El estudio de los microorganismos en cultivo puro ha propiciado el desarrollo de la genética, la bioquímica y la biotecnología. Sin embargo, la ecología ha permanecido reticente a incorporar a los microorganismos en su acervo teórico y experimental, principalmente debido a las dificultades metodológicas para observar a los microbios en la naturaleza, y como resultado de los caminos divergentes que han trazado las disciplinas de la microbiología y la ecología general. Esta tesis trata de demostrar que los patrones ecológicos de comunidades microbianas son susceptibles de ser analizados mediante la combinación de técnicas filogenéticas y herramientas de estadística multivariante. El uso de técnicas filogenéticas permite solventar, o al menos paliar, el hecho de la no independencia de los organismos vivos debido a la ascendencia común. Con la información ambiental adicional (como reflejo del determinismo abiótico) y la información espacial (como amalgama de eventos históricos y de dispersión), es posible explorar los posibles mecanismos que subyacen a la estructura y a la diversidad de las comunidades microbianas. / The study of microorganisms in pure laboratory culture has delivered fruitful insights into genetics, biochemistry and biotechnology. However, ecology has remained reluctant to incorporate microorganisms in its experimental and theoretical underpinnings mainly due to methodological difficulties in observing microorganisms in nature, and as a result of the different paths followed by the disciplines of microbiology and general ecology. In this dissertation, I argue that novel insights into microbial community patterns arise when phylogenetic relatedness are used in conjunction with multivariate statistical techniques in the context of broad scales of description.

Σε αυτήν την διπλωματική εργασία μελετήσαμε το σύστημα ελέγχου θερμοκρασίας και στάθμης νερού σε δεξαμενή. Αρχικά αναφέρουμε γενικά στοιχεία θεωρίας σχετικά με τον σχεδιασμό συστημάτων ελέγχου στον χώρο κατάστασης και πιο συγκεκριμένα αναλύουμε την μέθοδο ελέγχου με βάση την αυθαίρετη τοποθέτηση πόλων. Στην συνέχεια ασχολούμαστε μεμονωμένα με τον έλεγχο στάθμης νερού σε δεξαμενή. Περιγράφουμε το φυσικό σύστημα και την μονάδα ελέγχου την οποί α χρησιμοποιήσαμε στον χώρο του εργαστηρίου. Έπειτα από μια σειρά πειραμάτων τα οποία εκτελέσαμε και με βάση τις μετρήσεις τις οποίες πήραμε ,μπορέσαμε να υπολογίσουμε τα χαρακτηριστικά των επιμέρους ηλεκτρομηχανολογικών στοιχείων της πειραματικής μας διάταξης, όπως για παράδειγμα της αντλίας νερού, της μονάδας μέτρησης της στάθμης ,καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά της στατικής διεργασίας. Ομοίως πράξαμε και για τον έλεγχο θερμοκρασίας νερού σε δεξαμενή και έτσι μπορέσαμε να υπολογίσουμε τα χαρακτηριστικά του στοιχείου θέρμανσης. Στην συνέχεια, δίνουμε την περιγραφή του ολικού συστήματος ελέγχου στάθμης και θερμοκρασίας νερού σε δεξαμενή. Αφού εξάγουμε τις μαθηματικές εξισώσεις οι οποίες περιγράφουν το σύστημα στην μόνιμη κατάσταση, συμπεραίνουμε πως το σύστημα είναι μη γραμμικό. Σχεδιάζουμε το μη γραμμικό σύστημα στο Simulink και γράφοντας κατάλληλο κώδικα στο Matlab μπορέσαμε να γραμμικοποιήσουμε το σύστημά μας γύρω από ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο λειτουργίας και το διακριτοποιήσαμε. Έπειτα, πάλι με την βοήθεια του λογισμικού προγράμματος Matlab σχεδιάσαμε έναν ελεγκτή με την μέθοδο τοποθέτησης πόλων και τον εφαρμόσαμε στο μη γραμμικό σύστημα για διάφορες τιμές πόλων και εξάγαμε τα συμπεράσματά μας από τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα όσων φορά την καλύτερη απόκριση του συστήματος. Την ίδια διαδικασία με παραπάνω εφαρμόσαμε και για ένα διαφορετικό σημείο λειτουργίας του συστήματος. / -

Many control systems of practical importance are multivariable. In such systems, each manipulated variable (input signal) may affect several controlled variables (output signals) causing interaction between the input/output loops. For this reason, control of multivariable systems is typically much more difficult compared to the single-input single-output case. It is therefore of great importance to quantify the degree of interaction so that proper input/output pairings that minimize the impact of the interaction can be formed. For this, dedicated interaction measures can be used. The first part of this thesis treats interaction measures. The commonly used Relative Gain Array (RGA) is compared with the Gramian-based interaction measures the Hankel Interaction