Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T20:01:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RigobertoGadelhaChaves_TESE.pdf: 6276240 bytes, checksum: 1ca4e032d05889c57cde132f05cb49b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-31T23:31:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RigobertoGadelhaChaves_TESE.pdf: 6276240 bytes, checksum: 1ca4e032d05889c57cde132f05cb49b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-31T23:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RigobertoGadelhaChaves_TESE.pdf: 6276240 bytes, checksum: 1ca4e032d05889c57cde132f05cb49b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / A doen?a de Gaucher (DG) ? causada pela defici?ncia da enzima glucosilceramidase (GCase) que leva ao ac?mulo de glucocerebros?deo em c?lulas do sistema ret?culo endotelial. A incid?ncia estimada da DG na popula??o geral ? de 1:100.000 habitantes, sendo, entretanto, cerca de 100 vezes mais frequente entre os judeus Ashkenazi. No Brasil, destaca-se a cidade de Tabuleiro do Norte (TN), com 28.500 habitantes, situada no estado do Cear?, na regi?o do Nordeste do Brasil, cuja preval?ncia da DG ? de 1:4.000 habitantes. Um rastreamento populacional fundamentado em an?lises enzim?ticas da GCase e quitotriosidase em sangue seco em papel de filtro (SSPF) selecionou um ?grupo de risco? para DG em TN. Para esse ?grupo de risco? e pacientes com DG da cidade foi feito o rastreamento das muta??es N370S, L44P, G377S e 55-del e a reconstitui??o da genealogia das fam?lias envolvidas. O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer e analisar o perfil gen?tico relacionado ? DG de indiv?duos do ?grupo de risco? selecionados pelo rastreamento enzim?tico e de pacientes de TN, a fim de buscar explica??es para elevada preval?ncia da enfermidade nessa popula??o. METODOLOGIA: Essa pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa, do Hospital Geral Dr. C?sar Cals de Oliveira, Fortaleza, e pela Comiss?o Nacional de ?tica em Pesquisa (CONEP), em fevereiro de 2009 e as amostras de DNA foram coletadas durante o per?odo de Mar?o/2009 ? Dezembro/2010. Foi realizado o rastreamento molecular das quatro muta??es mais prevalentes no Brasil em 131 indiv?duos selecionados pelo rastreamento enzim?tico em SSPF (GCase <2,19nmol/h/mL ou quitotriosidase ?44,00 nmol/h/mL) e em 5 pacientes da DG descendentes das fam?lias da cidade. RESULTADOS: O rastreamento das muta??es no ?grupo de risco? e nos pacientes revelou uma ?nica muta??o (G377S) e permitiu classificar os indiv?duos em 3 grupos: afetados/homozigotos (n=5), 20 portadores (n=20), e n?o-portadores (n=111). O estudo da genealogia descobriu uma ancestralidade comum entre todos (afetados e portadores da muta??o G377S). CONCLUS?O: A identifica??o de uma ?nica muta??o (G377S) entre os indiv?duos afetados e portadores de diferentes gera??es, a hist?ria da cidade e o estudo da genealogia das fam?lias envolvidas sugerem que a elevada preval?ncia da DG nesta popula??o pode ser devido a uma combina??o de consanguinidade e efeito fundador da muta??o G377S. / Gaucher?s disease (GD) is caused by a ?-glucocerebrosidase deficiency, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside in the reticuloendothelial system. The prevalence of GD in Tabuleiro do Norte (TN) (1:4000) is the highest in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to present evidence of consanguinity and founder effect for the G377S mutation (c.1246G>A) among GD patients in TN based on enzyme, molecular and genealogical studies. Between March 2009 and December 2010, 131 subjects at risk for GD (GC in dried blood ?2.19 nmol/h/ml) and 5 confirmed GD patients from the same community were submitted for molecular analysis to characterize the genetic profile of the population. Based on the enzymatic and molecular analysis, the subjects were classified into three categories: affected (n=5), carrier (n=20) and non-carrier (n=111). All carriers were (G377S/wt). Affected subjects were homozygous (G377S/G377S). The identification of a single mutation in carriers and homozygotes from different generations, the history of the community and the genealogy study suggest that the high prevalence of GD in this population may be due to a combination of consanguinity and founder effect for the G377S mutation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiocondaDRL.pdf: 1031402 bytes, checksum: 0016e69e527bddffea93909fa2748a03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disease caused by high iron absorption and deposition in several organs. This accumulation results in clinical disturbances such as cirrhosis, arthritis, cardiopathies, diabetes, sexual disorders and skin darkening. The H63D and C282Y mutations are well defined in the hemochromatosis etiology. The aim of this paper was that of identifying the H63D and C282Y genetical mutations in the