The Lagrange multiplier used for the Dirichlet condition is well known in mathematics community, and the Lagrange multiplier used for the Neumann condition is popular for the Trefftz method in engineering community, in particular for elasticity problems. The latter is called the Hybrid Trefftz method (HTM). However, it seems to export no analysis for HTM. This paper is devoted to error analysis of the HTM for −£Gu + cu = 0 with c = 1 or c = 0. Error bounds are derived to provide the optimal convergence rates. Numerical experiments and comparisons between two kinds of Lagrange multipliers are also reported. The analysis in this paper can also be extended to the HTM for elasticity problems.

The Lagrange multiplier used for the displacement (i.e., Dirichlet) condition is well known in mathematics community (see [1, 2, 10, 18]), and the Lagrange multiplier used for the traction (i.e., Neumann)condition is popular for the Trefftz method for elasticity problems in engineering community, which is called the Hybrid Trefftz method (HTM). However, it seems to export no analysis for HTM. This paper is devoted to error analysis of the HTM for elasticity problems. Numerical experiments are reported to support the analysis made.

Many problems in signal processing, machine learning and computer vision can be solved by learning low rank models from data. In computer vision, problems such as rigid structure from motion have been formulated as an optimization over subspaces with fixed rank. These hard-rank constraints have traditionally been imposed by a factorization that parameterizes subspaces as a product of two matrices of fixed rank. Whilst factorization approaches lead to efficient and kernelizable optimization algorithms, they have been shown to be NP-Hard in presence of missing data. Inspired by recent work in compressed sensing, hard-rank constraints have been replaced by soft-rank constraints, such as the nuclear norm regularizer. Vis-a-vis hard-rank approaches, soft-rank models are convex even in presence of missing data: but how is convex optimization solving a NP-Hard problem? This thesis addresses this question by analyzing the relationship between hard and soft rank constraints in the unsupervised factorization with missing data problem. Moreover, we extend soft rank models to weakly supervised and fully supervised learning problems in computer vision. There are four main contributions of our work: (1) The analysis of a new unified low-rank model for matrix factorization with missing data. Our model subsumes soft and hard-rank approaches and merges advantages from previous formulations, such as efficient algorithms and kernelization. It also provides justifications on the choice of algorithms and regions that guarantee convergence to global minima. (2) A deterministic \rank continuation" strategy for the NP-hard unsupervised factorization with missing data problem, that is highly competitive with the state-of-the-art and often achieves globally optimal solutions. In preliminary work, we show that this optimization strategy is applicable to other NP-hard problems which are typically relaxed to convex semidentite programs (e.g., MAX-CUT, quadratic assignment problem). (3) A new soft-rank fully supervised robust regression model. This convex model is able to deal with noise, outliers and missing data in the input variables. (4) A new soft-rank model for weakly supervised image classification and localization. Unlike existing multiple-instance approaches for this problem, our model is convex.

Fused floating-point arithmetic units such as a floating-point fused Dot-Product (fused DP) and a floating-point fused Add-Subtract (fused AS) are employed for the implementation of the butterfly unit of the FFT due to their characteristics of low power and less area. In addition, the fused DP has less delay and lower error. Among the elements of the fused DP, two internal mantissa multipliers occupy the largest area and consume the largest power. A Multiple-Constant Multiplier (MCM) architecture has high speed, low power consumption, and small area compared to a conventional multiplier. The MCM is used for the internal mantissa multiplier, providing a solution for low power and high performance. Despite the benefits of the MCM, it lacks precision compared to a conventional multiplier. Due to this, the butterfly unit using the MCM has higher error. In this report, a new architecture of the butterfly unit has been designed by merging conventional MCMs. The new architecture provides two options. It either reduces the error or it lowers the power compared to a conventional MCM butterfly unit. / text

