O presente trabalho apresenta a historia da moeda, percebendo suas funções e sua evolução no decorrer do tempo, as necessidades que surgiram com o surgimento da moeda padronizada, analisando o sistema financeiro e sua transformação nestes últimos períodos, visando atender às exigências do mercado como um todo. Tendo como objetivo principal a análise dos depósitos compulsórios e sua interferência junto aos entes participantes do sistema financeiro brasileiro, os quais são criadores de moeda, através do efeito multiplicador que geram, assim, analisamos quais os impactos que as alterações de suas alíquotas, conforme o tipo de captação dos VRS, observando como o governo se utiliza desta ferramenta da política monetária no controle da economia. Para isso, percorremos a história do Banco Central do Brasil, a estruturação do sistema financeiro, os tipos de depósitos compulsórios e sua relação com o volume de crédito, sejam eles livres ou direcionados, conforme determinação legal, e interferindo concomitantemente no resultado das instituições obrigadas ao seu recolhimento e, por último, mas não menos importante, qual a ação do Banco Central para minimizar os reflexos da crise internacional no mercado interno, a fim de controlar o efeito multiplicador dos bancos. / Work this presents the history of currency, perceiving their functions and developments during the time needs that emerged with the rise of coin standard, analyzing the financial system and its transformation in these last times , to meet the market requirements as a whole. Having as main objective analysis of compulsory deposits and interference to your loved to participants of brazilian financial system, which are creators of money, through the multiplier effect that generate , so which analyze the impact that changes their tax rates, by type capture of RSV observing how the government is used this tool of monetary policy in control of the economy, for that traveled history of Central Bank of Brazil, the making of the financial system types of compulsory deposits and its relation to the volume of credit, whether or directed free, legal determination as, and interfering concomitantly profit institutions obliged to your pickup, and in last but not least, what action by the central bank to minimize the consequences of international crisis in the internal market in order to control the multiplier effect of banks.

