Introduction:  Aging is related to a gradual decline in skeletal muscle mass, which is associated with morphological modifications such as reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area and satellite cell content. Data also suggest that a short-term strength training period can be an effective instrument to rejuvenate these morphological parameters and to restore muscle mass. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of one year progressive strength training on fiber type-specific morphological parameters (fiber type composition, fiber area, satellite cell content, myonuclear number and domain) in skeletal muscle of elderly men.   Methods: Thirteen healthy elderly men (age range, 66-77 years) were randomly assigned into training (T) (n=7) and control (C) (n=6) groups. 52 weeks of progressive strength training was performed. Before and after the training, muscles biopsies were collected from the middle part of the vastus lateralis by percutaneous needle biopsy technique. Muscle biopsies were examined for muscle fiber type composition, fiber type-specific hypertrophy and alterations in satellite cell content, myonuclear content and domain using immuno-histochemistry.   Results: At baseline, myonuclear content and mean fiber area was larger in type I fibers compared to type II fibers (p&lt;0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in fiber type composition, mean fiber area, satellite cell content and myonuclear domain between T and C groups at baseline. By the end of the training period, fiber area was increased by 59% (p&lt;0.05) in type I and 71% (p&lt;0.05) in type II. Satellite cell content, myonuclear content and myonuclear domain were increased after training in type I by 58% (p&lt;0.05), 33% (p&lt;0.05), and 20% (p&lt;0.05), respectively. Similar increases in satellite cell content (+65%; p &lt;0.05), myonuclear content (+36%; p &lt;0.05) and myonuclear domain (+25%; p&lt;0.05) were seen in type II fibers. Conclusion: The current study reported that long-term strength training is an excellent tool to prevent sarcopenia. It is demonstrated that skeletal muscle in elderly is capable to enhance satellite cell and myonuclear content, which contributed to muscle hypertrophy. / <p>presentation was made in august 2012 and thesis is approved and got result as well in november 2012</p><p>For an enhanced reading experience go to a later version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-31017.</p> / This study was a part of a larger research project studying adaptations to strength, endurance and combined training

The objective of the present study was to explore the correlation between resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and physical activity in active and inactive men and women aged 20-30 years. In total, 13 active and 10 inactive women and 8 active and 5 inactive men were enrolled in this study. RMR was measured using an indirect respiratory calorimeter and body composition was obtained using a BodPod, anthropometric measurements (measurements of waist, weight, skin fold thickness etc.) and bioelectrical impedance analysis. From the BodPod were information obtained about fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and from the bioelectrical impedance analysis were data obtained about the total body water (TBW). By combining the data from these methods a three-compartment model could be produced. This gives a better value of the body composition. By using anthropometric measurements the muscle mass (MM) could be calculated. FFM measurements correlate best with RMR for both active men and women and for inactive women. For the inactive men MM correlates best with RMR. In conclusion, comparing the groups as a whole it is seen that the FFM correlates best with RMR for both women and men. Since the muscles are the metabolically active part of FFM it is concluded that muscles affects the RMR value and muscles can in turn be influenced by training.

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of factors associated with nonmedical anabolic steroid use among males ages 18-30 who do not participate in intercollegiate athletics. The Behavioral Intentions and Ergogenic Aid/Performance Enhancer use among non-intercollegiate athlete males survey instrument was developed, reviewed for content validity by a jury of experts, and pilot tested. The pilot testing results (n=25) demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.74). The final version of the Behavioral Intentions and Ergogenic Aid/Performance Enhancer use among non-intercollegiate athlete males survey instrument was administered at two distribution sites which included Ford’s Fitness Center in Lexington, Kentucky and the Johnson Center on the University of Kentucky’s campus to non-intercollegiate athlete men between the ages of 18-30 (n=121). The final version of the survey instrument was also found to be reliable (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.86).Of the 121 respondents, 7 (5.9%) reported using nonmedical anabolic steroids at least 1-2 days a week or more. A total of 9 (7.4%) men reported intending to use nonmedical anabolic steroids within the next year. Age was found to have a statistically significant association with intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids (p=.037).Perceived behavioral control (p=.029) was found to be the strongest predictor variable of study participants’ intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids. Muscle mass builder use (p=.011) and muscle mass builder use in combination with multivitamin use (p=.000) were found to be significant predictors of actual nonmedical anabolic steroid use. Study participants were more likely to use nonmedical anabolic steroids if they were currently using a muscle mass builder or using a muscle mass builder in combination with a multivitamin. No decision about the effectiveness of the components of perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy and control) as a one or two part construct was possible because of the small number of study participants. Two additional demographic predictor variables were found to be statistically significant with predicting the intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids. Being a competitive bodybuilder (p=.001) was positively correlated and being satisfied with body image (p=.025) was negatively correlated with the intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids.

