The aim of the thesis is to study some of the essential consequences of the location of Algots Ltd in three municipalities (Lycksele, Norsjö and Skellefteå) in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The factories were established with huge subsidies from the Swedish Government which considered the location as a major effort to stimulate regional development in Västerbotten County.The study shows that the yearly working time has increased, on average, by 80 per cent for the women who received employment in one of the factories. Both the incomemult i pi i er and the employmentmult i piier effects in Västerbotten County are rather small since the intermediate goods used by the firm are produced outside the region. The study also contain cost-benefit analysis as applied to the whole economy. Primarily due to very poor private profitability, the investment has yielded negative profitability to the whole economy except in the case of the Norsjö factory. / digitalisering@umu

The work describes the development of a reliable device for profiling anion beam in the intensity cross section. A sensor head consisting of a Faradaycup in combination with a Channel Electron Multiplier was designedand built together with electronics including power supply and front endelectronics. The design was chosen considering financial and long term lifeaspects. Testing, first calibration and error analysis were done using the ionbeam facilities where the unit is supposed to be installed permanently. Theprofiling system performed as designed and the profile of the ion beam couldbe measured reliably with an accuracy down to the femto ampere range.

Automotive Radars have introduced various functions on automobiles for driver’s safety and comfort, as part of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), collision warning or avoidance, blind spot surveillance and parking assistance. Although such radar systems with 24 GHz carrier frequency are already in use but due to some regulatory issues, recently a permanent band has been allocated at 77-81 GHz, allowing for long-term development of the radar service. In fact, switchover to the new band is mandatory by 2014. A frequency multiplier will be one of the key components for such a millimeter wave automotive radar system because there are limitations in direct implementation of low phase noise oscillators at high frequencies. A practical way to build a cost-effective and stable source at higher frequency is to use an active multiplier preceded by a high spectral purity VCO operating at a lower frequency. Recent improvements in the performance of SiGe technology allow the silicon microelectronics to advance into areas previously restricted to compound semiconductor devices and make it a strong competitor for automotive radar applications at 79 GHz. This thesis presents the design of active frequency doubler circuits at 20 GHz in a commercially available SiGe BiCMOS technology and at 40GHz in SiGe bipolar technology (Infineon-B7h200 design). Buffer/amplifier circuits are included at output stages to drive 50 Ω load. The frequency doubler at 20 GHz is based on an emitter-coupled pair operating in class-B configuration at 1.8 V supply voltage. Pre-layout simulations show its conversion gain of 10 dB at -5 dBm input, fundamental suppression of 25dB and NF of 12dB. Input and output impedance matching networks are designed to match 50 Ω at both sides. The millimeter wave frequency doubler is designed for 5 V supply voltage and has the Gilbert cell-based differential architecture where both RF and LO ports are tied together to act as a frequency doubler. Both pre-layout and post-layout simulation results are presented and compared together. The extracted circuit has a conversion gain of 8 dB at -8 dB input, fundamental suppression of 20 dB, NF of 12 dB and it consumes 42 mA current from supply. The layout occupies an area of 0.12 mm2 without pads and baluns at both input and output ports. The frequency multiplier circuits have been designed using Cadence Design Tool.

Recently, with advances in CMOS process, the RF receiver which is integrated into the SOC chip can effectively reduce production costs. When designing the wireless receiver, one of the most important technologies is to design channel-selection filter. Typically, the design of the channel-selection filter in multi-standard high-frequency will take up a large chip area and higher power consumption. Therefore, in order to reduce the area and power consumption, this thesis designed a low-power OTA and low-pass filter. This thesis presents a multi-mode wireless communication application in the receiver channel selection filter. This filter is designed to use the fifth-order Butterworth low pass filter, the filter range can be used in Bluetooth, cdma2000, wideband CDMA, and IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n wireless LAN. Using floating transistor architecture in the input stage of OTA can effectively increase the THD performance. Using MOS transistors operating in triode region and combined with current multiplier can achieve the voltage-to-current conversion. Using the trans-linear loop can reach a wide tunable range, and the OTA operating in weak inversion region can significantly reduce the transconductance. Implementation is to use the TSMC 0.18£gm CMOS process. Simulation results show that the successful operation of this filter can be between 650 kHz ~ 22MHz frequency range. The filter may have compatibility in different wireless communication applications. 14.5mW to 17.5mW, respectively, is the smallest to the largest power consumption. The supply voltage is 1.2 volts.

In asymmetric cryptosystems, an important advantage of Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) is the shorter key lengths than other cryptosystems. It can provide a level of security when the bit length over than 160 bits. So it has become a popular public key cryptographic system in recent year. Multiplier needs to run many times in scalar multiplication and it plays an essential role in ECC. Since the registers in multiplier are shifted every iteration, it will consume a lot of power in the computing process. So in this thesis, we propose five methods to save multiplication¡¦s energy consumption based on a scalable serial-parallel algorithm[1]. The first method is to design a low-power shift-register by modifying shift-register B to reduce the frequency of registers shifted. The second method is to use a frequency divider circuit. It can make registers to access a value every two clock cycles by modifying RA units. The third method is to introduce the gated clock circuit, and the clock signal of register will be disabled if its value is the same. The fourth method is to skip redundant operations and it can decrease the number of clock cycles for completing a multiplication operation. The last method raises multiplier¡¦s throughput by modifying RA units. The former three methods focus on low-power design, and the latter two methods emphasize on improving performance. Reducing power consumption and improving performance will save multiplication¡¦s energy consumption. Finally, we propose a Half Cycles schedule to raise scalar multiplication¡¦s performance. It is based on Montgomery scalar multiplication algorithm with projective coordinate[22][26]. For the hardware implementation, TSMC 0.13um library is employed and all modules are organized in a hierarchy structure. The implementation results show that the proposed multipliers have less energy consumption than traditional multiplier. It can get 5% ~ 24% energy saving. For Montgomery scalar multiplication, it can also reduce 12% ~ 47% energy consumption and is suitable for portable electronic products because its low area complexity and low energy.

