This study aims to explore the boundaries and creative possibilities of composing and improvising music with a base in sampled saxophone fragments inside of Ableton Live. The study have included things as: exploring different sound design techniques, manipulation of saxophone samples, composing and rearranging music as well as rehearsing with a band and trying different concepts and approaches to performing the music in a live situation. The work includes creating polytonal sample instruments built inside of Live and the creation of more texture based ones as well. This work also resulted in composing 6 different compositions and the rearranging of an earlier composition to match the aesthetic character of the other ones. I’ve also tried to stretch the linear boundaries of Ableton Live with a more rubato based approach to composing to see what possibilities the program had to handle that type of context.As a composer I’ve early on created an aesthetic vision of what I wanted this sample based music to sound like and tried to very precisely recreate what I’ve heard inside of my head in detailed sketches in Ableton Live using midi instruments together with the sampled textures and instruments. I then realised that a great deal of the final task of this study was to bring this vision to the ensemble and make them play the music in a way that resonated with what I’ve heard when I composed it.

Introduction: Can the choice to start with either harmony or drums affect a music production and, in such case, how? How could one analyze this? This thesis intends to try to answer just that by investigating the differences that arise when I start a music production with either harmony or drums. To analyze the differences, I created my own model for analysis that I call the Miki model.  Aim: The aim of this thesis is to investigate if and in such case what differences arise in harmony, rhythm and arrangement in a song depending on whether I start the music production with harmony or drums. The aim is also to help understand this possible correlation by attempting to create a new model for analysis that can both be tested and further developed to analyze the impact of a certain approach at the beginning of a music production. Methodology: For this project, I made an EP consisting of four songs. Two of the songs started off with harmony production while I began the other two with drum production. In order to analyze the results, I created a model for quantitative analysis by setting up five different aspects that I consider to be important when measuring the impact of starting with harmony or drums when creating a music production: number of chords and colored chords, number of drum elements, if the number of drum elements was altered during the song, and if the number of chords was altered during the song.  Results: The Miki model was applied to each song on the EP. In this way I was able to examine the differences that had arisen in the harmony, the rhythm, and the arrangement in each song. The results showed an increased number of chords in the songs where the production was started with harmony. It also showed that the number of drum elements was increased when the production was started with drums. The number of colored chords was not significantly different, and the arrangement was not noticeably affected either.  Reflection: Even though the results showed an increased number of chords when starting with harmony and an increased number of drum elements when starting with drums, it was hard to draw the conclusion that the result depended on the respective approach. It was rather more likely because of the desire to make the first element in the production interesting enough to stand by its own, which made it take a lot of room in the sonic space. That in turn left less room for other elements.

This thesis will describe a system for the production of generative music through specific methodology, and provide an approach for the delivery of this material. The system and body of work will be targeted specifically at the personal listening audience. As the largest current consumer of music in all genres of music, this represents the largest and most applicable market to develop such a system for. By considering how recorded media compares to concert performance, it is possible to ascertain which attributes of performance may be translated to a generative media. In addition, an outline of how fixed media has changed how people listen to music directly will be considered. By looking at these concepts an attempt is made to create a system which satisfies societies need for music which is not only commodified and easily approached, but also closes the qualitative gap between a static delivery medium and concert based output. This is approached within the context of contemporary classical music. Furthermore, by considering the development and fragmentation of the personal listening audience through technological developments, a methodology for the delivery of generative media to a range of devices will be investigated. A body of musical work will be created which attempts to realise these goals in a qualitative fashion. These works will span the development of the composition methodology, and the algorithmic methods covered. A conclusion based on the possibilities of each system with regard to its qualitative output will form the basis for evaluation. As this investigation is seated within the field of music, the musical output and composition methodology will be considered as the primary deciding factor of a system's feasibility. The contribution of this research to the field will be a methodology for the composition and production of algorithmic music in realtime, and a feasible method for the delivery of this music to a wide audience.

