Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 6, 2009). "School of Molecular Biosciences." Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T18:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) carla_freitas_ioc_dout_2014.pdf: 2452947 bytes, checksum: a652971a9d288c473c5d3b704f051ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-18 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Corpúsculos lipídicos (CLs) são organelas citoplasmáticas altamente associadas à resposta inflamatória. Eles estão presentes em diversos tipos celulares e podem aumentar em número e/ou tamanho frente à situações infecciosas. Também altamente envolvidos com os fenômenos inflamatórios estão os inflamassomos. Classicamente, esses complexos moleculares são formados por um tipo de receptor tipo Nod (NLR), uma proteína adaptadora (geralmente ASC) e a enzima caspase-1 ativada. A reunião destas proteínas e a ativação de caspase-1 levam à clivagem das pro-formas de IL-1\03B2 e de IL-18 em suas formas maduras prontas para liberação. Apesar do avanço no conhecimento da biologia destas duas estruturas, corpúsculos lipídicos e inflamassomos, nada foi descrito sobre uma possível interação entre elas. Utilizando um modelo de estudo em macrófagos derivados de medula óssea de camundongos C57Bl/6 e infecção com Mycobacterium bovis BCG buscamos pesquisar se existe essa interação e de que maneira isso ocorreria. Num primeiro momento, pesquisamos a influência de receptores tipo nod e proteínas relacionadas, na biogêsene de CLs, na liberação de IL-1\03B2 e de eicosanóides. Observamos que a infecção dos macrófagos com BCG é capaz de induzir liberação de IL-1\03B2 e ativação de caspase-1, caracterizando ativação de inflamassomos. Vimos que a ausência de Nod1, Nod2, Rip2, IL-1R1 e IL-18R não interfere na biogênese de CL, nem na liberação de IL-1\03B2 e de PGE2 e LTB4. A ausência de ASC, caspase-1 e o bloqueio de NLRP3 e P2X7 potencializam a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos induzida por BCG A ausência de ASC e caspase-1 não altera a liberação de eicosanóides e o bloqueio de NLRP3 reduz a liberação de IL-1\03B2 e de PGE2. Vimos que ATP é capaz de induzir a biogênese de corpúsculos lipídicos de maneira dependente de P2X7. Concluimos que a presença de proteínas envolvidas na via dos inflamassomos regula negativamente a biogênese de corpúsculo lipídicos. Corpúsculos lipídicos são conhecidos por compartimentalizar diversas proteínas envolvidas em importantes fenômenos celulares, dependendo do tipo celular e do estímulo. Sendo assim, no segundo bloco, avaliamos se os corpúsculos gerados pela infecção com BCG seriam capazes de armazenar NLRs e proteínas associadas. Também avaliamos se a inibição da formação de corpúsculos lipídicos teria impacto sobre a ativação de inflamassomos e liberação de mediadores inflamatórios. Observamos a presença de NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1\03B2, Nod1, Nod2 e Rip2, mas não de ASC, nos corpúsculos lipídicos. Também vimos que a redução da formação de CL induzida por BCG leva à redução da liberação e da síntese de IL-1\03B2, mas não interfere na atividade de caspase-1. Diminui também a liberação de citocinas pro e anti-inflamatórias, além de PGE2. Baseado em nossos resultados, concluimos que existe sim uma relação entre CLs e inflamassomos, onde o segundo pode regular negativamente o primeiro e CLs podem servir de plataforma, pelo menos transitória, para a localização de proteínas da via dos NLRs. O avanço no entendimento das funções de inflamassomos e corpúsculos lipídicos pode colaborar para a geração de estratégias de combate às patologias associadas à estas duas estruturas / Pathogen - triggered dysregulation of host - cell lipid metabolism is emerging as a key feature in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that modulation of host lipid metabolism through mycobacteria - induced lipid body (LB) formation is an important mechanism for mycobacterial survival and growth. However the mechanisms involved in lipid body biogenesis are still not completely understood. Mycobacterial - induced inflammasome activation of caspase - 1 and consequent secretion of IL - 1β and IL - 18 in macrophages has been demonstrated as a host - defense mechanism. In the present study we investigated the participation of inflammasomes in lipid body biogenesis and function during infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG in macrophages. W e observed IL - 1 β release and caspase - 1 activation in bone marrow macrophage, featuring inflammasome activation induced by BCG. Nod1, Nod2, Rip2, IL - 1R1 and IL - 18R doesn't influence lipid bodies biogenesis, neither IL - 1 β nor PGE 2 and LTB 4 release induced by BCG . ASC and caspase - 1 absence and the block of NLRP3 and P2X 7 leads to increase lipid bodies number induced by BCG . The absence of caspase - 1 and ASC inhibited the release of IL - 1β induced by BCG , but does not alter the release of eicosanoids. Blocking NLRP3 reduces the release of both, IL - 1β and PGE 2 . Using an activator of inflam ma somes , ATP, we observed an indu ce d lipid body biogenesis in a P2X 7 - depende nt manner . Activation of inflam m asome s by L PS and ATP leads to increased release of eicosanoids, besides the formati on of LB s. W e conclude that the presence of proteins involved in the pathway of inflamassom e s negatively regulate s biogenesis of lipid bodies. Lipid bodies are known to compartmentalize many different proteins associated with cell signaling , depending on t he cell type and stimulus. Thus , in the second block , we assessed whether the LBs generated by infection with BCG would be able to contain NLR s and associated proteins. We also evaluated whether the inhibition of lipid body for mation would impact inflam m asome s activation and re lease of inflammatory mediators. We observed NLRP3, caspase - 1 , IL - 1β, Nod1, Nod2 and RIP2 , but not ASC are associated wi th lipid bodies. Also , we have that the reduction in the formation of LC induced by BCG leads to reduced synthesis and release of IL - 1β but did not interf ere in the activity of caspase - 1. It also reduces the release of cytokines , in addition to PGE 2 . Base d o n our results , we conclude that inflam m asome s activation could negatively regulate the lipid bodies biogenesis . Moreover, lipid bodies could be site of localization to NLRs and associated - protein , but they doesn't interfere in inflammasomes activation, although the IL - 1β release is reduced by lipid bobies numbers decreased. The knowledge of inflammasome and lipid bodies biology could be useful to generate new approaches to diseases associated with these structures

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Florianópolis, 2013. / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T22:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 317847.pdf: 108629463 bytes, checksum: 55e6d96e9fdf83641c9a74d98bb356b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A pesquisa racional de novos candidatos a antígenos vacinais ou imunodiagnóstico destinados ao controle da tuberculose bovina (bTB) requer o conhecimento básico da imunopatogênese da doença. No entanto, ainda há escassez de informações sobre os aspectos imunopatológicos da interação Mycobacterium bovis-hospedeiro durante a infecção natural de bovinos. Na análise de uma coorte de 349 bovinos positivos no teste tuberculínico (PPD), em 247 bovinos foi confirmada a infectação natural pelo M. bovis. Dos animais positivos para M. bovis, 92% (228/247) não apresentavam sinais sugestivos da doença, entretanto, apresentavam lesões de bTB graves e disseminadas. Além disso, a disseminação das lesões de bTB estava correlacionada positivamente com a gravidade da patologia da doença e carga bacteriana viável no tecido. Adicionalmente, o encapsulamento do granuloma foi correlacionado negativamente com o crescimento do M. bovis nos tecidos, bem como com a gravidade da patologia, sugerindo que o encapsulamento é um mecanismo dinâmico e pode ser eficaz para controlar a proliferação/disseminação micobacteriana intragranuloma durante a infecção natural. Além disso, a avaliação detalhada da resposta granulomatosa nos pulmões demonstrou que o número de células gigantes multinucleadas tipo Langhans correlaciona negativamente com a contagem micobacteriana. Em