Falb multipliers are an efficient way of describing non-linearities in frequency domain, the Fourier transform of the multiplier does not preserve the L1 norm. This problem has been addressed by two paradigms: mathematically complex multipliers with exact L1 norm and multipliers with mathematically tractable frequency domain properties but approximate L1 norm. However, this thesis exposes a third factor that leads to conservative results: causality of Zames-Falb multipliers. This thesis exposes the consequences of narrowing the search Zames-Falb multipliers to causal multipliers, and motivated by this argument, introduces an anticausal complementary method for the causal multiplier synthesis in [1].The second subject of this thesis is the feedback interconnection of two bounded systems. The interconnection of two arbitrary systems has been a well understood problem from the point of view of Dissipativity and Passivity. Nonetheless, frequency domain analysis is largely restricted for passive systems by the need of canonically factorizable multipliers, while Dissipativity mostly exploits constant multipliers. This thesis uses IQC to show the stability of the feedback interconnection of two non-linear systems by introducing an equivalent representation of the IQC Theorem, and then studies formally the conditions that the IQC multipliers need. The result of this analysis is then compared with Passivity and Dissipativity by a series of corollaries.

Dilapidated immovable cultural monuments, care for them, their salvation and any other use or conservation for future generations is the last time hot topic. Despite the xpensive maintenance and often significantly (whether awaited or already paid) investments in these objects we are more and more aware that these monuments are an integral part of the cultural heritage which uniquely demonstrates creative work, effort, attempt, way of thinking and craftsmanship of previous generations, making it an indispensable and irreplaceable source of knowledge of national history and it is our moral responsibility for the cultural heritage of the past to properly take care of. More and more it is true that the level of preservation of the monuments reflects the maturity of the social system, the public sentiment and democracy in the country. In this doctoral thesis the issue of cultural immovable monuments, definitions of basic concepts in terms of valid and prepared legislation and a general description of conservation including points of view on the value of historically valuable objects and the determination of this value, is introduced. Furthermore, the basic methods usable precisely for the quantification of value including examples of their use, description of the suitability for specific needs or drawbacks of each method, are processed. The proposed methodology for quantifying the value by using multipliers is carefully documented and then presented on a specific investment objective of reconstruction and further use of the dilapidated cultural immovable monument. The aim of the doctoral thesis is to prove or disprove that the use of the multiplier of production of the national economy can build the appropriate method for quantifying the value of investments in immovable cultural monument.

Diese Arbeit behandelt die Instrumentalvariablenregression im Kontext der Stichprobenwiederholung. Es wird ein Rahmen geschaffen, der das Ziel der Inferenz identifiziert. Diese Abhandlung versucht die Instrumentalvariablenregression von einer neuen Perspektive aus zu motivieren. Dabei wird angenommen, dass das Ziel der Schätzung von zwei Faktoren gebildet wird, einer Umgebung und einer zu einem internen Model spezifischen Struktur. Neben diesem Rahmen entwickelt die Arbeit eine Methode der Stichprobenwiederholung, die geeignet für das Testen einer linearen Hypothese bezüglich der Schätzung des Ziels ist. Die betreffende technische Umgebung und das Verfahren werden im Zusammenhang in der Einleitung und im Hauptteil der folgenden Arbeit erklärt. Insbesondere, aufbauend auf der Arbeit von Spokoiny, Zhilova 2015, rechtfertigt und wendet diese Arbeit ein numerisches ’multiplier-bootstrap’ Verfahren an, um nicht asymptotische Konfidenzintervalle für den Hypothesentest zu konstruieren. Das Verfahren und das zugrunde liegende statistische Werkzeug wurden so gewählt und angepasst, um ein im Model auftretendes und von asymptotischer Analysis übersehenes Problem zu erklären, das formal als Schwachheit der Instrumentalvariablen bekannt ist. Das angesprochene Problem wird jedoch durch den endlichen Stichprobenansatz von Spokoiny 2014 adressiert. / Instrumental variables regression in the context of a re-sampling is considered. In the work a framework is built to identify an inferred target function. It attempts to approach an idea of a non-parametric regression and motivate instrumental variables regression from a new perspective. The framework assumes a target of estimation to be formed by two factors - an environment and an internal, model specific structure. Aside from the framework, the work develops a re-sampling method suited to test linear hypothesis on the target. Particular technical environment and procedure are given and explained in the introduction and in the body of the work. Specifically, following the work of Spokoiny, Zhilova 2015, the writing justifies and applies numerically 'multiplier bootstrap' procedure to construct confidence intervals for the testing problem. The procedure and underlying statistical toolbox were chosen to account for an issue appearing in the model and overlooked by asymptotic analysis, that is weakness of instrumental variables. The issue, however, is addressed by design of the finite sample approach by Spokoiny 2014.