Music production is a relatively new subject in upper secondary school who place high demands on the teacher's expertise in many areas of knowledge, such as sound technology, composition, arranging and leadership. A music teacher education by deepening specialization in music production was not started until 2011, as teacher graduates before 2015 lack formal training in the subject. The purpose of the study is to highlight the teacher's view of what it takes to teach the subject music production in upper secondary school and how the application of their skills may seem teaching. The study consists of four interviews with teachers who teach music in upper secondary school. The study shows that teachers need to be multi-skilled to teach the subject music production. In addition to traditional music skills they must have significant knowledge of music technology, and be familiar with today's musical trends and cultures. The study shows that there are great advantages to being able to play one or more instruments as music production teacher, and having experience in the music industry is considered a must in order to make the lessons as realistic as possible. The challenge for today's music teachers is the need to constantly develop their skills to contribute in a meaningful and reality-grounded education in a constantly changing music industry. / Musikproduktion är ett relativt nytt ämne på gymnasiet som ställer höga krav på lärarens kompetens inom många kunskapsområden, till exempel ljudteknik, komposition, arrangering samt ledarskap. En musiklärarutbildning med fördjupad inriktning mot musikproduktion startades inte förrän 2011 så undervisande lärare med examen före 2015 saknar formell utbildning i ämnet. Syftet med studien är att belysa lärares syn på vad som krävs för att undervisa i ämnet musikproduktion på gymnasiet samt hur tillämpningen av deras kunskaper kan te sig i undervisningen. Studien består av fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare som undervisar i musikproduktion på gymnasiet. Studien visar att lärare behöver vara multikompetenta för att undervisa i ämnet musikproduktion. Utöver sedvanliga musikkunskaper så måste de ha betydande kunskaper om musikteknologi samt vara insatta i dagens musikaliska trender och kulturer. Studien visar att det finns stora fördelar med att kunna spela ett eller flera instrument som musikproduktionslärare och att ha erfarenhet av musikbranschen anses vara ett måste för att kunna göra undervisningen så verklighetstrogen som möjligt. Utmaningen för dagens musikproduktionslärare är att de ständigt måste utveckla sina kunskaper för att bidra med en meningsfull och verklighetsförankrad undervisning i en ständig föränderlig musikbransch.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o cenário de composição e produção de trilhas musicais no cinema brasileiro desde o período chamado de Retomada até a atualidade, analisando como as transformações tecnológicas na produção musical e cinematográfica, as renovações no elenco de profissionais e artistas do cinema e do mercado fonográfico, o restabelecimento de uma produção cinematográfica baseada nas leis de incentivo criadas na década de 1990 e outras contingências colaboraram para a solidificação de novos modelos de produção de trilhas musicais originais na contemporaneidade. O momento atual do mercado cinematográfico brasileiro é marcado por significativas reconfigurações nas cadeias de produção, com predominância de modelos organizacionais que se caracterizam pela produção \"projeto por projeto\", dentro dos quais é comum haver um enxugamento da estrutura profissional e logística. Os compositores musicais são caso a se destacar nesse cenário, pois seu perfil contemporâneo difere-se bastante da figura tradicional, que costumava se tratar de um músico alinhado às práticas da música de concerto, com o trabalho voltado para a escrita na partitura e a ausência de relação direta com o aparato técnico de gravação e edição analógicas. Os compositores e produtores musicais de hoje, por conta dos avanços tecnológicos nas ferramentas digitais de áudio, do barateamento de equipamentos e das transformações no mercado cinematográfico, fonográfico e publicitário, caracterizam-se em geral por criarem suas músicas já no ambiente de produção digital, comumente aliando composição, gravação, execução, edição, mixagem e sincronização com a imagem no mesmo processo; são em sua maioria donos de seus próprios estúdios de gravação ou empresas produtoras de áudio e são bastante autossuficientes, centralizando no próprio trabalho muitas das tarefas que antes requeriam um número maior de profissionais, bem como estruturas mais complexas de produção, muitas vezes inviáveis na realidade cinematográfica anterior do país. / This research aims at studying the setting of composition and production of musical scores for the Brazilian cinema since the period called as Retomada until nowadays, by analyzing how the technological transformations in music and film production, the renovations in the cast of professionals and artists involved in movies and in the music market, the reinstatement of movie production based on financial incentive laws created on the 1990s and other contingencies have collaborated to solidify new models of film scores production in the contemporary years. The present moment of Brazilian cinematographic market is marked by meaningful reconfigurations in the production chains, with the predominance of organization models characterized by the \"project by project\" productions, in which is common a reduction of the professional and logistic structure. Music composers are to be distinguished in this setting, for their contemporary profile is very different than the traditional figures, who used to be musicians aligned to the classical music practices, with works based in musical notation and without much direct relationship with the technical apparatus of analog recording and editing. Music composers and producers nowadays, because of the technological advances in digital audio tools, the lower costs of the equipment and the transformations in the movies, music and publicity markets, are characterized, in general, for creating their music in digital production environment, commonly allying composition, recording, execution, editing, mixing and synchronization with the image in the same process. They are, mostly, owners of their recording studios or audio producing companies and are very self-sufficient, concentrating in their own work a lot of tasks that would require a greater number of professionals and a more complex structure of production before, which were impracticable many times in the earlier cinematographic reality of the country.