hemochromatosis gene and the frequency assessment of these mutations in the HFE protein gene in patients with hyperferritin which are sent to the DNA Center laboratory in Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. This paper also evaluates the HH H63D and C282Y gene mutations genotype correlation with the serum ferritin concentration, glucose, alanine aminotransferasis, aspartato aminotransferasis, gama glutamil transferasis and with the clinical complications and also the interrelation with life habits including alcoholism and iron overload. The biochemical dosages and molecule analyses are done respectively by the enzymatic method and PCR with enzymatic restriction. Out of the 183 patients investigated, 51,4% showed no mutation and 48,6% showed some type of mutation: 5,0% were C282Y heterozygous mutation; 1,1%, C282Y homozygous mutation; 31%, H63D heterozygous mutation; 8,7%, H63D homozygous mutation; and 3,3%, heterozygous for the mutation in both genes. As to gender, we observed a greater percentage of cases with molecular alteration in men in relation to women in the two evaluated mutations. The individuals with negative results showed clinical and lab signs which indicate hemochromatosis that other genes could be involved in the iron metabolism. Due to the high prevalence of hemochromatosis and taking into account that hemochromatosis is considered a public health matter, its gravity being preventable and the loss treatment toxicity, the early genetic diagnosis is indicated, especially in patients with high ferritin, and this way it avoids serious clinical manifestations and increases patients' life expectation. Our findings show the importance of doing such genetic studies in individuals suspected of hereditary hemochromatosis due to the high incidence of such a hereditary disease in our region / A hemocromatose heredit?ria (HH) ? uma doen?a gen?tica causada pela absor??o e deposi??o elevada de ferro em v?rios ?rg?os. Este ac?mulo resulta em complica??es cl?nicas como cirrose, artrite, cardiopatias, diabetes, desordens sexuais e escurecimento da pele. As muta??es H63D e C282Y est?o bem definidas na etiologia da hemocromatose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a identifica??o das muta??es gen?ticas H63D e C282Y no gene da Hemocromatose e avalia??o da freq??ncia dessas muta??es no gene da prote?na HFE em pacientes com hiperferritinemia que s?o encaminhados ao laborat?rio DNA Center Natal / RN. Al?m disso, avaliar a correla??o dos gen?tipos das muta??es H63D e C282Y do gene da HH com a concentra??o s?rica da ferritina, glicose, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato minotransferase, gt e com as complica??es cl?nicas e ainda a interrela??o com os h?bitos de vida incluindo o etilismo e dieta com sobrecarga de ferro. As dosagens bioqu?micas e an?lises moleculares foram realizadas respectivamente atrav?s do m?todo enzim?tico e PCR com restri??o enzim?tica. Dos 183 pacientes investigados 51,4% apresentaram aus?ncia de muta??o e 48,6% com algum tipo de muta??o: 5,0% C282Y heterozigoto mutado; 1,1% C282Y homozigoto mutado; 31% H63D heterozigoto mutado; 8,7% H63D homozigoto mutado; e 3,3% heterozigoto para a muta??o em ambos os genes. Com rela??o ao sexo, observou-se o maior percentual de casos com altera??o molecular em homens em rela??o a mulheres nas duas muta??es avaliadas. Os indiv?duos com resultados negativos apresentaram sinais cl?nicos e laboratoriais indicativos de hemocromatose sugerindo que outros genes poder?o estar envolvidos no metabolismo do ferro. Devido ? alta preval?ncia da hemocromatose, e tendo em vista que a hemocromatose ? considerada um problema de sa?de p?blica, sua gravidade ser preven?vel e a baixa toxicidade do tratamento, o diagn?stico gen?tico precoce torna-se indicado, principalmente nos pacientes com ferritina elevada, e com isso evitar manifesta??es cl?nicas graves e aumentar a expectativa de vida dos pacientes com esta doen?a. Nossos achados mostram a import?ncia da realiza??o de estudos gen?ticos em indiv?duos com suspeita de hemocromatose heredit?ria em virtude de elevada incid?ncia dessa doen?a de cunho heredit?rio em nossa regi?o