The function of the construction industry in an economy has proven to be beneficial, especially during the economic downturn. The nature of the products of the construction industry makes it possible for the government to utilise the industry as a means to accelerate and multiply the economy by utilising the fiscal budget to build infrastructures. By so doing, the economy will be multiplied as the construction industry is an industry that produces investment goods. However, due to the nature of the Malaysian construction sector, the expenses required to stimulate the economy could not be made to the maximum extent, as the industry relies heavily on immigrant construction workers to address its labour supply problem. Immigrant construction workers are known for their high tendency to remit their salary to their country of their origin. This scenario disturbs the economic cycle within the Malaysian economy and, hence, dampens the function of the construction industry as the multiplier-accelerator provider. This research was undertaken to better manage the cash flow economic cycle leakage by adopting some economic measures coupled with improvised management of immigrant construction workers exercised through legislation. The adopted research methodology used transformative mixed-methods to balance the limitations of a single research approach. A literature review of the economic models and tools were conducted in a search for the most suitable measures, while attempting to understand the nature of construction industry by highlighting the structure and the problems associated with the industry. Special attention was also given to investigate the motivation behind the human migration to justify and support the research. Other than issues involving the use of immigrant workers, special attention was given to issues of remittances and its impacts on the global economy. The findings underpinned by literature and the research findings were used to develop the conceptual framework to manage the economic cycle leakage that is entrenched in the construction industry s economic cycle. The integrated framework consists of economic, management and legislation and was developed to address the issues highlighted. The use of economic tools can only be materialised through better management and the execution of legislation. The framework was encapsulated in a combination of process protocol and a maturity framework to allow time for the policy makers to implement it. Considerations have been made to develop the framework to ensure the smooth transition its implementation. The framework was self-validated through formative evaluations where data were attained from several parties to reduce any bias perspective. In addition, most of the measures suggested were derived from interviews conducted among the respondents. Several benefits of the framework were identified. It is concluded that the impact of immigrant construction workers employment can be managed by considering the appropriate tools in the form of economic, managerial and legislation measures. This research has developed an integrated process protocol maturity framework that addresses the three aforementioned aspects. The framework is simple and easily understandable with detailed activity zones that entail specific tasks that must implemented by different parties. The developed framework is expected to aid the authorities in managing immigrant construction in Malaysia and to effectively manage these workers. The framework also allows time for its implementation through the maturity stages suggested.