The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that well-established home recording studio owners in a city in the southeastern United States have used to compete in the recording industry. Four home recording studio owners served as participants. Each participant owned and operated a home studio business in the target area for longer than 10 years. Porter's 5 competitive forces model and Christensen's disruptive innovation theory were the conceptual lenses for this study. Interviews, direct observations, and website documents were the 3 data collection sources used to achieve methodological triangulation. The data were analyzed using Yin's 5-step thematic approach to qualitative data analysis: compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and concluding. Four themes emerged from the analysis of the data: doing business and making money with friends, keeping the family safe and the studio secure, decoupling the clock from the creative process, and linking strategy to personal goals. The findings of this study may contribute to positive social change by economically empowering aspiring entrepreneurs to become small business owners and create new jobs that help strengthen their local economies.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o cenário de composição e produção de trilhas musicais no cinema brasileiro desde o período chamado de Retomada até a atualidade, analisando como as transformações tecnológicas na produção musical e cinematográfica, as renovações no elenco de profissionais e artistas do cinema e do mercado fonográfico, o restabelecimento de uma produção cinematográfica baseada nas leis de incentivo criadas na década de 1990 e outras contingências colaboraram para a solidificação de novos modelos de produção de trilhas musicais originais na contemporaneidade. O momento atual do mercado cinematográfico brasileiro é marcado por significativas reconfigurações nas cadeias de produção, com predominância de modelos organizacionais que se caracterizam pela produção \"projeto por projeto\", dentro dos quais é comum haver um enxugamento da estrutura profissional e logística. Os compositores musicais são caso a se destacar nesse cenário, pois seu perfil contemporâneo difere-se bastante da figura tradicional, que costumava se tratar de um músico alinhado às práticas da música de concerto, com o trabalho voltado para a escrita na partitura e a ausência de relação direta com o aparato técnico de gravação e edição analógicas. Os compositores e produtores musicais de hoje, por conta dos avanços tecnológicos nas ferramentas digitais de áudio, do barateamento de equipamentos e das transformações no mercado cinematográfico, fonográfico e publicitário, caracterizam-se em geral por criarem suas músicas já no ambiente de produção digital, comumente aliando composição, gravação, execução, edição, mixagem e sincronização com a imagem no mesmo processo; são em sua maioria donos de seus próprios estúdios de gravação ou empresas produtoras de áudio e são bastante autossuficientes, centralizando no próprio trabalho muitas das tarefas que antes requeriam um número maior de profissionais, bem como estruturas mais complexas de produção, muitas vezes inviáveis na realidade cinematográfica anterior do país. / This research aims at studying the setting of composition and production of musical scores for the Brazilian cinema since the period called as Retomada until nowadays, by analyzing how the technological transformations in music and film production, the renovations in the cast of professionals and artists involved in movies and in the music market, the reinstatement of movie production based on financial incentive laws created on the 1990s and other contingencies have collaborated to solidify new models of film scores production in the contemporary years. The present moment of Brazilian cinematographic market is marked by meaningful reconfigurations in the production chains, with the predominance of organization models characterized by the \"project by project\" productions, in which is common a reduction of the professional and logistic structure. Music composers are to be distinguished in this setting, for their contemporary profile is very different than the traditional figures, who used to be musicians aligned to the classical music practices, with works based in musical notation and without much direct relationship with the technical apparatus of analog recording and editing. Music composers and producers nowadays, because of the technological advances in digital audio tools, the lower costs of the equipment and the transformations in the movies, music and publicity markets, are characterized, in general, for creating their music in digital production environment, commonly allying composition, recording, execution, editing, mixing and synchronization with the image in the same process. They are, mostly, owners of their recording studios or audio producing companies and are very self-sufficient, concentrating in their own work a lot of tasks that would require a greater number of professionals and a more complex structure of production before, which were impracticable many times in the earlier cinematographic reality of the country.

The focus of this study is the underground music scene in Belgrade, Serbia. This work requires the exploration of varied cultural and market factors that have shaped the scene, resulting in its present form. The explored phenomenon is complex and achieving the necessary depth of analysis will involve the use of a wide set of theoretical sources and research methods. The fieldwork includes in-depth interviews, reflective accounts of longitudinal participant observation, data collected through email correspondence, and a large amount of documentary data. Data analysis will be articulated into a single methodology (examined in depth in Chapter 3).