Background/Objectives: Individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) experience reductions in lower-extremity muscle mass and increased fatty-infiltration of skeletal muscle, predisposing them to an increased risk of specific secondary health conditions. To date, few investigations have prospectively examined changes in muscle in the chronic stage of SCI. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is an imaging technique capable of measuring lower-extremity skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle density, the latter is a surrogate measure of muscle fatty infiltration. The purpose of this project was to a) determine the magnitude of muscle CSA and muscle density reduction in a chronic-SCI population with diverse impairments; b) identify demographic and injury characteristics associated with muscle CSA and density status; and c) determine if muscle CSA and muscle density change over a two-year period following chronic-paralysis and if so, what factors are associated with the changes. Materials and Methods: Seventy individuals [50/20 m/f, mean (± SD) age 48.9 ± 11.5 years; duration of injury 15.5 ± 10.0 years] with chronic (>2 years post-injury) SCI (C1-T12, AIS A-D) were enrolled in a two-year cohort study. Muscle CSA and muscle density values were calculated from pQCT scans of the 66%-site of the calf obtained at baseline and two follow-up visits separated by one year. Possible correlates of muscle CSA and density selected a priori included: gender, age, height, weight, waist circumference, age at injury, level of injury, injury duration, leg spasm frequency and severity scale score (SFSS), ISNCSCI calf-muscle lower-extremity motor score (cLEMS), wheelchair use, serum vitamin D level, and physical activity level. Dependent t-tests were used to compare muscle CSA and muscle density values of participants with complete and incomplete-SCI to age, gender, and height matched able-bodied controls. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine correlates of muscle CSA and muscle density. Repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) were used to examine change in muscle CSA and density over the two-year study duration and multiple linear regression models were created to determine correlates of muscle CSA and density change from baseline. Results: Individuals with motor-complete SCI had a 45% reduction in muscle CSA and a 32% reduction in muscle density relative to controls. Participants with motor-incomplete SCI had a 17% reduction in muscle CSA and a 14% reduction in muscle density relative to controls. A reduced height, waist circumference, cLEMS, and wheelchair use were associated with a smaller muscle CSA in the best-fitting regression model (R2 = 0.66; p<0.0001). In the best-fitting regression model for muscle density, increased age, a lower cLEMS, reduced SFSS, fewer minutes of daily vigorous physical activity, and wheelchair use were associated with a lower muscle density (R2= 0.37; p<0.001). A high degree of individual variability in muscle CSA change (mean ± SD: -1.9 ± 6.2cm2; range: -22.6 to 8.5 cm2) and muscle density change (mean ± SD: -1.2 ± 3.28mg/cc; range: -8.6 to 6.4 mg/cc) was observed in those with both complete and incomplete SCI over the two-year study duration. rANOVA indicated a significant reduction in both muscle CSA and density after controlling for individual variability. A greater waist circumference at baseline was weakly associated with a reduction in muscle CSA (R2 = 0.14, p<0.05), and a lower weight and waist circumference at baseline were associated with a reduction in muscle density (R2 = 0.26, p < 0.001 and R2 = 0.20, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Age, completeness of injury, spasticity, physical activity participation, and ambulation ability were identified as potential clinical predictors of muscle status in individuals with chronic-SCI. Muscle CSA and density does not reach a “steady-state” after chronic-SCI. Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanisms responsible muscle CSA and density change in order to prevent continued reductions after chronic-SCI.