Index Array (HIIA) and the Participation Matrix (PM) which consider controllability and observability to quantify the impact each input signal has on each output signal. A similar measure based on the <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cmathcal%20H_2" /> norm is also investigated. Further, bounds on the uncertainty of the HIIA and the PM in case of uncertain models are derived. It is also shown how the link between the PM and the Nyquist diagram can be utilized to numerically calculate such bounds. Input/output pairing strategies based on linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control are also suggested. The key idea is to design single-input single-output LQG controllers for each input/output pair and thereafter form closed-loop multivariable systems for each control configuration of interest. The performances of these are compared in terms of output variance. In the second part of the thesis, the activated sludge process, commonly found in the biological wastewater treatment step for nitrogen removal, is considered. Multivariable interactions present in this type of bioreactor are analysed with the tools discussed in the first part of the thesis. Furthermore, cost-efficient operation of the activated sludge process is investigated.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos technologinių vamzdynų kokybės vertinimo problemos, kokybės užtikrinimo būtinumas ir priemonės tam tikslui pasiekti. Išnagrinėtas kokybės sąvokų supratimas įvairiose šalyse, pateikiami ISO serijos standartų privalumai ir minusai įmonėse, siekiančiose kokybės tobulėjimo. Išanalizuota užsienio šalių patirtis technologinių vamzdynų tiesimo bei eksploatavimo srityse. Remiantis sprendimų paramos sistemomis išanalizuotos dvi technologinių vamzdynų tiesimo alternatyvos ir parinktas racionalus variantas. Siekiant įvertinti technologinių vamzdynų kokybę, peržvelgus įvairias rekomendacijas, standartus, įstatymus, sudarytas kokybės kontrolės planas. Pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados. / Master’s thesis analyzes issues of technological pipeline quality evaluation, assurance and means to achieve it. It analyzes various understandings of quality issues in several countries, provides ISO quality standard‘s advantages and disadvantages in companies who are seeking to improve their quality. Experience of various countries is analyzed and compared in construction and utilization of technological pipelines. Based on decision support systems two alternatives for construction of technological pipelines are analyzed and an optimum solution is chosen. During evaluation of quality of technological pipelines, various recommendations, standards and laws were evaluated. A plan of measures to control quality is suggested. Final practical implications are provided in conclusions of the thesis.

Hydraulic systems are widely applied in industry for position or force control. However, due to hydraulic system nonlinearities, it is difficult to achieve a precise model valid over a large range of frequencies and movements. The work in this dissertation focuses on a high performance hydraulic test bench which involves three main hydraulic components, i.e. two high performance servovalves, a double rod actuator, and a specific intermediate block connecting the servovalves and actuator. This rig has been designed for testing aerospace or automotive components in real conditions (e.g. wear and ageing effects). The main objectives of this dissertation are first the development of a virtual prototype based on a precise model which is derived from the physical principles and experimental works, and then second the synthesis of several nonlinear control laws of this actuation system in a large operating range with a good robustness to the perturbations. The proposed model based on Bond Graph shows a very good agreement with experimental results not only at low frequencies, but also at high frequencies. Moreover, its performances are improved at high frequencies by introducing the dynamic effects due to the intermediate block. Besides, multivariable and monovariable control strategies, based on respectively the backstepping and the model-free method, are developed and implemented on the test bench. All the control strategies proposed have been validated by simulations and experiments. Results show they lead to better tracking precision and robustness performance compared to the conventional control techniques.