contraste, a população de neutrófilos na resposta granulomatosa tuberculosa foi associado com o aumento na proliferação do M. bovis intragranuloma. Os achados aqui apresentados sugerem que o encapsulamento e as células gigantes multinucleadas estão associados ao controle da infecção pelo M. bovis, enquanto que os neutrófilos podem servir como um biomarcador celular de proliferação bacteriana durante a infecção natural. Como prova de conceito de que a dinâmica celular incitada durante a infecção por M. bovis influencia o controle do crescimento micobacteriano, analisamos parâmetros imunopatológicos durante a co-infecção natural com o vírus da leucose enzoótica bovina (BLV), um patógeno que modula a resposta imune adaptativa. Bovinos coinfectados com M. bovis e BLV apresentaram maior carga micobacteriana intragranuloma e uma doença mais grave. Na análise histomorfológica das lesões granulomatosas, observamos uma diminuição significativa na população de linfócitos, seguido por um aumento no número de neutrófilos e menor deposição de tecido conjuntivo. Estes dados sugerem uma alteração no fluxo de células para o ambiente intragranuloma devido a defeitos linfocitários. Consistente com essa hipótese, observamos uma menor resposta de hipersensibilidade do tipo tardia (DTH) em animais com linfocitose persistente (LP-BLV+). Estas evidências indicam que a infecção pelo BLV está associada à perda da homeostase da resposta imune celular do hospedeiro e possivelmente ao aumento da suscetibilidade do hospedeiro a bTB. Em conjunto, nossos dados integram a resposta granulomatosa do hospedeiro com a carga infecciosa micobacteriana e revelam novos elementos para o entendimento da imunopatogênese da bTB que poderiam ser empregados na implementação de estratégias racionais de controle da tuberculose bovina.<br. / Abstract : Rational discovery of novel immunodiagnostic and vaccine candidateantigens to control bovine tuberculosis (bTB) requires knowledge ofdisease immunopathogenesis. However, there remains a paucity ofinformation on the Mycobacterium bovis-host immune interactionsduring the natural infection. Analysis of 247 naturally tuberculinic testpositive (PPD) M. bovis-infected cattle revealed that 92% of theseanimals were found to display no clinical signs, but presenteddisseminated bTB-lesions positively correlated with both pathologyseverity score and viable tissue bacterial loads. Additionally, granulomaencapsulation negatively correlated with M. bovis growth as well aspathology severity, suggesting that encapsulation is an effectivemechanism to control bacterial proliferation during natural infection.Moreover, multinucleated giant cell numbers were found to negativelycorrelate with bacterial counts in lung granulomas. In contrast,neutrophil numbers in the granuloma were associated with increased M.bovis proliferation. To better understand the role of the granulomatousresponse for the control of mycobacterial growth during infection by M.bovis, immunopathological parameters during co-infection with naturalbovine leukemia virus (BLV), a pathogen that modulates the adaptiveimmune response, were analyzed. Cattle co-infected with M. bovis andBLV had higher mycobacterial intragranuloma load and more severedisease. In the histomorphological analysis of granulomatous lesions,we observed a significant decrease in the lymphocyte populationfollowed by an increase in neutrophils and a reduction in connectivetissue deposition. These data suggest an alteration in the cell flow for theintragranuloma environment due to defective lymphocytes. Consistentwith this hypothesis, we observed a lower delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) response in animals with persistent lymphocytosis (LP-BLV+).This evidence indicate that BLV infection is associated with a loss ofhomeostasis of the host cellular immune response and possiblyincreased susceptibility of the host to bTB. Together, our data integratethe host granulomatous response with the mycobacterial infectious loadand reveal new elements for understanding the immunopathogenesis ofbTB which can be used in the implementation of rational strategies tocontrol bovine tuberculosis.

Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Jodi L. McGill / The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle is Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). γδ T cells are a unique subset of nonconventional T cells that play major roles in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Bovine γδ T cells have the capacity for multiple immune functions during infection with M. bovis. However, the alternative functions of γδ T cells as well as the responses of γδ T cells in vivo at the site of infection remain unclear. To identify novel functions for γδ T cells in response to M. bovis infections, RNA sequencing and transcriptomics analysis was completed on peripheral blood γδ T cells isolated from virulent M. bovis-infected cattle. Differentially expressed genes were confirmed with real-time PCR. In an attempt to model in vivo cell-to-cell interactions at the site of infection, γδ T cells were also isolated from naïve and M. bovis-infected calves and co-cultured with autologous, BCG-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages. γδ T cell chemokine and cytokine expression was analyzed via ELISA and real-time PCR. The characteristic lesions of bovine tuberculosis are well-organized pulmonary granulomas. To determine the relevance of the RNA-sequencing and in vitro co-culture results to in vivo infection, tissue samples from granulomatous lesions in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of virulent M. bovis-infected cattle were collected 3 months after infection. mRNA transcripts for γδ T cells expression of-- IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, IL-22, and CCL2 were microscopically evaluated within the granulomas using an in situ hybridization system, RNAScope (Advanced Cell Diagnostics Inc.). Co-culture experiments and transcriptomics analysis revealed increased expression of chemokines and various cytokines by γδ T cells responding to M. bovis infection. The novel in situ hybridization assay revealed that cytokine expression by γδ T cells varied within the lesions, with significant levels of CCL2 and IFN-γ, and low expression of IL-10, IL-22, and IL-17 in situ at this time-point after infection. Co-culture experiments also revealed that γδ T cells from virulent M. bovis-infected cattle have the capacity to directly impact the viability of M. bovis in vitro. Our results suggest that γδ T cells accumulate within the granulomas, and influence host immunity to M. bovis by secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and direct cytotoxicity, in response to infected macrophages.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was first diagnosed in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in 1990 and research has since focused primarily on the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as the maintenance host and lion (Panthera leo) as a clinically affected species. However, little is known about the role that small predators might play in the tuberculosis epidemiology. The aim of this pilot study was to screen banded mongoose populations in the bTB high prevalence zone of the KNP for mycobacteria in general and for Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members in particular to detect presence of infection. Faecal swabs, tracheal swabs and tracheal lavage of 76 banded mongooses caught in cage traps within a two kilometre radius of Skukuza Rest Camp in the KNP were submitted for culture, isolation and speciation of Mycobacterium as the gold standard of bTB diagnosis. Blood was collected and serologically analysed for M. bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies using the ElephantTB STAT-PAK® Assay (STAT-PAK) and the EnferplexTM TB Assay (Enferplex). DPP® VetTB Assay for elephants (DPP) was used on STAT-PAK positive samples. To complement the sample set obtained from live banded mongooses 12 animals were necropsied. Lesions and pooled lymph node samples together with a standard set of organ samples were submitted for culture and histopathology analysis. Two banded mongooses had developed well demarcated, irregularly margined, greyyellow nodules of up to 5 mm diameter located in the caudal lung lobes and/ or tracheo-bronchial, retropharyngeal or superficial cervical lymph nodes. These lesions were characterised by central necrosis in the one and calcification in the other animal. Histopathologically the lesions were described as caseating necrosis associated with epithelioid macrophages and necrogranuloma with calcified centre respectively. No acid fast bacteria were identified with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. M. bovis was isolated from lung, lymph node and liver samples as well as tracheal lavages and tracheal swab from the same two banded mongooses but not from any other study animal. No other Mycobacterium of the M. tuberculosis complex was isolated. However, a variety of environmental mycobacteria, the most frequent from the Mycobacterium avium complex, M. fortuitum group, M. simiae group and M. terrae group, were cultured. M. fortuitum group was only and M. terrae group predominantly isolated from tracheal and faecal samples whereas M. simiae group and M. avium complex were the most frequent species isolated from post mortem samples, including tissue lesions and lymph nodes. Serological analysis revealed 12 banded mongooses with a positive STAT-PAK result, confirmed with DPP. Enferplex was positive for MPB83 in four and MPB70 peptide in one animal. Only two banded mongooses, the ones with the strongest positive reaction on both STAT-PAK and DPP, reacted positively on all three serological assays. These were the same two animals that had developed granulomatous lesions and that M. bovis was cultured from ante and post mortem samples. In conclusion, this study has provided the first evidence of bTB infection in banded mongooses in the KNP and demonstrated their ability to shed M. bovis. This finding has opened the discussion around possible sources of infection and its significance at the human/ wildlife interface in and around Skukuza. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Production Animal Studies / MMedVet / Unrestricted

No / Background: Ethiopia has an extremely high rate of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, dominated by tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN). However, little is known about Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc) lineages re-sponsible for TBLN in Southwest Ethiopia.Methods:A total of 304 MTBc isolates from TBLN patients in Southwest Ethiopia were genotyped primarily by spoligotyping. Isolates of selected spoligotypes were further analyzed by 15-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit–variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) (n = 167) and qPCR-based single nucleotide polymorphism (n = 38). Isolates were classified into main phylogenetic lineages and families by using the re-ference strain collections and identification tools available at MIRU-VNTRplus data base. Resistance to rifampicin was determined by Xpert MTB/RIF. Results: The majority of isolates (248; 81.6%) belonged to the Euro-American lineage (Lineage 4), with the ill-defined T and Haarlem as largest families comprising 116 (38.2%) and 43 (14.1%) isolates respectively. Of the T family, 108 isolates were classified as being part of the newly described Ethiopian families, namely Ethiopia_2(n = 44), Ethiopia_3 (n = 34) and Ethiopia_H37Rv-like (n = 30). Other sub-lineages included URAL (n = 18), S(n = 17), Uganda I (n = 16), LAM (n = 13), X (n = 5), TUR (n = 5), Uganda II (n = 4) and unknown (n = 19).Lineage 3 (Delhi/CAS) was the second most common lineage comprising 44 (14.5%) isolates. Interestingly, six isolates (2%) were belonged to Lineage 7, unique to Ethiopia. Lineage 1 (East-African Indian) and Lineage 2(Beijing) were represented by 3 and 1 isolates respectively.M. bovis was identified in only two (0.7%) TBLN cases. The cluster rate was highest for Ethiopia_3 isolates showing clonal similarity with isolates from North Ethiopia. Lineage 3 was significantly associated with rifampicin resistance. Conclusions: In TBLN in Southwest Ethiopia, the recently described Ethiopia specific Lineage 4 families were predominant, followed by Lineage 3 and Lineage 4-Haarlem. The contribution of M. bovis in TBLN infection is minimal. / This work was supported by the Mycobacteriology Unit of Instituteof Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium and interuniversity coopera-tion between Jimma University and Flemish Universities (VLIR-OUSproject).

Foi estabelecida uma parceria entre o Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS) da FMVZ-USP, a Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado de São Paulo e o Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) para organizar um sistema capaz de detectar focos de tuberculose bovina no Estado, com base nas rotinas de inspeção de carcaças em abatedouros, cujos objetivos foram: 1) conhecer a diversidade genética de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos no Estado de São Paulo; 2) estudar a distribuição espacial desses focos; 3) estudar a tipologia das unidades de criação de bovinos caracterizadas como focos de tuberculose; 4) verificar se é possível, com a atual infra-estrutura existente em São Paulo, operar um sistema de vigilância para detecção de focos de tuberculose bovina. Assim, foi estruturado um sistema de coleta, envolvendo as redes SISP (Sistema de Inspeção do Estado de São Paulo) e SIF, que realizou as coletas de materiais e informações de maio de 2002 a janeiro de 2004. Todo o material seguiu para o VPS, onde foram processados. As propriedades caracterizadas como focos foram rastreadas e delas foi coletada outro conjunto de informações. Seguem os resultados alcançados: 1) foram identificados 33 diferentes espoligotipos dentre os 248 isolados de M. bovis de bovinos no Estado de São Paulo. Os isolados do espoligotipo SB0295 foram re-discriminados em 13 novos perfis genéticos de M. bovis pela técnica MIRU-VNTR; 2) dentre os dois espoligotipos mais prevalentes estudados (SB0295 e SB0121), apenas o SB0295 apresentou-se de forma agrupada nas análises espaciais; 3) foram geradas várias informações sobre a tipologia e o manejo das unidades de criação de bovinos caracterizadas como focos de tuberculose; 4) a atual infra-estrutura existente no Estado de São Paulo foi capaz de operar um sistema de detecção de focos de tuberculose bovina / A partnership between the Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (VPS) of the FMVZ-USP, the Coordination of Agriculture and