Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Two discreet methods of geometric morphometrics were applied to evaluate the taxonomic utility of each in classifying the craniomandibular region of several Mustela species. Use of both linear measurements and 2-dimensional landmarks proved successful in discriminating between extant M. nigripes (black-footed ferret) and Neovison vison (American mink), in addition to the extant North American weasel species (M. erminea, M. frenata, M. nivalis). Methods were then used to classify Late Pleistocene Mustela spp. fossils collected from Snake Creek Burial Cave (SCBC) of eastern Nevada. Data acquired for unknown predicted group memberships varied markedly among methods and specimens. Nevertheless, results support the presence of M. nigripes and all 3 weasel taxa among the SCBC paleofauna.

Ferrets are labelled Unwanted Organisms under the Biosecurity Act (1993) due to their predation on New Zealand's native protected species and their status as potential vectors of Bovine Tuberculosis. There was suspicion that ferrets could detect the infrared light-emitting equipment used to monitor predator and prey behaviour. A two-alternative forced-choice operant procedure was used to test whether five pigmented male ferrets could detect infrared (870 and 920 nm) light. First, the ferrets were taught to press a lever under a lit visible (white) light emitting diode (LED) for food rewards. After up to 101 40-minute sessions, each ferret could lever press under the lit-light at or above the pass criteria of 75% responses over four consecutive (or five out of six) sessions. The same ferrets were then tested for stimulus generalisation over different stimulus properties by changing the wavelength/colour and intensity of the lit-light. The overall mean accuracy of each ferret's response to each coloured light varied between 92% and 84%. When a red light was systematically dimmed to halve the intensity nine times, all five ferrets still met the set pass criteria with overall accuracies of between 88% and 78%. This indicated that changing the properties of the light stimuli would not disrupt the ferrets' abilities to perform the learned task. This test was a necessary prerequisite before changing the light stimuli to potentially invisible wavelengths in the infrared spectrum. The light stimulus was changed to a single infrared (870) nm LED. Two of five ferrets showed strong evidence (response accuracies of 77% 4 and 72% 2) and one ferret showed weak evidence (60% 3) that they could see the light at this wavelength. Extraneous cues such as ultrasound emitted at the onset of a stimulus light or a predictable schedule of reinforcement were eliminated as potential response cues. These tests helped to prove that the ferrets were using only the light stimulus to discriminate which stimulus was lit. It may be possible that at least some feral ferrets can detect the light produced from infrared monitoring equipment that emits light wavelengths at or below 870 nm. This has significant implications for conservation because infrared equipment is used by conservation agencies in New Zealand and overseas to monitor predator and prey behaviour in the wild. If the infrared lighting is detected by the subject being observed, then it may potentially influence the behaviour of the animal, or attract a predator towards threatened native species.