The main purpose of this thesis was to study, whether drinkable yoghurt enriched with probiotic bacteria could have any effect on constipation and body weight (BW) among older people with dementia. Further, it concerns poor nutritional status among older people with physical and cognitive impairments and its relationship with factors commonly occur in older people living in residential care facilities. It also discusses how body composition changes with ageing and the associations between changes in muscle mass and functional balance after a high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program (the HIFE program) and the ingestion of an additional milk-based protein-enriched energy supplement. A six-month feasibility study that included a probiotic drink was performed among 15 old people who were living in special units for people with dementia and who all had constipation. The effects of the probiotic drink on stool habits, and BW were studied. The outcome measures were followed daily for bowel movements and at three and six months for BW. The staff found the study easy to carry out and that the drink was well accepted by the participants. No convincing beneficial effects on stool habits were observed. In addition, a mean BW loss of 0.65 kg/month was registered. A poor nutritional intake, low physical activity level, and an over-night fast of almost 15 hours, 4 hours longer than recommended were also observed. As a part of the FOPANU Study (Frail Older People-Activity and Nutrition Study), a randomized controlled trial was carried out in Umeå - the associations between nutritional status and factors common among old people with physical and cognitive impairments living in residential care facilities was studied. Assessments were made of nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) using both bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and skinfold thickness measurements. The effects of a high- intensity functional exercise program with an additional protein-enriched milk drink on ability to build muscle mass were evaluated. Analyses were made to investigate whether nutritional status, assessed using the MNA scale, was associated with medical conditions, drugs, activities of daily living (Barthel ADL index), cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)), and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) at baseline. The associations were assessed with multiple linear regression analyses with additional interaction analyses. An independent association was found between poor nutritional status and having had a urinary tract infection (UTI) during the preceding year and being dependent in feeding for both women and men, and having lower MMSE scores for women. A large proportion of the participants, were at risk of malnutrition or were already malnourished. Women, but not men, had significantly lower Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) and Fat Mass Index (FMI) with age. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy results correlated with skinfold thickness measurements, but on different levels on value for FM%. Despite the high-intensity exercise had long-term effects (at six months, three months after the exercise) on functional balance, walking ability and leg strength. No effects on muscle mass and no additional effects from the protein-enriched drink could be observed after the three months of high intensity exercise. A negative, long-term effect on the amount of muscle mass and BW was revealed at six months (three months after the intervention had ended). The effects from the exercise did not differ for participants who were malnourished. No statistical interactions were observed between sex, depression, dementia disorder, and nutritional status, and the level of functional balance capacity on the outcome at three or six months. In summary, the majority of the included older people with dementia had a low dietary intake, low physical activity level, and lost BW despite receiving a probiotic drink supplement every day for six months. The supplementation had no detectable effect on constipation. Among the participants in the FOPANU Study, UTI during the preceding year was independently associated with poor nutritional status. Being dependent in feeding was associated with poor nutritional status as were lower MMSE scores for women but not for men. Despite the high-intensity exercise program had long-term effects on the fysical function was no effect on the amount of muscle mass at three months observed. The FFM and FM expressed as indexes of body height were inversely related to age for women, but not for