Many of the early writings and lectures of the German phenomenological philosopher Martin Heidegger involve investigations into the question of Being. An important part of these investigations is his examination of how we go about the everyday business of existing--doing our jobs, dealing with things in our environment, working through problems, thinking, talking--and what our ways of operating in these everyday activities tell us about our Being in general. Musicians have their own everyday musical tasks, two of the most prominent of which are composing and performing. Composers and performers, like everyone else, have a 'world'--Heidegger's word for the structure of relationships between equipment, persons, and tasks and the way in which a person is situated in that structure--and that 'world' allows them to cope with their musical environment in ways that enable them to make music as composers and performers. Analyzing music is an activity that a Heideggerian approach sees as derived from the primary musical activities of composing and performing. A music analyst trades the possibility of primary musical involvement for a kind of involvement that points out determinate characteristics; hence in adopting an analytical stance, the analyst trades doing something musical for saying something about music. In making such a trade, however, a prior musical involvement--a basic musicality--is always presupposed. Every way of analyzing music has its own way of making determinations, and after detailing the manner of the derivation of the general analytical attitude, this study examines several types of analysis and the ways in which they exemplify the derivative nature of analytical activity. One extended example, an analysis of Jean Sibelius's The Swan of Tuonela, provides several opportunities for discussion (via interspersed passages of commentary) of a view of music analysis drawn from Heideggerian phenomenology.

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of five musical pieces of composer Luboš Fišer with fine arts. The thesis is divided in the two parts. In the first part we analyze general art trends in 1960s. We will make reference to the most important trends and personalities, who composed and painted in that age. We will also compare literature, fine art and music in Czech Republic in 1960s, which were the best years of Fišer's work. The second part of the thesis describes in detail five Fišer's pieces, which were composed in 1960s. These are Ruce - Hands (1961), Patnáct listů podle Dürerovy Apokalypsy - Fifteen Prints After Durer's Apocalypse (1965), Caprichos (1966), Double (1969) and Nářek nad zkázou města Ur - Lament over the Ruined Town of Ur (1970). Analysis of those pieces is based on comparison with inspiration sources (Albrecht Dürer: Apocalypse, Francisco Goya: Caprichos, old Sumer text called Lament over the Ruined Town of Ur) or it is based on comparison of Fišer's composition method with fine art piece (Double) or it is analyzed just from the semantic point of view of the piece (Hands). Goal of this work is to present composition of distinguished Czech composer Luboš Fišer to general public using analysis of his pieces. In the future, this work should be used for creation of composer's monograph...

En un peu plus d’un siècle, la musique contemporaine s’est construite à Taiwan un univers bien réel et au vu de son histoire, elle a conquis une place certes modeste, mais indéniable.À l’échelle de ce petit pays, Taiwan a la particularité d’avoir accumulé des cultures et des régimes politiques différents qui se sont succédé au gré des bouleversements politiques depuis la fin du XIXe siècle qui ont fortement interrogé les habitants de cette île. De la création du terme « taiwanais » par le colonisateur japonais à un retour forcé à une « Chine classique » au temps du Kuomintang (KMT) puis vers une identité sino-taiwanaise, pour aboutir à une « taiwanitude ». Au fil du temps et des événements, s’opère un glissement d’une identité fantasmée à une identité politique, puis d’une identité culturelle à une identité artistique. La musique contemporaine s’est construite au cœur de cette complexité historique de Taiwan où les compositeurs ont dû se confronter à de nombreux écueils en s'enrichissant de cette complexité.Loin d’une dilution vers un style international, la musique contemporaine de Taiwan, qui s’est épanouie en symbiose avec la société civile, en emprunte aussi les traits les plus marquants, faits d’un certain dynamisme et de l’absence d’a priori. Sans oublier ses racines multiples, qui sont un atout et non plus un questionnement, les acteurs de la musique contemporaine à Taiwan assimilent de l’Occident technique et savoir-faire, pour les restituer avec leur propre génie sous une forme novatrice qui exprime bien l’originalité taiwanaise et qui laisse augurer de belles œuvres à venir. / Within a little less than a century, contemporary music has acquired a real presence in Taiwan, and while this may be admittedly modest, it is undeniably well established in view of the country's turbulent history. Since the end of the 19th century, Taiwan was created within a context of successive cultural and political upheavals - from the creation of the term “Taiwanese” by Japanese colonial powers, to a forced return to “Pan-Chinese culture” at the time of the Kuomintang (KMT) dictatorship, then on to a Sino-Taiwanese culture, and eventually leading to the notion of “Taiwanitude” - resulting in a strong sense of self-examination by its inhabitants, Through the course of time and events, a shift has occurred for Taiwanese composers of contemporary music, in which an imagined identity becomes a political identity, and a cultural identity becomes an artistic identity. Contemporary music has been engrained within the heart of the historical complexity of Taiwan, yet not without some obstacles for composers.Far from moving towards a diluted international style, Taiwanese contemporary music, which has blossomed in symbiosis with civil society, takes on the most notable traits of its society, made up of a certain dynamism and the absence of a priori. Without forgetting their diverse roots, Taiwanese contemporary music composers have assimilated Western technique and savoir-faire in order to render their own form of innovative genius which truly expresses Taiwanese originality, while showing great promise for works of future generations.