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-04T19:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GiocondaDiasRodriguesLeao_TESE.pdf: 44025376 bytes, checksum: 9da025324f9108141027f1f3a1cc3e16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-05T20:29:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GiocondaDiasRodriguesLeao_TESE.pdf: 44025376 bytes, checksum: 9da025324f9108141027f1f3a1cc3e16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-05T20:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiocondaDiasRodriguesLeao_TESE.pdf: 44025376 bytes, checksum: 9da025324f9108141027f1f3a1cc3e16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Background & Aims: HFE-associated Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is one of the most frequent autosomal recessive disease in the caucasian population, caused by the high absorption and deposition of iron in several organs. This accumulation results in several clinical complications such as cirrhosis, arthritis, cardiopathies, diabetes, sexual disorders and skin darkening. Although most of the cases are homozygous individuals for the C282Y mutation, another two mutations, H63D and S65C, have been reported to be associated with milder forms of the disease. The objective is to avaluate the distribution of C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations in the HFE gene in patients with suspected HH in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Methods: Samples of peripheral blood were taken from 335 patients originating from Natal-RN, a city in northeastern Brazil with suspected of HH and which were screened for the HFE gene C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations, using molecular genetics assays (Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism). The main criterion for including such patients in the study was the increasing of persistent serum ferritin in individuals aged between 18 and 70 or older, both males and females. As to the exclusion criteria, individuals holding hemolytical anemia, talassemy and previously report of blood transfusion did not take part of the study. Results: Out of the 335 patients studied, 143 patients showed absence of mutation and 195 showed some kind of mutation in the HFE gene: 07/335 (2,08%) were homozigous C282Y, 25/335 heterozygous C282Y, 25/335 (7,46%) were homozigous H63D, 115/335 (34,32%) heterozygous H63D, 5/335 (1,48%) heterozygous S65D, 11/ 335 (3,28%) and were double heterozygous (H63D/C282Y). None patients were Homozygous S65D and S65D heterozygous (S65D/H63D and S65D/C282Y). Conclusions. The distribution of the HFE gene C282Y, H63D and S65C mutations found in our group matches the tendencies observed in other European countries. Due to the high prevalence of hemochromatosis, its seriousness and easy treatment, the genetic diagnosis of HH has become a dream, especially in the high risk group.

Submitted by Kelson (kelson@ucb.br) on 2016-08-04T19:02:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TulioMachadoVianaDissertacao2015.pdf: 987297 bytes, checksum: bdacb68ff6e4820d3368ef3bf49e7a8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T19:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TulioMachadoVianaDissertacao2015.pdf: 987297 bytes, checksum: bdacb68ff6e4820d3368ef3bf49e7a8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-05 / This work aims to discuss, from the analysis of the Rcl 4374/PE, the use of the constitutional complaint as a instrument processual able to promote the update of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, which are firmed under abstract judicial review of the standards. It assumes that the Court???s decisions remain open to a constant process of reinterpretation, by itself, and the constitutional complaint can be the locus for assessment of those changes. It understands that the Constitution of a State, under the guise of being stable, can???t stifle in a way that fails to meet the interests of its people, leading to an institutional breakdown. At the same time, it cannot be subject to a process of deformation through constant changes in its text, destabilizing the legal relations. The question which arises, therefore, is the idea that the Constitution must be interpreted in a temporal context in which required the solution of a given case. Similarly, the judicial decisions which care about the relationship between the standards, whereas continuing legal relationship, aren???t precluded from being modified when there is a material change of context. So, when considering the occurrence of substantial changes in the factual relationships or general legal concept, this reinterpretative process can lead to an evolution in the jurisprudence set in an abstract control of the standards and result in an unconstitutionality, when it was considered constitutional before. Thus, it is proposed the understanding that the legal standards suffer a permanent process of updating of their meaning, which is why the study of the phenomenon of constitutional mutation and interpretation arises as being of great relevance for this update take place. The constitutional mutation is recognized as one of the most important contemporary discussions in Law, by providing a radical change in the interpretation of the Constitution, allowing its renewal, at the light of the social evolution, and offering meanings in line with the current reality / O presente trabalho discute, com base na an??lise da Rcl 4374/PE, o uso da reclama????o constitucional como um instrumento processual apto a promover