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The thesis consists of four papers that address likelihood-based unit root tests for panel data with cross-sectional dependence arising from common factors. In the first three papers, we derive Lagrange multiplier (LM)-type tests for common and idiosyncratic unit roots in the exact factor models based on the likelihood function of the differenced data. Also derived are the asymptotic distributions of these test statistics. The finite sample properties of these tests are compared by simulation with other commonly used unit root tests. The results show that our LM-type tests have better size and local power properties. In the fourth paper, we estimate the spaces spanned by the common factors and the spaces spanned by the idiosyncratic components of the static factor model by using the quasi-maximum likelihood (ML) method and compare it with the widely used method of principal components (PC). Next, by simulation, we compare the size and power properties of established tests for idiosyncratic unit roots, using both the ML and PC methods. Simulation results show that the idiosyncratic unit root tests based on the likelihood-based residuals generally have better size and higher size-adjusted power, especially when the cross-sectional dimension is small and the time series dimension is large.

Thesis (M.A.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Abstract. Also available via the Internet.

abstract: Threshold logic has long been studied as a means of achieving higher performance and lower power dissipation, providing improvements by condensing simple logic gates into more complex primitives, effectively reducing gate count, pipeline depth, and number of interconnects. This work proposes a new physical implementation of threshold logic, the threshold logic latch (TLL), which overcomes the difficulties observed in previous work, particularly with respect to gate reliability in the presence of noise and process variations. Simple but effective models were created to assess the delay, power, and noise margin of TLL gates for the purpose of determining the physical parameters and assignment of input signals that achieves the lowest delay subject to constraints on power and reliability. From these models, an optimized library of standard TLL cells was developed to supplement a commercial library of static CMOS gates. The new cells were then demonstrated on a number of automatically synthesized, placed, and routed designs. A two-stage 2's complement integer multiplier designed with CMOS and TLL gates utilized 19.5% less area, 28.0% less active power, and 61.5% less leakage power than an equivalent design with the same performance using only static CMOS gates. Additionally, a two-stage 32-instruction 4-way issue queue designed with CMOS and TLL gates utilized 30.6% less area, 31.0% less active power, and 58.9% less leakage power than an equivalent design with the same performance using only static CMOS gates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Computer Science 2010