Dynamic panel data models are widely used by econometricians to study over time the economics of, for example, people, firms, regions, or countries, by pooling information over the cross-section. Though much of the panel research concerns inference in stationary models, macroeconomic data such as GDP, prices, and interest rates are typically trending over time and require in one way or another a nonstationary analysis. In time series analysis it is well-established how autoregressive unit roots give rise to stochastic trends, implying that random shocks to a dynamic process are persistent rather than transitory. Because the implications of, say, government policy actions are fundamentally different if shocks to the economy are lasting than if they are temporary, there are now a vast number of univariate time series unit root tests available. Similarly, panel unit root tests have been designed to test for the presence of stochastic trends within a panel data set and to what degree they are shared by the panel individuals. Today, growing data certainly offer new possibilities for panel data analysis, but also pose new problems concerning double-indexed limit theory, unobserved heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependencies. For example, economic shocks, such as technological innovations, are many times global and make national aggregates cross-country dependent and related in international business cycles. Imposing a strong cross-sectional dependence, panel unit root tests often assume that the unobserved panel errors follow a dynamic factor model. The errors will then contain one part which is shared by the panel individuals, a common component, and one part which is individual-specific, an idiosyncratic component. This is appealing from the perspective of economic theory, because unobserved heterogeneity may be driven by global common shocks, which are well captured by dynamic factor models. Yet, only a handful of tests have been derived to test for unit roots in the common and in the idiosyncratic components separately. More importantly, likelihood-based methods, which are commonly used in classical factor analysis, have been ruled out for large dynamic factor models due to the considerable number of parameters. This thesis consists of four papers where we consider the exact factor model, in which the idiosyncratic components are mutually independent, and so any cross-sectional dependence is through the common factors only. Within this framework we derive some likelihood-based tests for common and idiosyncratic unit roots. In doing so we address an important issue for dynamic factor models, because likelihood-based tests, such as the Wald test, the likelihood ratio test, and the Lagrange multiplier test, are well-known to be asymptotically most powerful against local alternatives. Our approach is specific-to-general, meaning that we start with restrictions on the parameter space that allow us to use explicit maximum likelihood estimators. We then proceed with relaxing some of the assumptions, and consider a more general framework requiring numerical maximum likelihood estimation. By simulation we compare size and power of our tests with some established panel unit root tests. The simulations suggest that the likelihood-based tests are locally powerful and in some cases more robust in terms of size. / Solving Macroeconomic Problems Using Non-Stationary Panel Data

Tyrimo objektas - užimtieji kaimo turizmo sodybose Lazdijų rajone. Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti kaimo turizmo poveikį užimtumui kaimo vietovėse. Uždaviniai: 1)apibendrinti gyventojų užimtumo ir kaimo turizmo sąsajas; 2)išnagrinėti ir įvertinti kaimo gyventojų užimtumo būklę šalyje ir Lazdijų rajone bei pokyčius; 3)išnagrinėti ir įvertinti gyventojų užimtumą kaimo turizmo versle ir jo pokyčius; 4)įvertinti kaimo turizmo poveikį gyventojų užimtumui ir numatyti jo plėtros perspektyvas. Tyrimo metodai: literatūros, antrinių duomenų analizė, anketinė apklausa, lyginamoji analizė, grafinio vaizdavimo būdai. / Research object – the employed in rural tourism homesteads in Lazdijai district. Research aim – to evaluate the impact of rural tourism on employment in rural areas. Objectives: 1)to summarize links of rural tourism and employment; 2)to analyze and evaluate employment of rural people in country and in Lazdijai district; 3)to analyze and evaluate employment in business of rural tourism; 4)to evaluate influence of rural tourism on employment and to provide perspectives of development. Research methods - analysis of literature and secondary data, questionnaire, comparative analysis graphical representation.

Adaptive methods in finite element analysis are essential tools in the efficient computation and error control of problems that may exhibit singularities. In this paper, we consider solving a boundary value problem which exhibits a singularity at the origin due to both the structure of the domain and the regularity of the exact solution. We introduce a hybrid mixed finite element method using Lagrange Multipliers to initially solve the partial differential equation for the both the flux and displacement. An a posteriori error estimate is then applied both locally and globally to approximate the error in the computed flux with that of the exact flux. Local estimation is the key tool in identifying where the mesh should be refined so that the error in the computed flux is controlled while maintaining efficiency in computation. Finally, we introduce a simple refinement process in order to improve the accuracy in the computed solutions. Numerical experiments are conducted to support the advantages of mesh refinement over a fixed uniform mesh.

This project is aimed at comprehensive analysis of financing of the arts in Czech republic. The study describes main sources of financing of art activities focusing on public financial support. The whole point of this study is to find out reasons for public supporting and to determine the legitimity from economic point of view. Last but not lest autor pays attention to multiplier effect an its real consequences.