a atualiza????o da jurisprud??ncia do Supremo Tribunal Federal firmada em sede controle abstrato de constitucionalidade das normas. Parte-se da premissa de que as decis??es da Corte permanecem abertas a um constante processo de reinterpreta????o pelo pr??prio Tribunal, e que a reclama????o constitucional pode ser o locus de aprecia????o dessas mudan??as. A Constitui????o de um Estado, sob o pretexto de ser est??vel, n??o pode se engessar de tal forma que deixe de atender aos interesses do seu povo, levando a uma ruptura institucional. Ao mesmo tempo, n??o pode estar sujeita a um processo de deforma????o por meio de constantes altera????es do seu texto, desestabilizando as rela????es jur??dicas. A quest??o que urge, desse modo, ?? a concep????o de que a Constitui????o deve ser interpretada no contexto temporal em que necess??ria a solu????o de uma determinada controv??rsia. No mesmo sentido, as decis??es judiciais que cuidem de rela????o entre normas, enquanto rela????o jur??dica continuada, n??o est??o impedidas de serem modificadas quando houver altera????o de contexto relevante. Assim, ao considerar a ocorr??ncia de mudan??as substanciais nas rela????es f??ticas ou da concep????o jur??dica geral, esse processo reinterpretativo pode conduzir a uma evolu????o da jurisprud??ncia firmada em controle abstrato de normas e resultar na declara????o de inconstitucionalidade de norma anteriormente declarada constitucional. Com isso, prop??e-se a compreens??o de que as normas jur??dicas sofrem um processo de atualiza????o permanente dos seus significados, raz??o pela qual o estudo do fen??meno da muta????o constitucional e da intepreta????o emerge como sendo de grande relev??ncia para que essa atualiza????o ocorra. Reconhece a muta????o constitucional como uma das discuss??es contempor??neas mais importantes do direito por ensejar uma mudan??a radical na interpreta????o da Constitui????o, permitindo sua renova????o ?? luz da evolu????o social e oferecendo-lhe significados consent??neos com a realidade atual

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-10-05T21:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE- MARIA MAIANY DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1486275 bytes, checksum: 077fcda867394bf1737e7758d79af6a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T21:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE- MARIA MAIANY DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1486275 bytes, checksum: 077fcda867394bf1737e7758d79af6a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Banana (Musa spp.) is considered one of the most important fruits in world trade due to its nutritional and economic potential.But although there is a large number varieties on the market, the banana is still affected by many diseases.The application of the method of crosses in this species is very difficult because the majority of cultivated varieties is triploid presenting low fertility. In this case, it is necessary to use biotechnology and its tools applied to non-conventional genetic improvement to develop new varieties that have resistance to their different types of pathogens.This work was carried out with the objective of adapting the technique of obtaining embryogeniccallus of banana by means of the Scalp method in cultivars Brazilian Ma?? and Pacovan, adjusting the processes of induction of meristematic structures and multiplication of shoots and induce increased genetic variability by in vitro mutagenesis using the chemical agent ethylmethanesulfonate and, of the genetic transformation by the bombardment of microparticles. Was evaluated the callus formation, the effect of mutagenic in the in vitro cultivation of shoots and the effects of genetic transformation on shoot resistance in selection medium containing the herbicide Imazapyr. The results showed that the merystematic structures obtained have the capacity to origin callus with only one month of cultivation, and both cultivars developed friable callus with average values above 90%.The efficiency of this method was evidenced by the high capacity of induction of friable callus in the two evaluated cultivars but also by the rapidity in the process of obtaining calluses, being the first study of adaptation of the methodology for Brazilian banana cultivars.On the other hand, the evaluation of the mutation induction allowed to conclude that the survival and the capacity of bud formation decreased as a function of the increase of the concentration and the immersion time in the ethylmethanesulfonate.The surviving plants underwent a sorting with the fusaric acid selective agent in which it was possible to regenerate in vitro plants of the cultivars submitted to treatment with the mutagen and to select possible mutants with fusaric acid resistance for cultivarsMa?? and Pacovan.And the genetic transformation method proved