Orientador: Edson Sekeff Zampronha / Banca: Rogério Luiz Moraes Costa / Banca: Marisa Trench de Oliveira Fonterrada / Resumo: As composições do Tipo Paisagem sonora, que se utilizam praticamente de sons ambientais como material principal para a composição, têm gerado amplas discussões no âmbito da música eletroacústica. Tais discussões são presentes tanto em vertentes mais estruturalistas, que não vêm qualquer possibilidade de organização a priori desse tipo de material sonoro, quanto naquelas que se aproximam mais da música concreta, que não concordam com o alto nível de referencialidade sonora empregado nesse tipo de obra por entrar em desacordo com as proposições da escuta reduzida de Pierre Schaeffer. A partir de tal análise, foi possível apresentar algumas possibilidades de organização de sons ambientais em composições do tipo Paisagem Sonora através da comparação dos resultados da análise com as proposições de Wishart (1986) e Emmerson (1986). / Abstract: The Soundscapes compositions, which use environmental sounds as main material, have generated wide discussions in the scope of electroacustical music. Such quarrels are found in structuralist sources, which do not agree with any possibility of organization a priori to this type of sonorous material, as in those which approach more to concret music, that do not agree with the high level of sounds external references applied in this type of work, because it disagrees with the proposals of the Reduced Listening of Pierre Schaeffer. From such analysis, it was possible to demonstrate some possibilities of organization of environmental sounds in Soundscapes Compositions through the comparision of the results of the analysis with the proposals of Wishart (1986) and Emmerson (1986). / Mestre

Orientador: Edson Sekeff Zampronha / Banca: Martha Herr / Banca: John Boudler / Resumo: O presente trabalho de mestrado tem como seu principal objetivo demonstrar que a aplicação de diferentes métodos analíticos a uma mesma obra e sua posterior comparação é uma metodologia eficaz para o estudo da linguagem musical, em particular de uma obra específica e que, através deste procedimento, informações de interesse teórico e interpretativo, que vão além da aplicação isolada de cada método, podem ser alcançadas. Para tanto, foi feita a análise de um movimento de grande duração inserido em uma obra extensa, composta pelo austríaco Gustav Mahler (1860-1911): a Sinfonia nº3. Sobre esta obra foram realizadas três análises: formal segundo Schoenberg e Rosen; motívica, segundo Réti; e schenkeriana, segundo Salzer.Os métodos foram comparados entre si, de modo a identificarem-se as convergências e divergências entre eles; com base nas divergências e convergências, foramindicadas possibilidades de leitura da obra. Ao final, estes resultados foram confrontados com gravações realizadas por grandes orquestras, tendo à frente regentes reconhecidos como grandes intérpretes da obra de Mahler, verifinco como foram solucionados os problemas de divergência analítica e observando, ainda, se as convergências podem ser confirmadas em suas interpretações. / Abstract: The present Master's Degree dissertation seeks to demonstrate that the utilization of different analytical methods to a single opus, and their posterior comparation, in an efficient method for the study of musical language, particularly of an specific opus, and that, through this procedure, information on theoretical and interpretative interest that go beyond the isolated utilization of each method can be reached. Therefore, three analysis of the first movement of Gustav Mahler's 3rd Symphony were made. The three analysis were; formal, according to Schoenberg and Rosen; motivic according to Réti; and schenkerian, according to Salzer. The methods were compared to each other so it would be possible to identify similarities and differences amont them. Then, based on these similarities and differences, possibilities of reading of the work were indicated. In the end, these results were confronted with recording made by great orchestras, conducted by great maestros well-known as great interpreters of Mahler's opus, verifying how the problems of analytical diffrences were resolved and observing as well if the similarities coud be confirmed in their interpretations. / Mestre