This thesis purposes and develops inductively coupled LC (inductive-capacitive) pH sensors based on pH-sensitive electrode pair. The LC resonator circuit is based on a varactor and measures the low frequency potential difference. For wireless pH monitoring, the resonator circuit is integrated with a pH-sensitive electrode pair. This sensor demonstrates a linear response over 2 to 12 pH dynamic range, 0.1 pH accuracy and long-term stability. Accurate measurement of pH using electrode-based sensors is affected by temperature variation. A technique of simultaneously measuring two parameters, pH and temperature, with a single RLC resonator based sensor is presented. An algorithm is developed, which applies both pH and temperature measurement to incorporate temperature compensation in pH measurement. For in-fluid applications, an encapsulation method is applied to the LC resonator based sensor to reduce the influence of medium permittivity and conductivity on the sensor measurement. Non-invasive way to obtain reliable pH information from bacterial culture bioprocesses is demonstrated with the fluid embeddable sensor. The pH sensor is remodeled to an acidic and basic volatile sensor by embedding the electrodes in a hydrogel host electrolyte. Tests demonstrate that the volatile sensor has a detection limit of 1.5 ppm and 2 ppm for ammonia and acetic acid vapor, respectively. Application of the volatile sensor to fish spoilage monitoring shows that the sensor is capable of detecting the product rejection level with good sensitivity in real-time. It is important to develop low cost wireless passive pH sensor technologies for embedded applications such as bioprocess and food spoilage monitoring. The electrode-based passive LC sensor approach employed in this thesis overcomes drawbacks of some of the early developed passive pH sensors and can lead to an inexpensive implementation using printed electronics technology.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MissileneSF_Dissert.pdf: 1294524 bytes, checksum: b3601c72fef0c8416a12dd43f864d044 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The proposal for this study is to obtain an adaptive controller by feedback states for fourth order time-varyng multivariable systems or with parametric uncertainty. Alternatively the difficulties and limitations involving the usual methods of synthesis of optimal controllers for this class of systems, through the investigation of an algorithm based on particles swarm optimization with good tuning of parameters, we seek to define a flexible structure for applications that require decision making and online estimation of the feedback matrix parameters. The controller developed should provide, for every execution, not only system stability, but at the same time, provides compliance to the performance indexes set, without the need to perform complex and expensive mathematical calculations, eliminating thus the subjective components of analysis and design / É proposta neste trabalho a obtenção de um controlador adaptativo por realimentação de estados para sistemas multivariáveis de quarta ordem variantes no tempo e com incertezas paramétricas. Em alternativa às dificuldades e limitações envolvendo os métodos usuais de síntese de controladores ótimos para esta classe de sistemas, por meio da investigação de um algoritmo baseado na otimização por enxame de partículas com boa sintonia dos parâmetros, busca-se a definição de uma estrutura flexível destinada a aplicações que demandem a tomada de decisão e estimação em tempo real dos parâmetros da matriz de realimentação. O controlador desenvolvido deverá fornecer, a cada execução, não somente estabilidade ao sistema, mas ao mesmo tempo, propiciar observância aos índices de desempenho fixados, sem a necessidade da realização de cálculos matemáticos complexos e dispendiosos, eliminando, dessa forma, as componentes subjetivas de análise e projeto

O presente trabalho apresenta a descrição de um modelo matemático completo em seis graus de liberdade para um Veículo Submersível Autônomo (VSA) sub-atuado. Desenvolveram-se métodos de identificação de sistemas para identificar o modelo não linear do veículo. A fim de evitar problemas de divergência na estimação de parâmetros hidrodinâmicos do modelo, usou-se o método de transformação paramétrica. Usou-se o filtro estendido de Kalman como estratégia para o processo de estimação de parâmetros quando ruídos de natureza gaussiana estavam presentes no modelo e nas medidas. Com o objetivo de estimar um maior número de parâmetros de uma só vez, empregou-se o método de máxima verossimilhança. Os experimentos mostraram que o filtro de Kalman responde bem à estimação de parâmetros específicos, porém, divergiu facilmente à estimação de múltiplos parâmetros. Uma alternativa que apresentou