O presente trabalho apresenta a historia da moeda, percebendo suas funções e sua evolução no decorrer do tempo, as necessidades que surgiram com o surgimento da moeda padronizada, analisando o sistema financeiro e sua transformação nestes últimos períodos, visando atender às exigências do mercado como um todo. Tendo como objetivo principal a análise dos depósitos compulsórios e sua interferência junto aos entes participantes do sistema financeiro brasileiro, os quais são criadores de moeda, através do efeito multiplicador que geram, assim, analisamos quais os impactos que as alterações de suas alíquotas, conforme o tipo de captação dos VRS, observando como o governo se utiliza desta ferramenta da política monetária no controle da economia. Para isso, percorremos a história do Banco Central do Brasil, a estruturação do sistema financeiro, os tipos de depósitos compulsórios e sua relação com o volume de crédito, sejam eles livres ou direcionados, conforme determinação legal, e interferindo concomitantemente no resultado das instituições obrigadas ao seu recolhimento e, por último, mas não menos importante, qual a ação do Banco Central para minimizar os reflexos da crise internacional no mercado interno, a fim de controlar o efeito multiplicador dos bancos. / Work this presents the history of currency, perceiving their functions and developments during the time needs that emerged with the rise of coin standard, analyzing the financial system and its transformation in these last times , to meet the market requirements as a whole. Having as main objective analysis of compulsory deposits and interference to your loved to participants of brazilian financial system, which are creators of money, through the multiplier effect that generate , so which analyze the impact that changes their tax rates, by type capture of RSV observing how the government is used this tool of monetary policy in control of the economy, for that traveled history of Central Bank of Brazil, the making of the financial system types of compulsory deposits and its relation to the volume of credit, whether or directed free, legal determination as, and interfering concomitantly profit institutions obliged to your pickup, and in last but not least, what action by the central bank to minimize the consequences of international crisis in the internal market in order to control the multiplier effect of banks.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Macedo e Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T06:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_FabricioPitombo_D.pdf: 2446150 bytes, checksum: 480758239821863520f38091dcf2d5f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Essa tese esta dividida em três partes. Na primeira, discute-se o curto período subjacente ao multiplicador tradicional dos gastos autonomos, de modo que estejam explicitados os grandes agregados macroeconômicos e as conexoes entre os mesmos, para que a separação entre as parcelas autonoma e induzida com relacao a renda e crucial. Em um segundo capitulo, integrante dessa primeira parte, procede-se a estimativas dos parâmetros envolvidos em uma dada especificação do multiplicador, para o Brasil, nas quais tenta-se ainda captar o período de tempo (cronológico) inerente ao período (teórico) do multiplicador. Na segunda parte, realiza-se a tarefa de justificar o tratamento dado ao investimento, considerado autônomo com relacao a renda, lançando Mao de uma explicação a partir das relações intersetoriais existentes num sistema econômico. Mais uma vez, efetua-se a divisão em dois capítulos, um explicitando a base teórica utilizada, a partir de um esquema multissetorial, e outro apresentando resultados empíricos, baseados em matrizes insumo-produto. Finalmente, na terceira parte, empregando modelos de consistência entre fluxos e estoques, são derivadas algumas implicações dinâmicas para alem do curto período do multiplicador, decorrentes de uma dada estrutura observada. Para tal, as estimativas dos parâmetros e do próprio período do multiplicador são utilizadas, passando-se de um modelo teórico de simulação a uma estratégia aplicada que incorpora o papel dos estoques em um arcabouço trivial de analise dos agregados macroeconômicos / Abstract: This thesis is divided into three parts. The first one discusses the short period behind the traditional autonomous expenditure multiplier, in a way that exposes the major macroeconomic aggregates and their interconnections; at this point the separation between the autonomous and induced parcels with respect to income is crucial. A second chapter, compounding the first part, presents estimations of the parameters involved in a given specification of the multiplier, for Brazil, trying also to capture the chronological period of time inherent to the theoretical period of the multiplier. Considering the presentation of the investment in the previous part as autonomous with respect to income, the second part explores this hypothesis arguing from the inter-sectoral relationships existent in a economic system. Once more, the division in two chapters was made, one outlining the theoretical basis, from a multi-sectoral scheme, and another featuring empirical results, based on input-output matrices. Finally, the third part employs stock-flow consistent models to derive some dynamical implications to beyond the short period of multiplier, resulting from a given observed structure. To this end, the estimations of the parameters and of the multiplier period are used, moving from a theoretical simulation model to an applied strategy that incorporates the role of stocks in a trivial framework of analysis of the macroeconomic aggregates / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on side shear resistance in limestone when temporary casing is used. Due to testing in actual limestone being an unrealistic goal, simulated limestone mixes were prepared and cast into 6 – 42 in. diameter beds. Limestone throughout Florida can be quite varied (e.g. 50-5000 psi) but where stronger limestone is not likely to be penetrated by casing installation. Therefore, target unconfined compressive strengths of the study specimens ranged between 60 psi to 850 psi. A simulated limestone material was developed based on over 200 cylinders cast for unconfined compression testing where the binder (cement or lime), water to binder ratio, aggregate types (sand, coquina, and oyster shells), and binder content were all varied. Results of the laboratory tests were used to establish simulated limestone mixes for 42 in. diameter specimen beds in which 1/10th scale drilled shaft rock sockets were cast. Drilled shaft casing installation techniques were adapted to 1/10th scale where driven casing and oscillated/rotated casing methods were simulated. Within each of the simulated limestone test beds, 5 shaft specimens were cast with and without temporary casing where at least one of the specimens was cast without temporary casing (control specimen). Pullout tests of each specimen revealed that the presence of temporary casing reduced the side shear by 25 to 28 percent depending on the casing installation/extraction method. However, in all cases representative of weaker limestone, the measured reduction did not affect the anticipated design side shear resistance.

Une classe générale de statistiques de rangs basées sur la fonction caractéristique est introduite afin de tester l'hypothèse composite d'appartenance à une famille de copules multidimensionnelles. Ces statistiques d'adéquation sont définies comme des distances fonctionnelles de type L_2 pondérées entre une version non paramétrique et une version semi-paramétrique de la fonction caractéristique que l'on peut associer à une copule. Il est démontré que ces statistiques de test se comportent asymptotiquement comme des V-statistiques dégénérées d'ordre quatre et que leurs lois limites s'expriment en termes de sommes pondérées de variables khi-deux indépendantes. La convergence des tests sous des alternatives générales est établie, de même que la validité du bootstrap paramétrique pour le calcul de valeurs critiques. Le comportement des nouveaux tests sous des tailles d'échantillons faibles et modérées est étudié à l'aide de simulations et est comparé à celui d'un test concurrent fondé sur la copule empirique. La méthodologie est finalement illustrée sur un jeu de données à plusieurs dimensions.