A proposta desta dissertação é analisar os três movimentos das Bachianas Brasileiras Nº 1: Introdução (Embolada), Prelúdio (Modinha) e Fuga (Conversa), de Heitor Villa-Lobos, a partir de uma abordagem transformacional, seguindo a linha proposta por Steven Rings (2011) na qual, ferramentas de análise neorriemannianas são utilizadas para iluminar aspectos familiares do tonalismo. Partindo desta abordagem, os resultados da análise musical serão apresentados através de gráficos e redes transformacionais, objetivando criar um suporte analítico musical que, numa fase posterior a esta pesquisa, aponte para uma reflexão sobre a ideia de Nestor Garcia Canclini a respeito de processos de hibridação cultural (CANCLINI, 2008). / The proposal of this dissertation is to analyze the three movements of the Bachianas Brasileiras Nº 1: Introduction (Embolada), Prelude (Modinha) and Fugue (Conversa), by Heitor Villa-Lobos, based on a transformational approach, following the thinking proposed by Steven Rings (2011) in which, Neo-Riemannian analysis tools are used to illuminate familiar aspects of tonalism. Based on this approach, the results of musical analysis will be presented through graphs and transformational networks, aiming to create an analytical musical support that, at a later stage of this research, points to a reflection on the idea of Nestor Garcia Canclini regarding processes of cultural hybridization (CANCLINI, 2008).

A pesquisa trata de um estudo de três compositores da música popular do Brasil: Pixinguinha, Garoto e Tom Jobim. Através da análise de 5 obras representativas de cada compositor, pretende-se chegar a um perfil comparativo desses compositores, bem como dos períodos que eles representam no contexto da música popular: do choro à bossa nova, / The research is a study about three composers of Brazil\'s popular music: Pixinguinha, Garoto and Tom Jobim. Through the analysis of five representative pieces of each composer, the intention is to reach a comparative profile of these composers, as well as the period of time they represent in the context of popular music: from choro to bossa nova.

A observação recorrente que alguns pianistas, professores de piano e compositores fazem sobre a presença da escrita de Domenico Scarlatti em alguns movimentos das Sonatas de Beethoven, sugere que há alguma relação estética entre estes compositores até então não devidamente esclarecida. A primeira questão que aparece é como Domenico Scarlatti pôde chamar a atenção de Beethoven, considerando que Scarlatti foi um compositor italiano que saiu de Nápoles para Lisboa e finalmente Madrid, onde compôs as suas 555 Sonatas para o teclado, dedicadas à sua empregadora, rainha Maria Bárbara da Espanha. Beethoven, nascido em 1770, um século após Scarlatti, de outro lado, permaneceu em Viena e arredores por praticamente toda a sua vida profissional. Este trabalho busca investigar proximidades estéticas entre a composição para teclado de Domenico Scarlatti contidas na edição de Carl Czerny e as 32 Sonatas para piano de Beethoven. Busca também esclarecer aspectos da biografia de Domenico Scarlatti e a trajetória das cópias manuscritas de suas 555 Sonatas pela Europa, uma vez que trazem inovações formais e estéticas para sua época. Parte destas Sonatas chegou à Viena através de duas coleções de cópias manuscritas, chamadas de coleção Viena I e Viena II. Através destes manuscritos e das cópias que foram feitas a partir deles, Carl Czerny realizou sua edição. Admite-se que Beethoven tenha tido alguma familiaridade com esta edição das Sonatas de Scarlatti, uma vez que Czerny foi, durante muitos anos, seu aluno e amigo próximo. A metodologia utilizada para aferir semelhanças entre Scarlatti e Beethoven se baseia em duas abordagens. A primeira fundamenta-se na análise comparativa tradicional - não automatizada - sobre procedimentos composicionais de ambos os compositores. A segunda utiliza-se de recursos computacionais para identificar e quantificar a presença de fragmentos melódicos extraídos das Sonatas de Scarlatti da edição de Czerny nas Sonatas de Beethoven, com auxílio da tecnologia do toolkit music21, software desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology a partir de 2010 e disponível através da página de internet http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Seu uso, neste trabalho, aponta para novas possibilidades de abordagem na análise musical cujos resultados e conclusões são obtidos a partir de parâmetros distintos da análise musical tradicional. As análises comparativas tradicionais evidenciaram semelhanças importantes entre os procedimentos composicionais de Scarlatti e Beethoven como, por exemplo, o uso dos silêncios, das mudanças inesperadas de andamento e de caráter. A partir do software construído com a utilização do toolkit music21 para a busca dos fragmentos scarlattianos nas Sonatas de Beethoven, obteve-se resultados de grande relevância, identificando sequencias intervalares idênticas, encontradas nas Sonatas de Beethoven e não verificadas em Mozart, cujas Sonatas foram submetidas ao mesmo método. / A recurrent observation that some pianists, piano teachers and composers make about the presence of Domenico Scarlatti\'s writing in some movements of Beethoven Sonatas, suggests that there is some aesthetic relationship between these composers that was not properly clarified. The first question that appears is how Domenico Scarlatti music could draw the attention of Beethoven, considering that Scarlatti was an Italian composer who left Naples to Lisbon and finally Madrid, where he composed his 555 keyboard sonatas, dedicated to his employer, Queen Maria Barbara of Spain. Beethoven, born in 1770, a century after Scarlatti, on the other hand, remained in and around Vienna virtually his entire professional life. This research investigates aesthetic similiarities between Domenico Scarlatti keyboard Sonatas contained in Carl Czerny edition and the 32 piano Sonatas of Beethoven. It also intends to clarify aspects of Domenico Scarlatti\'s biography and the trajectory of his 555 keyboard Sonatas that bring formal and aesthetics innovations for his time. Part of these Sonatas has come to Vienna in two manuscript copy collections called Vienna I and Vienna II. Through these two manuscript collections and the copies made out of them, Carl Czerny organized his own edition of the Scarlatti Sonatas. It has been admitted that Beethoven was familiar with these Sonatas, considering his long friendship with Czerny. The methodology used to establish similarities between Scarlatti and Beethoven composition is based on two approaches. The first is founded on the traditional comparative analysis - not automated - on compositional procedures of both composers. The second approach makes use of computational resources to identify and quantify the presence of melodic fragments, extracted from Scarlatti Sonatas of Czerny edition, on Beethoven sonatas, with the aid of the toolkit music21, technology developed by MIT in 2010 and available on the internet page http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Its use in this work points to new possibilities for musical analysis whose results and conclusions are obtained from different parameters of traditional musical analysis. The traditional comparative analyzes has revealed important similarities between the compositional procedures of Scarlatti and Beethoven, for example, the use of silences, unexpected changes of timing and character. From the software built using the toolkit music21 to search for melodic fragments of Scarlatti Sonatas on Beethoven piano Sonatas, it has yielded results of great relevance, as the indentification of identical musical intervallic sequences, found in Beethoven Sonatas and not verified on Mozart, whose Sonatas were submitted to the same method