O presente trabalho apresenta a historia da moeda, percebendo suas funções e sua evolução no decorrer do tempo, as necessidades que surgiram com o surgimento da moeda padronizada, analisando o sistema financeiro e sua transformação nestes últimos períodos, visando atender às exigências do mercado como um todo. Tendo como objetivo principal a análise dos depósitos compulsórios e sua interferência junto aos entes participantes do sistema financeiro brasileiro, os quais são criadores de moeda, através do efeito multiplicador que geram, assim, analisamos quais os impactos que as alterações de suas alíquotas, conforme o tipo de captação dos VRS, observando como o governo se utiliza desta ferramenta da política monetária no controle da economia. Para isso, percorremos a história do Banco Central do Brasil, a estruturação do sistema financeiro, os tipos de depósitos compulsórios e sua relação com o volume de crédito, sejam eles livres ou direcionados, conforme determinação legal, e interferindo concomitantemente no resultado das instituições obrigadas ao seu recolhimento e, por último, mas não menos importante, qual a ação do Banco Central para minimizar os reflexos da crise internacional no mercado interno, a fim de controlar o efeito multiplicador dos bancos. / Work this presents the history of currency, perceiving their functions and developments during the time needs that emerged with the rise of coin standard, analyzing the financial system and its transformation in these last times , to meet the market requirements as a whole. Having as main objective analysis of compulsory deposits and interference to your loved to participants of brazilian financial system, which are creators of money, through the multiplier effect that generate , so which analyze the impact that changes their tax rates, by type capture of RSV observing how the government is used this tool of monetary policy in control of the economy, for that traveled history of Central Bank of Brazil, the making of the financial system types of compulsory deposits and its relation to the volume of credit, whether or directed free, legal determination as, and interfering concomitantly profit institutions obliged to your pickup, and in last but not least, what action by the central bank to minimize the consequences of international crisis in the internal market in order to control the multiplier effect of banks.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The human exposure to pesticides is a serious public health problem, mainly in developing countries. The rural worker and his family are exposed to several risky situations to their health while performing their activities in the field. When incorrectly used, pesticides can induce contamination to men and the environment. Human and environmental contamination by pesticides is far from being a simple problem mostly due to the diversity of the cultural, economical and social factors involved. Facing the complexity of the theme, the main goal of this study was to capacitate young students, small farmer's children, from the countryside of Agudo, RS, school students from the basic education Professor Willy Roos, to act as information multipliers about the importance of pesticides proper use and its risks to human and environment health, emphasizing the Agricultural Good Practices. Considering the purpose of this research, a questionnaire was applied to illustrate students conceptions to pesticides exposure. It was noted a worrying prospect, since they manifested lack of knowledge about pesticides although having direct and indirect contact with it. Science, technology, society and environment (CTSE) approach was used in order to place the students in the social and cultural environment. Based on this approach, the 'Pesticide' theme was worked in a contextualized manner, generating a greater meaning to the students, showing the practical applications of scientific knowledge. Considering that this work was elaborated with the purpose of educating young information multipliers about Agricultural Good Practices, the main didactic strategies used were reading, text interpretation, groups discussions, study of the environment, collective projects, interaction with the community and college coexistence, wich demanded active participation in the learning and training process. The results showed the need to introduce the theme in school, through a interdisciplinary approach involving biological and natural science teaching relations with the reality of other disciplines like, for example, Mathematics and Chemistry, allowing the students a better understanding of the issues related to health and environment, as well as agricultural extension programs, that leads to technical assistance and information to the community, where the main focus is the rational and safe use of pesticides, ensuring a good quality of life to this population. / A exposição humana aos agrotóxicos se constitui em um grave problema de saúde pública, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O trabalhador rural e sua família estão expostos a diversas situações de risco à saúde durante o desempenho de suas atividades no campo. Quando os agrotóxicos são utilizados incorretamente, estes podem provocar contaminações ao homem e ao meio ambiente. A contaminação humana e ambiental por agrotóxicos está longe de ser um problema simples, muito em parte pela diversidade de determinantes de ordens social, econômica e cultural, que o permeiam. Diante da complexidade do tema, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi capacitar jovens estudantes, filhos de pequenos agricultores, da zona rural do município de Agudo, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), alunos do ensino médio, da Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Professor Willy Roos, para atuarem como multiplicadores dos conhecimentos sobre a importância da utilização correta de agrotóxicos e os riscos que os mesmos podem causar a saúde do homem e do meio ambiente, enfatizando as Boas Práticas Agrícolas. Considerando-se o propósito da pesquisa, inicialmente aplicou-se um questionário objetivo para demonstrar as concepções dos estudantes sobre a exposição aos agrotóxicos. Observou-se um panorama preocupante, pois os jovens demonstraram ausência de conhecimento sobre os agrotóxicos, ao mesmo tempo em que evidenciaram ter contato direto ou indireto com os mesmos. Utilizou-se a abordagem CTSA (Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade e Ambiente) com o objetivo de situar os alunos no ambiente social e cultural. Baseando-se nesta abordagem, o tema ―Agrotóxicos‖, foi trabalhado de forma contextualizada, gerando maior significado para os alunos, evidenciando-se a aplicação prática dos conhecimentos de ciências. Considerando que esta dissertação foi elaborada com o propósito de formar jovens multiplicadores de informações sobre as Boas Práticas Agrícolas, as principais estratégias didáticas utilizadas foram a leitura e interpretação de textos, discussão em grupos, estudo do meio ambiente, projeto coletivo, interação com a comunidade e intervivência universitária, que exigiram a participação ativa dos alunos no processo de capacitação e aprendizagem. Os resultados encontrados mostraram a necessidade da inserção do tema na escola, através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar envolvendo as relações do ensino das ciências naturais e biológicas com a realidade e com outras disciplinas como, por exemplo, Química e a Matemática, permitindo aos alunos um entendimento mais amplo de questões relacionadas com a saúde e o meio ambiente, bem como de programas de extensão agrícola, que levem assistência técnica e informações a esta comunidade, onde o foco principal seja o uso racional e seguro dos agrotóxicos, garantindo assim qualidade de vida para esta população.