men. A high-intensity exercise program did not have any effect on the amount of muscle mass. The ingestion of a protein-enriched drink immediately after exercise produced no additional effect on the outcome and the results did not differ for participants who were malnourished. The negative long-term effect on amount of muscle mass, and BW, indicate that it is necessary to compensate for increased energy demands during a high-intensity exercise program. High age, female sex, depression, mild to moderate dementia syndrome, malnutrition, and severe physical impairment do not seem to have a negative impact on the effect of a high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program. Consequently, people with these characteristics in residential care facilities should not be excluded from training and rehabilitation including nutrition. More research is needed in large randomized controlled trials to further explore the association between energy balance and malnutrition among frail old people, with a special focus on UTI and constipation, but also to study how physical exercise affects older people’s nutritional status. / Embargo

abstract: Although maintaining an optimal level of muscle quality in older persons is necessary to prevent falls and disability, there has been limited research on muscle quality across age and gender groups. The associations of muscle quality, muscle strength, and muscle mass also remain less explored. Purpose: This study examined the muscle quality differences (arm and leg) between healthy young and elderly adults across gender groups. This study also examined the associations of muscle quality, muscle strength, and muscle mass in young and elderly adults, respectively. Methods: Seventy-one total subjects were recruited for this study within age groups 20-29 years old (20 females and 20 males) and 60-80 years old (18 females and 13 males). All participants completed anthropometric measures, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, pulse wave velocity, handgrip strength and leg strength tests, gait speed, and sit to stand test. Results: Young male adults had a greater leg muscle quality index (leg MQI) than did elderly male adults (21.8 Nm/kg vs. 16.3 Nm/kg, p = 0.001). Similarly, young female adults had a greater leg MQI than did old female adults (21.3 Nm/kg and 15.6 Nm/kg, p<0.001). For arm muscle quality index (arm MQI), there was a gender difference in young adults (p = 0.001), but not for the elderly adults. Among elderly adults, there was a positive association between leg MQI and isometric leg strength (r = 0.79, p<0.001). Notably, there was a negative association between leg MQI and leg lean mass (r = -0.70, p<0.001) and between arm MQI and arm lean mass (r = -0.58, p = 0.001). In young adults, there was also a positive association between arm MQI and handgrip strength (r = 0.53, p<0.001) and between leg MQI and isometric leg strength (r = 0.81, p<0.001). There was no association between muscle quality and muscle mass in young adults. Conclusion: Young adults had a greater leg muscle quality than did elderly adults in both men and women. Leg muscle quality is positively associated with leg muscle strength in both young and elderly adults but is inversely associated with leg muscle mass in the elderly adults. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Exercise and Wellness 2017

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-01T18:42:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCAOB.pdf: 592364 bytes, checksum: b39314b22571ccde75f1bc105c1af2e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-05T12:52:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCAOB.pdf: 592364 bytes, checksum: b39314b22571ccde75f1bc105c1af2e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-05T12:52:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCAOB.pdf: 592364 bytes, checksum: b39314b22571ccde75f1bc105c1af2e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T12:56:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCAOB.pdf: 592364 bytes, checksum: b39314b22571ccde75f1bc105c1af2e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The training frequency is a resistance training variable (RT) that can be manipulated to maximize strength and muscle mass gains. Evidence suggests that higher volumes provide greater gains in strength and hypertrophy. Thus, it is possible that RT performed at higher frequencies (e.g., 24h) would result in higher training volumes, leading to adaptations when compared to RT performed less frequently. Objective: To compare the effect of different weekly RT frequencies (5x vs. 3x vs. 2x per week), with equalized and unbalanced VTT, on muscle hypertrophy in young men. As a secondary objective, we compared the effects of these different RT frequencies with equalized and unequalized VTT on muscle strength. Methods: The sample consisted of 19 male subjects divided into three protocols: (RT5, RT3 and RT2 x / week). The RT protocol consisted of three series of 80% 1-RM, between 9 and 12 maximal repetitions until the concentric failure. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle strength (1-RM) were evaluated weekly for a period of 8 weeks. Results: Total equalized volume (RT5 / 4S = 23791 ± 6021, RT3 / 6S = 22531 ± 6087, RT2 / 8 = 20640 ± 3300), there was no significant difference between the protocols (P> 0.05). At the end of 8 weeks of training, the RT5 protocol showed the highest increase (RT5 = 54375 ± 12810 kg, RT3 = 30936 ± 8391 kg, RT2 = 20640 ± 3300 kg, P <0.0001). Regarding the progression of the VTT, there was no difference between the RT5, RT3 and RT2 protocols when equalized (43%, 35% and 34%) and unequalized (57%, 43% and 34%) (P >0.05). All protocols significantly increased the pre-post-training 1-RM values for the equalized VTT (RT5 = 26.00%, RT3 = 31.51%, RT2 = 33.54%) and equalized (RT5 = 43.32%, RT3 = 40.26%, RT2 = 33.53%, main time effect, P <0.0001) There were no significant differences between the protocols in any of the comparisons. In relation to VL CSA, all of them increased from pre- to post-training with equalized VTT (RT5 = 9.85%, RT3 = 10.10%, RT2 = 11.87%, main time effect, P <0.0001) and unbalanced (RT5 = 12.70%, RT3 = 11.75%, RT2 = 11.87%, main time effect, P <0.0001) There were no significant differences between the protocols in both comparisons. Conclusion: A high frequency of resistance training does not affect the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy and the strength gains of untrained young individuals. / A frequência de treino é uma variável do treinamento de força (TF) que pode ser manipulada para maximizar os ganhos de força e massa muscular. Evidências sugerem que maiores volumes proporcionam maiores ganhos de força e hipertrofia. Dessa forma, é possível que o TF realizado em maiores frequências (e.g., 24h) porcione maiores volumes de treino, resultando em adaptações quando comparado ao TF realizado com menor frequência. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de diferentes frequências semanais de TF (5x vs. 3x vs. 2x por semana), com VTT equalizado e não equalizado, na hipertrofia muscular de homens jovens. Como objetivo secundário, compararmos os efeitos dessas diferentes frequências de TF com VTT equalizado e não equalizado na força muscular. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 19 indivíduos do sexo masculino divididos em três protocolos: (TF5, TF3 e TF2 x/semana). O protocolo de TF foi composto de três séries de 80% 1-RM, entre 9 e 12 repetições máximas até a falha concêntrica. A área de secção transversa (AST) e força muscular (1-RM) foram avaliados semanalmente por um período de 8 semanas. Resultados: Volume total equalizado (TF5/4S =23791 ± 6021; TF3/6S= 22531 ± 6087; TF2/8= 20640 ± 3300), não houve diferença significante entre os protocolos (P > 0,05). Ao final das 8 semanas de treinamento o protocolo TF5 apresentou maior aumento (TF5= 54375 ± 12810 kg; TF3 =30936 ± 8391 kg; TF2= 20640 ± 3300 kg; P < 0,0001). Com relação à progressão do VTT não houve diferença entre os protocolos TF5, TF3 e TF2 quando equalizado (43%, 35% e 34%) e não equalizado (57%, 43% e 34%) (P > 0.05). Todos os protocolos aumentaram significantemente os valores de 1-RM do pré- para o pós-treinamento o VTT equalizado (TF5 = 26,00%, TF3 = 31,51%, TF2 = 33,54%,) e equalizado (TF5 = 43,32%; TF3 = 40,26%, TF2 = 33,53%, efeito principal de tempo, P < 0.0001) Não houveram diferenças significantes entre os protocolos em nenhuma das comparações. Com relação à AST do VL, todos os aumentaram do pré- para o pós-treinamento com o VTT equalizado (TF5 = 9,85%; TF3 = 10,10%; TF2 = 11,87%, efeito principal de tempo, P < 0.0001) e não equalizado (TF5 = 12,70%; TF3 = 11,75%; TF2 = 11,87%; efeito principal de tempo, P < 0.0001) Não houve diferenças significantes entre os protocolos em ambas as comparações. Conclusão: A alta frequência do treinamento de força não afeta a magnitude da hipertrofia muscular e os ganhos de força de indivíduos jovens não treinados.