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de aspectos históricos e conceituais do sprechgesang (canto falado) usado por Arnold Schoenberg no seu melodrama Pierrot Lunaire, op 21. O estudo tem por finalidade principal apresentar sugestões de interpretação para a execução da obra quando adaptada ao texto recriado para o idioma português pelo poeta Augusto de Campos. Inicialmente são apresentadas três trajetórias históricas: a primeira enfoca a transformação do personagem Pierrot através dos tempos e regiões da Europa, a segunda, a evolução do uso da declamação no gênero literomusical melodrama, e a terceira, a presença do gênero melodrama na evolução da obra de Arnold Schoenberg. Em seguida, são estudados aspectos conceituais específicos de Pierrot Lunaire por meio de elaboração de análises comparativas. Três interpretações da obra, registradas em cd comercial por artistas consagradas, são usadas como objeto de estudo para estas análises, cujo interesse maior se concentra na compreensão das múltiplas possibilidades de leitura do sprechgesang. Por fim, como aplicação prática dos conceitos estudados neste trabalho, foi criada, em parceria com a cantora Erika Muniz, uma interpretação para o sprechgesang de Pierrot Lunaire adaptado ao português. / This dissertation presents a study on conceptual and historical aspects of Arnold Schoenberg\'s use of Sprechgesang (speech-singing) in his melodrama Pierrot Lunaire, op. 21. The study aims primarily at building up interpretative patterns for a particular version of the piece - adapted to a recreation of the text in Portuguese by the poet Augusto de Campos. Initially, three historical approaches are presented: the transformation of Pierrot through time and places in Europe; the evolution of the use of recitation in the \"literary-musical\" genre melodrama; and the presence of the genre melodrama in Arnold Schoenberg\'s work. Then, specific conceptual aspects of Pierrot Lunaire are studied through comparative analysis. For this, three interpretations of the piece, recorded in commercial CDs by recognized artists, are used as object. The analysis focuses chiefly on comprehending the multiple reading possibilities of Sprechgesang. Finally, in order to apply the concepts studied in this work, an interpretation for the Sprechgesang in Pierrot Lunaire adapted to Portuguese was created. This was done in a partnership with the singer Érika Muniz.

An examination of the musical style, compositional techniques and performance practice issues of American composer Thom Ritter George with special attention paid to his Quintet No. 4 written in 1986. The document also includes a short history of brass instruments in chamber music, history of the brass quintet in America, discussion of the role of the trumpet in the quintet, overview of the composers contributions to music and brass quintet in America, discussion of the role of the trumpet in the quintet, overview of the composers contributions to music and brass quintet, and background information on the composer.