efficient in the regeneration of shoots resulting in high values of survival and multiplication, where possible transgenic plants of banana cv. Ma?? were obtained after selection of resistance to the herbicide.Therefore, it is concluded that all the material produced, both in the mutagenic phase and in the genetic transformation, presents a greater genetic variability potentially applicable to the banana improvement. / A banana (Musa spp.) ? considerada um dos mais importantes frutos no com?rcio mundial em virtude seu potencial nutritivo e econ?mico. Mas, apesar de existir um grande n?mero de variedades no mercado, a bananeira ainda ? acometida por muitas doen?as. A aplica??o do m?todo de cruzamentos nesta esp?cie ? muito dif?cil, pois a maioria das variedades cultivadas ? triploide apresentando baixa fertilidade. Nesse caso, faz-se necess?rio o uso da biotecnologia e de suas ferramentas aplicadas ao melhoramento gen?tico n?o convencional para desenvolver novas variedades que tenham resist?ncia aos seus diferentes tipos de pat?genos. Este trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de adaptar a t?cnica de obten??o de calos embriog?nicos de bananeira por meio do m?todo Scalp nas cvs. Ma?? e Pacovan, ajustando os processos de indu??o de estruturas polimeristem?ticas ede multiplica??o de brotos e induzir o aumento da variabilidade gen?tica por meio da mutag?nese in vitro com o uso do agente qu?mico etilmetanosulfonato e, da transforma??o gen?tica pelo bombardeamento de micropart?culas.Foram avaliados os calos formados, o efeito do mutag?nico no cultivo in vitro de brotos e, os efeitos da transforma??o gen?tica quanto ? resist?ncia dos brotos em meio de sele??o contendo o herbicida Imazapyr. Os resultados mostraram que as estruturas polimeristem?ticas obtidas t?m capacidade de originar calos com apenas um m?s de cultivo e, ambas as cultivares desenvolveram calos fri?veis com rendimentos m?dios acima de 90%. A efici?ncia desse m?todo foi comprovada pela alta capacidade de indu??o de calos fri?veis nas duas cultivares avaliadas, como tamb?m pela rapidez no processo de obten??o de calos, sendo este o primeiro estudo de adapta??o da metodologia para as cultivares Ma?? e Pacovan. Por outro lado, a avalia??o da indu??o de muta??o permitiu concluir que a sobreviv?ncia e a capacidade de forma??o de brotos diminu?ram em fun??o do aumento da concentra??o e do tempo de imers?o no etilmetanosulfonato. As plantas sobreviventes passaram por uma triagem com o agente seletivo ?cido fus?rico na qual, foi poss?vel regenerar plantas in vitro das cultivares submetidas ao tratamento com o mutag?nico e selecionar poss?veis mutantes com resist?ncia ao ?cido fus?rico para as cvs. Ma?? e Pacovan. O m?todo da transforma??o gen?tica mostrou-se eficiente na regenera??o dos brotos resultando em altos valores de sobreviv?ncia e multiplica??o, onde poss?veis plantas transg?nicas de bananeira cv. Ma?? foram obtidas, ap?s a sele??o de resist?ncia ao herbicida. Portanto, conclui-se que todo material produzido, tanto na fase mutag?nica quanto na transforma??o gen?tica, apresenta uma maior variabilidade gen?tica potencialmente aplic?vel ao melhoramento da bananeira.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SealtielDO_DISSERT.pdf: 3399268 bytes, checksum: 1a83565dd029a077e85e5685d4a39607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / The independence of the United States and the revolutions that emerged in Europe in the eighteenth century led to the birth of the written constitution, with a mission to limit the power of the State and to ensure fundamental rights to citizens. Thus, the Constitution has become the norm and ultimate founding of the State. Because of this superiority felt the need to protect her, emerging from that constitutional jurisdiction, taking control of constitutionality of provisions his main instrument. In Brazil, the constitutionality control began with the Constitution of 1891, when "imported" the American model, which is named after incidental diffuse model of judicial review. Indeed, allowed that any judge or court could declare the unconstitutionality of the law or normative act in a concrete case. However, the Brazilian Constituent did not bring the U.S. Institute of stare decisis, by which the precedents of higher courts eventually link the below. Because of this lack, each tribunal Brazilian freely decide about the constitutionality of a rule, so that the decision took effect only between the parties to the dispute. This prompted the emergence of conflicting decisions between judicantes organs, which ultimately undermine legal certainty and the image of the judiciary. As a solution to the problem, was incorporated from the 1934 Constitution to rule that the Senate would suspend the law declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. With the introduction of abstract