Submitted by Fabricio Eduardo Rossi null (rossifabricio@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-04T17:50:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final (Repositório Unesp).pdf: 1696251 bytes, checksum: a92d35e23da7bb62be79ce1e263572b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-07T17:11:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rossi_fe_dr_rcla.pdf: 1696251 bytes, checksum: a92d35e23da7bb62be79ce1e263572b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-07T17:11:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rossi_fe_dr_rcla.pdf: 1696251 bytes, checksum: a92d35e23da7bb62be79ce1e263572b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivo: Verificar o comportamento da prática habitual de atividade física, ingestão alimentar, perfil metabólico e composição corporal total e segmentar após seis e 12 meses do término de dois programas de treinamento, um aeróbio e outro concorrente, em mulheres pós-menopausa. Métodos: Participaram do estudo mulheres com idade entre 50 a 70 anos, todas na pós-menopausa, da cidade de Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil, randomizadas em três grupos: Treinamento Concorrente (aeróbio+força, TC, n=20), Treinamento Aeróbio (TA, n=20) e Grupo Controle (GC, n=20). As avaliações foram realizadas: pré, pós quatro meses de treinamento e após seis e 12 meses do término da intervenção, e retornaram para avaliação: TC (n=15), TA (n=8) e GC (n=8). A composição corporal foi estimada por meio do DEXA, e perfil metabólico (Colesterol total e frações LDL-c e HDL-c, Triacilglicerol e Glicose) foi analisado. Para avaliação da prática habitual de atividade física (AF) foi utilizado acelerômetros triaxial e a ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio do registro alimentar de 24 h. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o programa BioEstat, versão 5.0 e a significância estabelecida em 5%. Resultados: Houve redução significante da prática habitual de atividade física leve para o grupo controle pós-intervenção e aumento da ingestão lipídica após seis meses do término dos programas de TA e TC. Houve aumento significante de HDL-c (Pré=54,4±16,1 vs Pós=61,0±17,7 vs Pós 6 meses= 54,9±16,4 vs Pós 12 meses= 56,3±16,1 mg/dl, p<0,05) e massa corporal magra total (Pré=34,4±4,1 vs Pós=35,3±4,3 vs Pós 6 meses= 34,8±4,6 vs Pós 12 meses= 35,3±4,1 kg, p<0,05) e de perna (Pré=11,2 ±1,6 vs Pós=11,5±1,6 vs Pós 6 meses= 11,2±1,6 vs Pós 12 meses= 11,4±1,5 kg; p<0,05) pós-treinamento para o grupo TC, no entanto, a massa magra de perna retornou aos valores iniciais após seis meses do término da intervenção. Conclusão: Nossos resultados salientam a importância da prática regular do exercício físico para a melhora da prática habitual de AF, ingestão alimentar, perfil metabólico e massa corporal magra de mulheres pós-menopausa. / Purpose: To verify the daily habit of physical activity, dietary intake, metabolic profile and total and appendicular body composition at six and 12 months after the end of two training programs, an aerobic and another concurrent training program in postmenopausal women. Methods: The participants of the study were postmenopausal women, aged between 50 to 70 years old from Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, randomized into three groups: Concurrent training group (aerobic plus strength, CT, n = 20), Aerobic training group (AT, n = 20) and Control group (CG, n = 20). The assessment was performed: pre, post four months of training and after six and 12 months after program end, and the subjects came back for assessment: CT (n=15), AT (n=8) and CG (n=8). The body composition was estimated by DXA, and the metabolic profile (total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c, triacylglycerol and glucose) was evaluated. For the daily habit of physical activity (PA) assessment, triaxial accelerometers were used and dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour food record. All statistical analysis were performed using BioEstat software, version 5.0 and significance established at 5%. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction on the light physical activity level for CG, and increased lipid intake six months after program end for AT and CT. There was a significant increase in HDL-c (Pre=54.4±16.1 vs Post=61.0±17.7 vs Post 6 months= 54.9±16.4 vs Post 12 months= 56.3±16.1 mg/dl, p<0.05), total lean mass (Pre=34.4±4.1 vs Post=35.3±4.3 vs Post 6 months= 34.8±4.6 vs Post 12 months= 35.3±4.1 kg, p<0.05) and leg lean mass (Pre=11.2 ±1.6 vs Post=11.5±1.6 vs Post 6 months= 11.2±1.6 vs Post 12 meses= 11.4±1.5 kg; p<0.05) for CT group, but leg lean mass returned to baseline values after six months following the end of the program. Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of a regular exercise program to improve PA level, dietary intake, metabolic profile and lean mass in postmenopausal women.