The co-optimization of energy and reserves has become a standard requirement in integrated markets. This is due to the inverse relationship that exists between energy and reserves. The provision of reserves generally reduces the amount of primary energy a generating unit can produce and vice versa. This suggests that these products should be procured through a simultaneous auction to ensure optimal procurement and pricing. Furthermore, forward markets dictate that this co-optimization of energy and reserves be done over a multi-period planning horizon. This dissertation addresses the problem of optimal scheduling and pricing of energy and reserves over a multi-period planning horizon using an optimal power flow formulation. The extension of the problem from a static optimization problem to a dynamic optimization problem is presented. Price definitions for energy and reserves in terms of shadow prices emanating from the optimization algorithm are provided. It is shown that the proposed formulation of prices leads to the cascading of reserve prices and eliminates the problem of “price reversal” where lower quality reserves are priced higher than higher ii quality reserves. Pricing conditions are also established for the downward substitution of higher quality reserves for lower quality reserves. The proposed pricing formulations are tested on the IEEE 24 Bus Reliability Test System and on the South African power network. The simulated results show that cascading of reserve prices does occur and that prices of different types of reserves are equal when downward substitution of reserves occurs. Zonal reserve requirements result in higher energy and reserve prices, which in term result in higher procurement costs to the system operator and higher profits to market participants. Congestion on the network also results in higher procurement costs to the system operator and higher profits to market participants in the case of zonal pricing of reserves. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The thesis is focused on local currencies. In response to the current economic crisis, there is a renaissance of interest in the local currencies round the world. The local currency is seen as a useful tool for promoting economic growth. In this work, we concluded that their success is conditioned by several factors. The German local currency Chiemgauer was studied as it serves as an example for other local currencies. I described the Czech relevant discourse and proposed terminology. Further, I presented an overview of complementary currencies in the Czech Republic. The planned local currency of the town of Uvaly (which should be the first genuine local currency in the Czech Republic) was analyzed. Based on the calculated local multiplier I identified potential for a successful role of this forthcoming local currency.

The aim of this research was to demonstrate a high current and stable field emission (FE) source based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and electron multiplier microchannel plate (MCP) and design efficient field emitters. In recent years various CNT based FE devices have been demonstrated including field emission displays, x-ray source and many more. However to use CNTs as source in high powered microwave (HPM) devices higher and stable current in the range of few milli-amperes to amperes is required. To achieve such high current we developed a novel technique of introducing a MCP between CNT cathode and anode. MCP is an array of electron multipliers; it operates by avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons, which are generated when electrons strike channel walls of MCP. FE current from CNTs is enhanced due to avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons and in addition MCP also protects CNTs from irreversible damage during vacuum arcing. Conventional MCP is not suitable for this purpose due to the lower secondary emission properties of their materials. To achieve higher and stable currents we have designed and fabricated a unique ceramic MCP consisting of high SEY materials. The MCP was fabricated utilizing optimum design parameters, which include channel dimensions and material properties obtained from charged particle optics (CPO) simulation. Child Langmuir law, which gives the optimum current density from an electron source, was taken into account during the system design and experiments. Each MCP channel consisted of MgO coated CNTs which was chosen from various material systems due to its very high SEY. With MCP inserted between CNT cathode and anode stable and higher emission current was achieved. It was ~25 times higher than without MCP. A brighter emission image was also evidenced due to enhanced emission current. The obtained results are a significant technological advance and this research holds promise for electron source in new generation lightweight, efficient and compact microwave devices for telecommunications in satellites or space applications. As part of this work novel emitters consisting of multistage geometry with improved FE properties were was also developed.

abstract: Lattice-based Cryptography is an up and coming field of cryptography that utilizes the difficulty of lattice problems to design lattice-based cryptosystems that are resistant to quantum attacks and applicable to Fully Homomorphic Encryption schemes (FHE). In this thesis, the parallelization of the Residue Number System (RNS) and algorithmic efficiency of the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) are combined to tackle the most significant bottleneck of polynomial ring multiplication with the hardware design of an optimized RNS-based NTT polynomial multiplier. The design utilizes Negative Wrapped Convolution, the NTT, RNS Montgomery reduction with Bajard and Shenoy extensions, and optimized modular 32-bit channel arithmetic for nine RNS channels to accomplish an RNS polynomial multiplication. In addition to a full software implementation of the whole system, a pipelined and optimized RNS-based NTT unit with 4 RNS butterflies is implemented on the Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA(xc7a200tlffg1156-2L) for size and delay estimates. The hardware implementation achieves an operating frequency of 47.043 MHz and utilizes 13239 LUT's, 4010 FF's, and 330 DSP blocks, allowing for multiple simultaneously operating NTT units depending on FGPA size constraints. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020

Optimization of digital circuits still attracts much attention not only of researchers but mainly chip producers. One of new the methods for the optimization of digital circuits is cartesian genetic programming. This Master's thesis describes a new crossover operator and its implementation for cartesian genetic programming. Experimental evaluation was performed in the task of three-bit multiplier and five-bit parity circuit design.