Siberian weasel, Mustela sibirica is a widespread carnivora mammal in Eurasia. In Taiwan, it inhabits a variety of environments restricted to altitude above 800 m. Based on mitochondrial control region sequences, I constructed phylogeography and analyzed population interflow about the species in Taiwan. The mean length of D-loop in Siberian weasel is 1038.9 bp. The D-loop structure can be divided into ETAS, CD and CSB domain. Among these, CD is the most conserved region while the two flank domains are variable. There are tandem repeat sequences in CSB domain, common in other carnivores. In phylogenetic analyses, three major lineages were found in phylogenetic trees and MSN topology. In general, haplotypes in clades are correlated to geographic distribution. The haplotypes of clade I were sampled from southern Taiwan, while the majority of those clade II and clade III were from northern Taiwan. The gene flow among clades were low. However no significant geographic boundaries existed between clades. It is speculated that the genetic isolation among clades may have been resulted from bottleneck effect, like other high altitude mammals in Taiwan, and not from geographic barriers mainly.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-115). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Loss of biodiversity is a growing problem and hence conservation of species is becoming increasingly important. In this dissertation conservation issues related to the critically endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola) are examined in situ (in the wild) and ex situ (in captivity) on both an individual and community level. It also contains fundamental research as conservation contexts often allow for conclusions beyond applied biology. Individual behavioural differences, e.g. personality, can impact fitness and are hence relevant for conservation. Paper I thus experimentally explores the structure, expression and plasticity of personality in captive European minks. Thereafter paper II investigates if personality affects survival of reintroduced captive-bred animals and if spatiotemporal conditions affects the relationship between personality and survival. Paper III experimentally explores individual dietary specialism and learning in relation to novel prey as this could also impact survival. One of the main threats to the European mink is displacement by the invasive American mink (Neovison vison) wherefore management of American mink is important for European mink conservation. Paper IV hence analyses survey data to study whether native otters and red foxes can suppress American mink populations in north-eastern Europe. In the results three personality trait domains were identified in the European mink: boldness, exploration and sociability. The domains were repeatable but plastic between the non-breeding and breeding season. Reintroduced personality-tested animals survived longer if they were bolder but the effect of exploration was either positive or negative depending on spatiotemporal conditions. This is not only interesting for conservation but provides new insights on how individual behavioural differences could be maintained over evolutionary time. Whilst exploration is likely to be maintained by fluctuating selection pressures, the mechanism seem to vary with domain. The feeding experiments revealed diet choices similar to those found in wild individuals as there were both generalists and different types of specialists. Still, individuals differed in learning time towards novel but natural prey, suggesting that reintroduced animals might differ in their ability to find food after release. This could affect survival also and be related to personality. Survey data revealed that American mink abundances were suppressed by those of red foxes. Previous studies show that foxes are suppressed by lynx, and the abundance pattern of mink in relation to red fox found here indicate the existence of a predator cascade as mink were most abundant where lynx were abundant and vice versa. In several regions in the study area population dynamics indicated either exploitation or interference competition as probable mechanisms whereby foxes suppress minks. However, in many regions there were no relationships between dynamics. This could be due to that exploitation and interference competition might occur simultaneously and thus cancel each other out in the dynamics. Overall this thesis shows the importance of considering individual traits in conservation efforts, and also provides knowledge on the structure, plasticity and evolution of personality. As American mink was suppressed by foxes, management efforts might be most beneficial for species impacted by the mink if they to a larger extent are undertaken in areas with low fox abundances. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