O presente estudo investigou o efeito de diferentes intensidades do treinamento de força (TF), aplicadas com volume total de treino (VTT) equalizado, nos ganhos de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) e massa muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores. Trinta voluntários do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 30 anos, participaram de 12 semanas de TF com uma frequência semanal de duas sessões. Foi utilizado um protocolo de treinamento unilateral com um dos lados do corpo realizando o exercício com intensidade equivalente a 20% 1RM (G20) e o lado contralateral utilizando uma das três intensidades 40%, 60% ou 80% 1RM (G40, G60 e G80, respectivamente). O grupo G20 realizava três séries compostas de repetições até a falha concêntrica e o VTT era calculado e replicado para os demais grupos. A força dinâmica máxima e a área de secção transversa (AST) dos músculos flexores do cotovelo e do vasto lateral foram avaliadas nos momentos pré, 6 semanas e pós-treinamento. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos G40, G60 e G80 apresentaram ganhos similares de AST (25%, 25,1% e 25%, flexores do cotovelo e 20,5%, 20,4% e 19,5% vasto lateral, respectivamente, p<0,05). Somente o grupo G80 demonstrou diferença significante com o grupo G20 na comparação do período pós-treinamento (25% e 14,4%, respectivamente para os flexores do cotovelo e 19,5% e 7,9%, respectivamente para vasto lateral, p<0,05). Para os ganhos de 1RM o grupo G80 demonstrou maiores aumentos após 12 semanas de TF para a flexão unilateral do cotovelo na posição em pé (54,2% p<0,05) e para o leg press 45º os grupos G60 e G80 demonstraram os maiores aumentos (55,4% e 45,7%, respectivamente, p<0,05). Assim, quando o VTT foi equalizado entre diferentes intensidades (40, 60 e 80% 1RM) os ganhos da AST tanto dos flexores do cotovelo quanto o vasto lateral foram semelhantes e a intensidade de 20% 1RM não causou aumento significante da AST. No que diz respeito a força muscular as intensidades mais elevadas (60% e 80% 1RM) foram superiores em promover ganhos de força do que as demais intensidades utilizadas. Esses dados sugerem que ao equalizar o VTT os ganhos de massa muscular são semelhantes para as intensidades de treinamento entre 40- 80% 1RM. Além disso, a intensidade de 20% 1RM, mesmo com o VTT equalizado com as intensidades maiores, não promove aumentos de massa muscular para ambos os segmentos corporais. Por outro lado, intensidades altas de treinamento produzem os maiores ganhos de força máxima em membros superiores e inferiores / The present study investigated the effect of different resistance training (RT) intensities, with equal total training volume (TTV), on maximal dynamic strength (1RM) and upper and lower limbs muscle cross sectional area (CSA). Thirty men engaged in a twice a week training period for 12 weeks. The study was carried out with a within subject design. Thus, one leg and one arm were set at 20% 1RM (G20) for all subjects and the contralateral side was randomly assigned to one of three possible groups (i.e. G40, G60 and G80, 40%, 60% and 80% 1RM, respectively). The leg and arm that were set at 20% 1RM always started the resistance training session and performed 3 sets to concentric muscle failure. TTV (sets x repetition x mass) was recorded and replicated to other groups. The maximal dynamic strength and elbow flexors and vastus lateralis CSA were assessed at pre, 6 weeks and post intervention. The main results showed similar increases in CSA for G40, G60 and G80 groups (25%, 25,1% and 25%, elbow flexors and 20,5%, 20,4% and 19,5% vastus lateralis, respectively, p<0,05). Only the G80 group showed significant difference from G20 group after 12 weeks of resistance training (25% and 14,4%, respectively for elbow flexors and 19,5% and 7,9%, respectively for vastus lateralis, p<0,05). Regarding 1RM the G80 group showed the greatest increase post 12 weeks of resistance training for elbow flexion (54.2% p<0,05) and for leg press 45º the groups G60 and G80 showed the greatest increases (55.4% e 45.7%, respectively, p<0,05). In summary, when different RT intensities (40, 60 and 80% 1RM) performed the same TTV gains of CSA for elbow flexors and vastus lateralis muscles are similar between them and intensities of 20% 1RM did not result a significant increase in CSA. For muscle strength the highest intensities (60% and 80% 1RM) seemed to be superior to promote strength gains than other intensities. These findings indicate that intensities between 40-80% 1RM with equal TTV can elicit significant increase in muscle hypertrophy in upper and lower limbs; however, high intensities are superior to augment strength adaptations in upper and lower limbs