control of constitutionality, since 1965, the Supreme Court went on to also have the power to declare the invalidity of the provision unconstitutional, effectively against all without the need for the participation of the Senate. However, it remained the view that in case the Supreme Court declared the unconstitutionality of the fuzzy control law by the Senate would continue with the competence to suspend the law unconstitutional, thus the decision of the Praetorium Exalted restricted parties. The 1988 Constitution strengthened the abstract control expanding legitimized the Declaratory Action of Unconstitutionality and creating new mechanisms of abstract control. Adding to this, the Constitutional Amendment. No. 45/2004 brought the requirement of general repercussion and created the Office of Binding Precedent, both to be applied by the Supreme Court judgments in individual cases, thus causing an approximation between the control abstract and concrete constitutional. Saw themselves so that the Supreme Court, to be the guardian of the Constitution, its action should be directed to the trial of issues of public interest. In this new reality, it becomes more necessary the participation of the Senate to the law declared unconstitutional in fuzzy control by the Supreme Court can reach everyone, because such an interpretation has become obsolete. So, to adapt it to this reality, such a rule must be read in the sense that the Senate give publicity to the law declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, since mutated constitutional / A independ?ncia dos Estados Unidos e as revolu??es surgidas na Europa no s?culo XVIII propiciaram o nascimento da Constitui??o escrita, com a miss?o de limitar o poder do Estado e assegurar direitos fundamentais aos cidad?os. Assim, a Constitui??o tornou-se a norma fundante e suprema do Estado. Em raz?o dessa superioridade sentiu-se a necessidade de proteg?-la, surgindo a partir da? a jurisdi??o constitucional, tendo no controle de constitucionalidade de normas o seu principal instrumento. No Brasil, o controle de constitucionalidade iniciou-se com a Constitui??o de 1891, quando se importou o modelo americano, que recebeu o nome de modelo difuso incidental de controle de constitucionalidade. Com efeito, permitiu-se que qualquer juiz ou tribunal poderia declarar a inconstitucionalidade de lei ou ato normativo em um caso concreto. Entretanto, o constituinte brasileiro n?o trouxe dos Estados Unidos o instituto do stare decisis, atrav?s do qual os precedentes dos ?rg?os judiciais superiores acabam por vincular os inferiores. Em raz?o dessa aus?ncia, cada juiz ou tribunal brasileiro decidia livremente a respeito da constitucionalidade de norma, de tal maneira que a decis?o s? produzia efeitos entre as parte do lit?gio. Isso levou o surgimento de decis?es contradit?rias entre os ?rg?os judicantes, o que acabou por abalar a seguran?a jur?dica e a imagem do Judici?rio. Como sa?da para o problema, incorporou-se a partir da Constitui??o de 1934 a regra segundo a qual o Senado poderia suspender a lei declarada inconstitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Com a introdu??o do controle abstrato de constitucionalidade, a partir de 1965, o Supremo Tribunal Federal passou a ter, tamb?m, o poder de declarar a invalidade da norma inconstitucional, com efic?cia contra todos, sem a necessidade de participa??o do Senado. Por?m, permaneceu a concep??o de que na hip?tese de o Supremo Tribunal Federal declarar a inconstitucionalidade de lei atrav?s do controle difuso o Senado continuaria com a compet?ncia de suspender a lei inconstitucional, ficando a decis?o do Pret?rio Excelso restrito ?s partes. A Constitui??o de 1988 fortaleceu o controle abstrato ampliando os legitimados da A??o Direta de Inconstitucionalidade e criando novos mecanismos de controle abstrato. Somando-se a isso, a Emenda Constitucional n.? 45/2004 trouxe o requisito da repercuss?o geral e introduziu o instituto da S?mula Vinculante, ambos para serem aplicados pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal nos julgamentos dos casos concretos, provocando consequentemente uma aproxima??o entre os controles abstrato e concreto de constitucionalidade. Enxergou-se destarte que o Supremo Tribunal Federal, como guardi?o da Constitui??o, deveria ter a sua atua??o pautada para o julgamento de quest?es de interesse p?blico. Nesta nova realidade ? desnecess?ria a participa??o do Senado para que a lei declarada inconstitucional no controle difuso pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal possa alcan?ar a todos, pois, tal interpreta??o tornou-se obsoleta. Por conseguinte, para adequ?-la a essa realidade, tal regra deve ser lida no sentido de que o Senado dar? publicidade ? lei declarada inconstitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, vez que sofreu muta??o constitucional