Microwave frequency multipliers are very useful and advantageous components in microwave systems, especially, where the generation of high frequency sinusoidal signals is very difficult because of degrading performance of the solid state oscillators with increasing frequency. These components are frequently employed in diverse applications such as commercial wireless communication systems, microwave transmitters and receivers, and military systems. In the following work the basic principles of microwave FET frequency multipliers, specifically concentrated on triplers, are studied presenting theoretical concept and utilizing computerized simulation of piecewise linear FET (PLF) model. The use of PLF model which neglects nonlinear reactances and relies on resistive nonlinearities allows for the theoretical concept and, consequently, the multiplication mechanism in a frequency multiplier to be clearly and easily identified. At the end of this study, after presenting basic considerations on FET frequency multipliers a practical microwave frequency tripler design is presented.

Social accounting matrix (SAM) is one of the tools used in regional economic analysis, enabling understanding the structure of the economy as well as analyzing the impacts of policies or exogenous shocks. In this thesis, a two-region SAM of Turkey is constructed for the year 2002 and the findings of multiplier analysis are presented. To this end, first, a two-region input-output (I-O) table is constructed using location quotient (LQ) method and using this two-region I-O table, a two-region SAM is compiled. Then, multiplier analysis is performed on the two-region SAM constructed. According to the results of the multiplier analysis, through an exogenous shock amounting to 1% of GDP gives better results both in absolute and distributional terms when it is originated in region East than region West. This thesis should construct a first step towards more comprehensive analyses including higher level of sectoral detail and micro-data.

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This study use regional development and input-output analysis investigates Luchu Base¡¦s industries in the development and operation period that impact of the southern regional. The multipliers and impact analysis was performed through regional input-output analysis for Luchu Base. The publishment of Taiwan regional input-output table has been stopped since 1981. Therefore, this study estimate the southern regional input coefficient table for year 2001 using Mathematic process Method and Location Quotient Method. Then using this input coefficient table to forecast the changes of output and employment in the southern region and each prefecture or city after Luchu Base established. Finally, this study evaluates the future development of Luchu Base for regional economy. The major finding include, the key effected industries during the development period of Luchu Base which are construction correlation industries would be fabricated metal products, non-metallic mineral products, iron and steel industries, and electronic machinery and other electronic equipments industries. In operation period, the significantly economical effects industries will be Luchu Base¡¦s planning industries that are electronic products, other industrial products, and other chemical products; especially the most output effect is electronic products industry. The significantly economical effects are finance and insurance, and trade and retail industries. The establishment of Luchu Base tends to have positively economical effects for southern region in the development and operation period.

Abstract In the theory of Economics, investment can bring about Multiplier Effect to the whole GNP, no matter in employment, national income, and even economic growth rate, with an uprising influence. Therefore, every country in the world that hopes to develop economy will do all the best it can to attract investment in order to promote economic prosperity. So, establishing an Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is one of the most used ways when the developing countries want to develop economy. Taiwan has set up its EPZs for more than 41 years. The EPZs have played an important role in the national economic development, have laid down an exemplary foundation for Taiwan¡¦s export processing industries, and have written down a footnote of an ideal model in Taiwan¡¦s economic miracle. But due to the changes in economic situations both domestically and internationally, the magnet effect of mainland China¡¦s so-called ¡¨World Factory¡¨ and the establishment of Special Economic Zones in many countries around the world, the investment environments of export processing zones in Taiwan have all suffered a hardship gradually and the competition of attracting investment has become more fiercely from day to day. Luckily enough, the in-zone enterprises have continuously transferred the industrial structure to cope with the industry¡¦s economic changes from the traditional industry¡¦s labor-intensive pattern to the industry cluster in capital, technology and knowledge-intensive patterns. Also, the governments have changed in systems and adjusted the functions constantly so that the enterprises can keep growing and sustain their operations. The paper collected the related plans, documents and secondary data of EPZs¡¦development, regional industrial development, Ping-tung county¡¦s industrial development and the current situations of PEPZ, and then makes the conclusions and analyses, In addition, the paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses, possible opportunities and threats of inside and outside of the PEPZ by SWOT analysis, and investigated the non-engaged investors by face-to-face interviews about the reasons that they don¡¦t invest in PEPZ for the reference of making the recruiting strategies, and then made questionnaires to the representatives of industries, government officials and scholars in universities by Delphi Method, so as to obtain the primary data and collect and analyze them. The paper quoted some of the researches in regional advantages of industrial models from Professor Wu Chi-hua and Dr. Tsai Jin-kun to analyze the industrial advantages of Ping-tung county, Kaohsiung city and Kaohsiung county, and all of the Export Processing Zones. By making references from Input-Output Tables of the Executive Yuan and the nation¡¦s important industries in the coming ten years, the paper sifted out the industries that PEPZ intends to recruit in the future. And then, through the Delphi Method of expert¡¦s results inspections, the paper made a conclusion that the important industries that PEPZ can recruit includes metal products, energy industry, electronics and its components, automobile and auto-parts, machinery & equipments. In the end, the paper studied the recruiting strategies and practical ways of attracting investment through the theory of SWOT to analyze the recruiting competitiveness of PEPZ. The paper obtained the matrix of SWOT strategic analysis, and drew up SO¡]strength-opportunity¡^strategies, WO(weakness-opportunity) strategies, ST(strength-threat) strategies and WT(weakness-threat) strategies after the expert¡¦s inspections. There are 13 strategies and practical ways .