Introdução: O estado de treinamento é um dos fatores que podem influenciar na frequência de treinamento, e de fato, evidências têm sugerido que sujeitos previamente treinados tenham necessidade de realizar o treinamento de força (TF) em maiores frequências semanais, com intuito de aumentar o desempenho de força e a massa muscular. Objetivo: Comparar as alterações no desempenho de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) dos membros inferiores e na área de secção transversa (AST) do músculo quadríceps femoral, após a realização de um programa de treinamento de força distribuído em diferentes frequências semanais, em um grupo de indivíduos previamente treinados em força. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 24 sujeitos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, que participaram de um programa de TF de nove semanas. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em duas condições: TFVE - treinamento de força com volumes equalizados e, TFVN - treinamento de força com volumes não equalizados. O protocolo de TF utilizou o exercício leg press 45º (unilateral) como único exercício, e deste modo, cada um dos membros inferiores (MMII) foi submetido a uma das frequências semanais de treinamento propostas (i.e., uma e três vezes). O teste de 1RM no exercício leg press 45º (unilateral) e as medidas de AST do músculo quadríceps femoral foram realizados nos momentos pré e pós-treinamento. Resultados: Os aumentos nos valores de 1RM foram significantes (p<0,001) e similares, nas diferentes frequências de TF tanto da condição TFVE (16,0 ± 10,0% e 17,2 ± 12,2% para uma e três vezes por semana, respectivamente) quanto da condição TFVN (19,4 ± 13,1% e 24,6 ± 14,2% para uma e três vezes por semana, respectivamente). Para AST, também houve aumentos significantes (p<0,001) e similares, nas diferentes frequências de TF tanto da condição TFVE (2,1 ± 2,1% e 2,0 ± 2,8% para uma e três vezes por semana, respectivamente) quanto da condição TFVN (1,5 ± 2,6% e 4,1 ± 5,0% para uma e três vezes por semana, respectivamente). Quando o effect size (ES) e o intervalo de confiança (IC) foram calculados, pôde-se observar que a maior frequência de treinamento apresentou melhores resultados nos valores de 1RM e AST, somente quando foi permitida a realização de um maior volume de treinamento (i.e., TFVN). Conclusão: O TF realizado três vezes por semana demonstrou aumentos de 1RM e AST similares àquele realizado somente uma vez, independentemente ou não da equalização do volume de treinamento. Quando a maior frequência de TF pôde proporcionar um maior volume total de treinamento, valores significantes do IC do ES foram observados para ambas as adaptações. Portanto, se indivíduos treinados necessitam de maiores volumes de treinamento para que sejam observados aumentos tanto na força quanto na massa muscular, alternativas como o aumento da frequência do TF podem ser consideradas / Introduction: Training status is one of the factors that may influence training frequency, and in fact, evidence has suggested that previously trained subjects need to perform strength training (ST) at higher weekly frequencies, in order to increase strength and muscle mass. Objective: To compare the changes in lower limbs maximal dynamic strength (1RM) and in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscle, after performing a strength training program distributed at different weekly frequencies in a group of previously strength trained individuals. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 24 male subjects, aged between 18-35 years, who participated in a 9-week ST program. The subjects were divided into two conditions: STEV - strength training with equalized volumes and, STUV - strength training with unequalized volumes. The ST protocol used the leg press 45º exercise (unilateral) as the only exercise, and thus, each lower limb was submitted to one of the proposed weekly training frequencies (i.e., one and three times). The 1RM test in the leg press 45º exercise (unilateral) and the CSA measurements of the quadriceps femoris muscle were performed at the pre and post training moments. Results: The increases in the 1RM values were significant (p<0.001) and similar, in the different ST frequencies of the STEV condition (16.0 ± 10.0% and 17.2 ± 12.2% for one and three times a week, respectively) and STUV condition (19.4 ± 13.1% and 24.6 ± 14.2% for one and three times a week, respectively). For CSA, there were also similar and significant increases (p<0.001), in the different ST frequencies of the STEV condition (2.1 ± 2.1% and 2.0 ± 2.8% for one and three times a week, respectively) and STUV condition (1.5 ± 2.6% and 4.1 ± 5.0% for one and three times a week, respectively). When the effect size (ES) and the confidence interval (CI) were calculated, it was observed that the higher training frequency presented better results in the 1RM and CSA values, only when it was allowed to perform a higher training volume (i.e., STUV). Conclusion: The ST performed three times a week, showed 1RM and CSA increases similar the one performed only once, regardless of training volume equalization. When the higher frequency of ST allowed a greater total volume of training, significant values of the CI of the ES were observed for both adaptations. Therefore, if trained individuals require higher training volumes to increase strength and muscle mass, alternatives such as increased ST frequency can be considered