This thesis is about making inference on the host status of feral ferrets in New Zealand for Mycobacterium bovis, the aetiological agent of bovine tuberculosis. The central question addressed is whether the rate of intra-specific transmission of M. bovis among ferrets is sufficient for the disease to persist in ferret populations in the absence of external, non-ferret sources of infection (inter-specific transmission). The question is tackled in three parts�firstly using model selection to identify suitable models for estimating the force of M. bovis infection in ferret populations; secondly applying statistical hypothesis testing to the results of planned manipulative field experiments to test the relationship between M. bovis infection in brushtail possums and that in ferrets; and thirdly using modelling to estimate intra-specific disease transmission rates and the basic reproductive rate (Ro) of M. bovis infection in ferrets. The model selection approach clearly identified the hypothesis of oral infection related to diet was, as modelled by a constant force of infection from the age of weaning, the best approximation of how M. bovis infection was transmitted to ferrets. No other form of transmission (e.g., during fighting, mating, or routine social interaction) was supported in comparison. The force of infection (λ) ranged from 0.14 yr-1 to 5.77 yr-1, and was significantly higher (2.2 times) in male than female ferrets. Statistical hypothesis testing revealed transmission of M. bovis to ferrets occurred from both brushtail possums and ferrets. The force of M. bovis infection in ferrets was reduced by 88% (λ=0.3 yr-1 vs. λ=2.5 yr-1) at sites with reductions in the population density of sympatric brushtail possum populations. A smaller decline in the force of infection resulting from the lethal cross-sectional sampling of the ferret populations was also demonstrated. The modelling approach estimated the basic reproductive rate (Ro) of M. bovis infection in ferrets in New Zealand to vary from 0.17 at the lowest population density (0.5 km-2) recorded to 1.6 at the highest population density (3.4 km-2) recorded. The estimates of Ro were moderately imprecise, with a coefficient of variation of 76%. Despite this imprecision, the Ro for M. bovis infection in ferrets was significantly less than unity for all North Island sites surveyed. Hence it is inferred ferrets are spillover hosts (0<Ro<1) for M. bovis infection in these environments. That is, M. bovis infection will progressively disappear from these ferret populations if the source of inter-specific transmission is eliminated. The estimates of Ro for M. bovis infection in South Island ferret populations were above one (the level required for disease establishment) for a number (5/10) of populations, though the imprecision made it impossible to ascertain whether Ro was significantly greater than one. The estimated threshold population density (Kt) for disease establishment was 2.9 ferrets km-2. It is inferred that, given sufficient population density (>Kt), the rate of intra-specific transmission of M. bovis among ferrets is sufficient for the disease to establish in ferrets in the absence of interspecific transmission. In these areas, ferrets would be considered maintenance hosts for the disease. Active management (e.g., density reduction or vaccination) of ferrets would be required to eradicate M. bovis from ferret populations in these areas, in addition to the elimination of sources of inter-specific transmission, particularly brushtail possums.

Desde la introducción del visón americano en Europa, esta especie se ha convertido en un problema ecológico que implica la necesidad de su control. Existen varios métodos de control; sin embargo, actualmente, la opción más práctica y factible de control es el trampeo, combinado con la monitorización de las poblaciones para conocer su estado y dinámica poblacional. De ahí, que el objetivo principal de este estudio es proporcionar estrategias eficaces para el control de la población en Cataluña. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron la capacidad de adaptación y de dispersión del visón americano en ambientes mediterráneos. Basándose en estos resultados se obtuvieron las siguientes conclusiones:1. La población invasora de visón americano estudiada está perfectamente aclimatada y adaptada al área de estudio. 2. Las diferencias morfológicas de la población estudiada respecto a otras poblaciones y el menor dimorfismo sexual se explican por un posible efecto "cuello de botella" y por la falta de separación de nicho trófico como consecuencia de la aclimatación y adaptación de la población al área de introducción donde las presas disponibles son básicamente de pequeño tamaño.3. Una cualidad esencial para esta capacidad de aclimatación es su carácter generalista y oportunista, el cual le permite depredar sobre las presas disponibles en el medio. La abundancia del cangrejo de río americano posiblemente ha contribuido a esta rápida aclimatación y expansión, aportando la energía suficiente para su supervivencia y reproducción.4. La elevada disponibilidad de presas, permite a los individuos de la población presentar tamaños territoriales menores y mayores densidades poblacionales a lo esperado según los resultados obtenidos en otras poblaciones de la especie. 