Orientador: José Eduardo Ribeiro de Paiva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T03:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Pinto_WaldirdeAmorim_D.pdf: 1276240 bytes, checksum: 8a86b876e4f1a39e8d680c931ea6e7b2 (MD5) Pinto_WaldirDeAmorim_Anexo.zip: 100462299 bytes, checksum: d1dd90b2bae3cd94ad8bcc39bca911d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade identificar convergências nos trabalhos de mediação dos produtores musicais envolvidos com o movimento do pagode nas décadas de 1980 e 1990. O samba apresentado nas rodas de pagodes nos anos de 1980, e que ficou comercialmente conhecido como pagode - ou "samba de raiz", mais recentemente -, é caracterizado por musicólogos como representante das comunidades restritas e da tradição do samba. Da mesma forma, os musicólogos costumam caracterizar os artistas que emergiram na década de 1990 - e que tiveram seus trabalhos classificados como pagode - como incorporadores de elementos estrangeiros e modernos ao samba, num "novo" pagode que ficou conhecido como "pagode romântico". A despeito destas dicotomias que envolvem o pagode, ao passar por um estúdio de gravação a música de ambos os segmentos (e períodos) reflete um processo de mediação; e as figuras dos produtores musicais são responsáveis por isso, no âmbito da indústria fonográfica. Utilizando-se da análise de fonogramas de artistas ligados ao pagode (de ambas as décadas) e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os produtores musicais daqueles artistas, foi possível identificar algumas estratégias, objetivos e padrões de produção musical que deixam as fronteiras préestabelecidas menos nítidas. Dessa forma pôde-se concluir que, além das dicotomias, há muitas convergências que permitem avaliar o pagode de maneira menos segmentária e mais independente do discurso moderno-tradicional, hibridoautêntico, nacional-internacional que vêm pautando os estudos sobre o assunto; e é quando se analisa o pagode sob o prisma do produtor musical que se identifica o mercado como diminuidor de fronteiras e integrador de pólos distintos / Abstract: This research aimed to identify convergences in mediation work of record producers during the movimento do pagode of the 1980s and 1990s. Samba made in the rodas de pagode in the 1980s, commercially known as pagode - more recently called rootsy samba -, is characterized by musicologists as the representative of restricted communities and samba tradition. Likewise, musicologists often characterize the artists that emerged in the 1990s - and had their work classified as pagode - as incorporators of foreign and modern elements to the samba, creating a "new" pagode which became known as "romantic pagode". Despite these dichotomies involving the pagode, passing the music of both segments (and periods) by a recording studio reflects a process of mediation and the figures of record producers are responsible for that within the music industry. Through the analysis of repertoire of artists connected with the pagode (in both decades) and semi-structured interviews with the record producers of those artists it was possible to identify some strategies, objectives and standards of record production that leave the pre-established boundaries less clear. Thus it can be concluded that besides the dichotomies there are many convergences for assessing the pagode in a less segmental speech - more independent of the modern-traditional, hybrid-authentic, national-international discussions that have been basing the studies on the subject. Analyzing the pagode through the prism of the record producers makes possible to identify the market as borders subtractor and distinct poles integrator / Doutorado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Doutor em Música

In music production, along with other creative endeavors, there is a recurring phenomenon of loss of motivation during the process of creating. Within the community of music producers, there is no unified picture of what leads to lack of motivation, and little academic research has been done on motivation in music production specifically. However, when it comes to motivation in creativity, there is some research which suggest that intrinsic motivators are the primary regulators of motivation in creativity. Whether extrinsic motivators are detrimental to intrinsic motivation or can be used to facilitate intrinsic motivation, as well as what kind of extrinsic motivators that may facilitate intrinsic motivation, is still debated. This thesis sets out to discover what facilitators and barriers to motivation can be found in the music production process of electronic music producers, and whether this knowledge can be applied to products for music production. To examine facilitators and barriers in music production, a phenomenology-inspired, bottom-up methodology of semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis is employed on professional and enthusiast music producers. The results show that while baseline intrinsic motivators such as the will to create are vital for motivation, there are a lot of extrinsic factors at play in sustaining motivation through music production as well. This thesis is presented with product companies that make products for electronic music production in mind, and through the results of this thesis, numerous suggestions on what to think about when designing for motivation in music production are presented.