Animal Defense of the State of São Paulo, and the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) was established to organize a work system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus in the state, based on routine methods of carcass inspection in the abattoir, with the following objectives: 1) to determine the genetic diversity of the isolates of Mycobacterium bovis from bovines in the state of São Paulo; 2) to study the spatial distribution of the focuses; 3) to study the typology of the bovine breading units (farms), which were characterized as tuberculosis focus; 4) to verify the possibility of operating a surveillance system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus based on the current network in the state of São Paulo. Thus, it was performed a system for data collection involving the current systems SISP (System of Inspection of the State of São Paulo) and SIF, who performed the collection of biological samples and information from May 2002 to January 2004. All samples were addressed to the VPS, where they were processed. Farms characterized as focus were traced to obtain new information. The results obtained in this study follow: 1) A total of 33 different spoligotypes were determined out of 248 bovine isolates of M. bovis in the state of São Paulo. The spoligotype SB0295 isolates were re-discriminated into 13 new M. bovis genetic profiles by the MIRU-VNTR technique; 2) From the two most prevalent spoligotypes analyzed in this study (SB0295 e SB0121), only SB0295 showed a cluster presentation by the spatial analyses; 3) Several information about typology and bovine breeding unit management were generated regarding the status of tuberculosis focus; 4) the current network in the state of São Paulo was capable of operating a system for detection of bovine tuberculosis focus

Dada a importância do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT), a necessidade de uma eficiente caracterização bacteriológica dos focos como ponto fundamental do sistema de vigilância e as dificuldades encontradas pelos laboratórios quanto aos métodos de isolamento de Mycobacterium bovis fizeram crescer o interesse do meio científico por estudos, sobretudo moleculares, de isolados M. bovis. Para a realização dessas técnicas moleculares, é necessária abundância de massa bacilar, obtida através da manutenção dos isolados em laboratório e repiques em meios de cultura. Entretanto o crescimento fastidioso do M. bovis em meios de cultura traz grandes dificuldades para essas operações. Assim sendo, o presente estudo teve por objetivos: 1º) Comparar três métodos de descontaminação para homogeneizados de órgãos, etapa que precede a semeadura em meios de cultura, onde 60 amostras de tecidos com lesões granulomatosas, provenientes de abatedouros bovinos do Estado de São Paulo, foram colhidas e imersas em solução saturada de Borato de Sódio e transportadas para o Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS-FMVZ-USP, onde foram processadas até 60 dias após a colheita. Essas amostras foram submetidas a três métodos de descontaminação: Básico (NaOH 4%), Ácido (H2SO4 12%) e 1- Hexadecylpyridinium chloride a 1,5% (HPC) e o quarto método foi representado pela simples diluição com solução salina (controle). Os resultados foram submetidos à comparação de proporções, pelo teste de &#967;², na qual verificou-se que o método HPC foi o que apresentou menor proporção de contaminação (3%) e maior proporção de sucesso para isolamento de BAAR (40%). 2º) Comparar três diferentes meios criopreservates para M. bovis, foram utilizados 16 isolados identificados pela técnica de spoligotyping. Cada um desses isolados foi solubilizado em três meios (solução salina, 7H9 original e 7H9 modificado), e armazenado em três diferentes temperaturas (-20ºC, -80ºC e -196ºC), sendo descongelado em três diferentes tempos (45, 90 e 120 dias de congelamento). Antes do congelamento e após o descongelamento foram feitos cultivos quantitativos em meios de Stonebrink Leslie. Os porcentuais de redução de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC) nas diferentes condições foram calculados e comparados entre si através de métodos paramétricos e não-paramétricos. Os resultados obtidos foram: na análise da variável tempo, em 90 dias de congelamento foi observada uma maior proporção de perda de M. bovis, quando comparado ao tempo 120 dias (p=0,0002); na análise da variável temperatura, foi observada uma diferença estatística significativa entre as proporções de perda média nas temperaturas de -20ºC e -80ºC (p<0,05); na análise da variável meio, foi observada uma diferença significativa (p=0,044) entre os meios A e C, para 45 dias de congelamento e -20ºC de temperatura de criopreservação. Embora as medianas dos porcentuais de perdas de UFC terem sido sempre inferiores a 4,2%, permitiram sugerir que o melhor protocolo de criopreservação de isolados de M. bovis é solubilizá-los em 7H9 modificado e mantê-los à temperatura de -20ºC / In the context of the National Program of Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT), the necessity of an efficient bacteriologic characterization of the infected herds as a cornerstone of the monitoring system and the difficulties faced by the laboratories regarding the methods for Mycobacterium bovis isolation led to a growing interest