melhor desempenho foi o método de máxima verossimilhança. Testaram-se manobras circulares e de zig-zags para a obtenção de dados do veículo. Para os ensaios experimentais, utilizou-se o VSA sub-atuado do Laboratório de Veículos Não Tripulados (LVNT) do Departamento de Engenharia Mecatrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Validou-se o modelo identificado mediante o simulador do veículo. Numa segunda etapa, desenvolveram-se controladores H¥ capazes de controlar a dinâmica do VSA em seus seis graus de liberdade. Projetaram-se controladores SISO (uma entrada e uma saída) e MIMO (múltiplas entradas e múltiplas saídas) com o fim de avaliar o acoplamento dinâmico do sistema. Projetaram-se controladores centralizados robustos para garantir as condições de operação num ambiente marinho e em condições de laboratório próximas às de uma aplicação real. As leis de controle são baseadas na técnica de sensibilidade mista H¥ que garantem condições de robustez do sistema de controle, tanto no desempenho quanto na estabilidade. Uma estrutura de controle de dois graus de liberdade (2GL) produziu melhores propriedades de desempenho comparada com a estrutura do controlador de um grau de liberdade. Compararam-se as respostas dos controladores descentralizados SISO e os controladores centralizados. O controlador 2GL garantiu as especificações do projeto, inclusive aquelas definidas no domínio do tempo. Um controlador central pode controlar o veículo na realização de manobras complexas em três dimensões que emulem a inspeção ou monitoramento de sistemas offshores ou outras tarefas comuns na exploração submarinha. O trabalho apresenta também a integração dos algoritmos de controle com o sistema de tempo real embarcado, os sensores inerciais de navegação, os motores elétricos para os atuadores lemes e o propulsor, o banco de baterias e o processador central ARM7 de 32 bits de ponto fixo. Traduziram-se os algoritmos de controle de ordem elevada para a aritmética de ponto fixo produzindo a execução rápida e, no possível, evitando a ocorrência de transbordamento de dados. / This work presents a full six degrees-of-freedom mathematical model description of a subactuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The work developed methods of System Identification for identifying the nonlinear model of the vehicle. In order to avoid divergence problems in the process of hydrodynamic, it used the parametric transformation technique. It used the extended Kalman filter to estimate the model parameters subject to Gaussian noise, in the process and in the measurements. In order to tackle the problem of multiple parameter estimation at once, the work used the maximum likelihood approach. The experimental results showed that the Kalman filter approach is better when the aim is to estimate a specific parameter, however, it diverges easily when the aim is to estimate multiple parameters. The maximum likelihood technique showed better response to estimate multiple parameters of the model. Zig-zag and circular standard maneuvers were tested with the identification algorithms. For experimental tests, an AUV, namely Pirajuba and constructed by the Unmanned Vehicle Laboratory (LVNT), were used. Results were also assessed using an AUV six degrees of freedom simulator. In a second stage, the work developed H¥ controllers to manoeuvre the vehicle in six-degrees-of-freedom. Decoupled SISO (single input and single output variables) and MIMO (multiple input and multiple output variables) controllers were synthesized in order to validate the coupling dynamics of the AUV. Moreover, centralized robust controllers were developed to control the vehicle in the sea and in test tanks with extreme conditions close to the ocean environmental. The control techniques were based in the H¥ mixed sensitivity approach which guarantees robust performance and stability of the sub-actuated system. A structure of two-degrees-of-freedom (2GL) controller presented better performance compared with the classic single H¥ controller of one degree of freedom structure. A comparison between responses was used to validate the decoupling and centralized controllers. The 2GL controller has good performance specifications despite these defined in the time domain. A central controller can control the AUV in complex maritime task that require complex and three-dimensional manoeuvres. The work deals also with the implementation issues coding these advanced control algorithms into the real time embedded system including inertial sensors, electric motors for the propeller and actuator surfaces, battery banks, and the unit central process ARM7 of 32 bits of fixed point. The control algorithms were translated from floating point to fixed point arithmetic avoiding data overflow, seeking simplicity and fast task execution.