5. El menor porcentaje de actividad nocturna que manifiesta el visón americano en la zona de estudio, respecto a otras poblaciones de la especie puede ser una consecuencia de que la mayoría de sus presas en el área de estudio son fundamentalmente nocturnas.Desde un punto de vista aplicado y compilando la información obtenida en el presente estudio se aconseja que las campañas de descaste se planifiquen siguiendo las siguientes instrucciones:6. Para efectuar los descastes las trampas se deben colocar en ambas orillas del río, a una distancia entre sí máxima igual a la media del tamaño del área vital de los individuos de la zona, dado que son los puntos con mayor capturabilidad. En áreas con características similares a la del área de estudio sería una distancia de aproximadamente 200 m.7. La colocación de las trampas debe priorizar puntos con mayor probabilidad de selección por parte de los individuos; es decir, próxima o entre la vegetación helofítica y evitando puntos con elevada presencia de actividad humana. En áreas sin vegetación helofítica se recomienda que se coloquen en aquellos puntos que puedan ser refugio para el animal.8. Las trampas se han de colocar durante el día y ser revisadas por la mañana, ya que la mayor actividad de desplazamiento de los individuos y por tanto la mayor probabilidad de captura, es por la noche.9. Las campañas de control y de descaste se han de realizar por toda la extensión de la población, si bien se aconseja que se centren fundamentalmente en los límites de la distribución de la especie y en áreas claves como parques naturales y áreas de interés especial (en términos de gestión y conservación de áreas de especial interés). En ambos casos, el descaste se ha de realizar ampliando los límites de la zona una distancia entre 10-40 kilómetros.10. Para la realización de prospecciones con el fin de observar la presencia y distribución del visón americano se puede seguir la metodología empleada para las prospecciones de nutria, con transectos de 600 m, ampliándolos a 900 m en los meses de marzo y abril. / Since the introduction of the American mink in Europe, this species has become in an ecological problem than implies the need of its control. There are different methods of control; however, nowadays, trapping is the most practical and feasible. The main target of this study is to provide efficient strategies for the control of the Catalonina population.Obtained results showed the capacity of the population to adapt and spread in Mediterranean environments. On the basis of these results the following conclusions were obtained:1. The invasive American mink population studied is perfectly acclimatized and adapted to the study area.2. Morphological differences of the studied population in comparison with other populations and the lower sexual dimorphism can be explained by an "bottleneck effect" and by the lack of trophic niche as a consequence of the acclimatization and adaptation of the population to the area of introduction where the available preys are mainly of small size.3. The generalist and opportunist character of the species allow the individuals to prey on the available preys in the area. The high levels of American crayfish have probably contributed to the fast acclimatization and spread, by providing the energy needed for the mink's survival and reproduction.4. The high availability of preys, allows having smaller home range and higher population densities in comparison with other population of the species.5. The lower percentage of nocturnal activity of the individuals in the studied population is a consequence of the nocturnal activity of its preys.From a practical point of view and following the obtained results, this study advises to plan the trapping campaigns using the instructions bellow:6. Traps should be placed in both riversides, with a maximum distance equal to the mean core area size of the individuals to maximize capturability. In areas similar to the studied area this distance is 200 m approximately.7. Traps should be placed in spots of higher probability of selection by the individuals: helophytic vegetation and low human activity. In areas with no helophytic vegetation traps should be placed in spots that can offer a shelter to the individual.8. Traps should be placed during the day and checked every morning since the highest activity with locomotion occurs at night, and therefore, the probability of capturability is higher at night.9. Trapping campaigns should be done all over the population extension, although it is advised to increase the effort on the limits of the population distribution and special areas as natural parks and areas of special interest. In both cases trapping should in a range of 10.40 km from the limits of the area. 10. American mink surveys to detect its presence and distribution, can be done following the methodology used on otter surveys with 600 m transects, and 900 m in March and April.

ABSTRACT The epidemiological study of intestinal helminths and ticks of Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) was conducted from June 2001 to May 2002 in Shan-Ping, southern Taiwan. Nine helminths were found, including seven nematodes, Filaroides sp. (prevalence 94.4%), Ancylostoma sp. (77.4%), Uncinaria sp. (35.5%), Trichuris sp. 1 (35.5%), Trichuris sp. 2 (19.3%), Capillaria sp. (6.5%) and Physaloptera sp. (3.2%); one trematode, Platynosomum sp. (74.1%) and one acanthocephalans, Macracanthorhynchus sp. (10%). There was a significant seasonal difference of intensity of the Platynosomum sp. Two species of ticks were observed, Ixodes ovatus (prevalence 55.56%) and Haemaphysalis sp. Seasonal differences were significant in the prevalence and intensity of the Ixodes ovatus infection. The intensities of ticks and helminths in different sampling area were similar. The diet composition was possibly the factor affecting the seasonal change of intensity of the Platynosomum sp. and host availability affecting the seasonal change of ticks, Ixodes ovatus.