A validação de modelos lineares é uma etapa importante em um projeto de Identificação de Sistemas, pois a escolha correta do modelo para representar a maior parte da dinâmica do processo, dentro de um número finito de técnicas de identificação e em torno de um ponto de operação, permite o sucesso no desenvolvimento de controladores preditivos e de controladores robustos. Por tal razão, o objetivo principal desta Tese é o desenvolvimento de um método de validação de modelos lineares, tendo como ferramentas de avaliação os métodos estatísticos, avaliações dinâmicas e análise da robustez do modelo. O componente principal do sistema de validação de modelos lineares proposto é o desenvolvimento de um sistema fuzzy para análise dos resultados obtidos pelas ferramentas utilizadas na etapa de validação. O projeto de Identificação de Sistemas é baseado em dados reais de operação de uma Planta-Piloto de Neutralização de pH, localizada no Laboratório de Controle de Processos Industriais da Escola Politécnica da USP. Para verificar o resultado da validação, todos os modelos são testados em um controlador preditivo do tipo QDMC (Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) para seguir uma trajetória de referência. Os critérios utilizados para avaliar o desempenho do controlador QDMC, para cada modelo utilizado, foram a velocidade de resposta do controlador e o índice da mínima variabilidade da variável de processo. Os resultados mostram que a confiabilidade do sistema de validação projetado para malhas com baixa e alta não-linearidade em um processo real, foram de 85,71% e 50%, respectivamente, com relação aos índices de desempenho obtidos pelo controlador QDMC. / Linear model validation is the most important stage in System Identification Project because, the model correct selection to represent the most of process dynamic allows the success in the development of predictive and robust controllers, within identification technique finite number and around the operation point. For this reason, the development of linear model validation methods is the main objective in this Thesis, taking as a tools of assessing the statistical, dynamic and robustness methods. Fuzzy system is the main component of model linear validation system proposed to analyze the results obtained by the tools used in validation stage. System Identification project is performed through operation real data of a pH neutralization pilot plant, located at the Industrial Process Control Laboratory, IPCL, of the Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to verify the validation results, all modes are used in QDMC type predictive controller, to follow a set point tracking. The criterions used to assess the QDMC controller performance were the speed response and the process variable minimum variance index, for each model used. The results show that the validation system reliability were 85.71% and 50% projected for low and high non-linearity in a real process, respectively, linking to the performance indexes obtained by the QDMC controller.

Uma das técnicas de controle avançado que vem ganhando destaque no cenário econômico e ecológico, focando maior sustentabilidade e a otimização dos processos, é o controle preditivo, o qual já vem sendo aplicado em indústrias químicas e petroquímicas. Esta dissertação trata do desenvolvimento de um controle preditivo aplicado a uma planta piloto de neutralização de pH, presente no Laboratório de Controle de Processos Industriais da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento do projeto pode ser dividido em quatro etapas: implementação das malhas de controle regulatório, identificação dos sistemas, construção do controlador preditivo, aplicações e análises experimentais. Na primeira etapa foi necessário estudar o sistema em questão e implementar algumas malhas internas usando controladores PID. Na segunda etapa foi realizada a identificação do modelo da planta, ressaltando que pontos de operação e ajuste de parâmetros internos são determinantes para a modelagem. Já na terceira etapa desenvolveu-se um controlador preditivo, através de softwares auxiliares como o MATLAB e o IIT 800xA da ABB, que foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento e implementação do algoritmo de controle. Por fim, na última etapa, foi feita a análise e comparação dos resultados, quando se submete à planta a um controlador PID, quando aplicado um controlador preditivo em cascata com controladores PID e quando se utiliza apenas o controlador preditivo com ação direta nos atuadores. / The predictive control is an advanced control technique which has gained evidence in the economic and ecological context because the search for sustainability and process optimization. This control has already been applied by the chemical and petrochemical industries. The purpose of this project is to develop a predictive controller which will be applied in a pH neutralization plant located in the Industrial Processes Control Laboratory at Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo. The development of this project can be divided into four stages: implementation of regulatory control loops, identification of the system, construction of the predictive controller, applications and experimental analysis. The first step is necessary in order to study the plant and to implement some internal loops using PID controllers. In the second step, the identification process of the plant model will be done. It is important to note that operating points and internal parameter settings are very important for modeling. In the third stage, using the model obtained from the identification process, a predictive controller is built from auxiliary software such as MATLAB and IIT 800xA (by ABB), which will be used for the development and implementation of the control algorithm. Finally, the last step consists in collecting and analyzing the results of the pH neutralization plant. At this stage the responses of each controller will be compared: PID controller, MPC controller in cascade mode with PID and MPC controller acting directly on actuators.