for scientific studies, especially molecular, of M. bovis isolates. To use these molecular techniques it is necessary to have an abundant bacillary mass, obtained through the maintenance of isolates in laboratory and replication in culture media. However the fastidious growth of M. bovis in culture media brings out great difficulties for these activities. Thus, the present study has the following objectives: First, to compare three decontamination methods for organ homogenates, phase that precedes the sowing in culture media, 60 samples of tissues with granulomatosis injuries, proceeding from bovine slaughterhouses in the State of São Paulo, were obtained, immersed in sodium borato saturated solution and transported to the Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas of the VPS-FMVZ-USP, where they were processed up to 60 days after the sampling. These samples were submitted to three methods of decontamination: Basic NaOH 4%, Acid (H2SO4 12%) and 1- Hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HPC) 1.5% and a simple dilution with saline solution (control method). The results were analysed by means of the &chi test to compare proportions, and it was verified that HPC method presented the smallest proportion of contamination (3%) and the greatest proportion of success for M. bovis isolation (40%). Second, to compare three different cryopreservation media for M. bovis, 16 isolates identified by the technique of spoligotyping were used. Each one of these isolates was solubilized in three media (original saline solution, 7H9 and 7H9 modified), and stored in three different temperatures (-20ºC, -80ºC and -196ordm;C), and defrosted in three different time periods (45, 90 and 120 days of freezing). Before the freezing and after the unfreezing, quantitative cultivations in Stonebrink Leslie media were carried out. The proportions of Colony-Forming Units (CFU) loss in the different conditions were calculated and compared with one another through parametric and non-parametric methods. The results obtained were: in the analysis of the variable time, at 90 days of freezing a bigger proportion of CFU loss was observed when compared to 120 days (p=0,0002); in the analysis of the variable temperature, a statistically significant difference was observed between the average proportions of CFU loss for the temperatures of -20ºC and -80ºC (p<0,05); in the analysis of the variable media, a significant difference was observed (p=0,044) between the media A and C, for 45 days of freezing and -20ºC of cryopreservation temperature. Althougth the medium ones of the proportion of losses of CFU to always have been inferior 4,2%, had allowed to suggest that the best protocol for cryopreservation of M. bovis isolates is to solubilize them in 7H9 modified medium and to keep them at a temperature of -20ºC

Avaliou-se a atividade micobactericida de cinco desinfetantes químicos frente a uma estirpe de Mycobacterium bovis isolada de caprinos, tipificada por PCR (polymerase chain reaction) e com 32 dias de cultivo no meio de Stonebrink. O teste de desinfetantes foi realizado utilizando-se a técnica de cultivo em camada delgada de ágar Middlebrook 7H11 modificado e foi comparado ao teste em tubos com meio de Stonebrink, tradicionalmente utilizado no laboratório de zoonoses bacterianas da FMVZ/USP. Os cinco desinfetantes ensaiados foram: \"A\" : grupo controle; \"B\" - hipoclorito de sódio (2,5 % de cloro ativo); \"C\"- glutaraldeído (2 %); \"D\" - ácido peracético 0,25 % e peróxido de hidrogênio 5 %; \"E\" - iodóforo (2,6% de iodo) e \"F\"- compostos fenólicos (orto-fenilfeno 12,243 g; orto-benzil paraclorofenol 11,080 g; para-terceário amilfeno 4,1222 g.). A diluição destes produtos foi feita conforme recomendação do fabricante. Os meios de cultura adotados para o procedimento de isolamento e preparo da suspensão bacteriana foram o meio de Stonebrink e o meio de Middlebrook 7H11 modificado. Os testes foram realizados na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica e à temperatura ambiente (21 ± 2°C) e à temperatura de 4 °C. Os resultados obtidos nas contagens de colônias foram transformados em percentual de redução para análise estatítica e demostraram que: a técnica de cultivo de micobactérias em camada delgada no meio de Middlebrook 7H11 permitiu uma visualização precoce das micobactérias e se mostrou viável para realização de testes de desinfetantes; os cinco tipos de desinfetantes analisados apresentaram atividade micobactericida e o melhor desempenho foi obtido pelo ácido peracético seguido pelo hipoclorito de sódio. A atividade micobactericida dos iodóforos foi instisfatória na presença de matéria orgânica. / The mycobactericidal activity of five chemical disinfectants was evaluated against a strain of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a goat, typified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and with 32 days of growth in the Stonebrink medium. The disinfectants were tested using the modified thin layer Middlebrook 7H11 cultivation technique and it was compared to the test made in tubes with Stonebrink medium, which is tradicionally used at the Bacterian Zoonosis Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicice Faculty of the University of São Paulo. The five disinfectants were: \"A\" was the control group; \"B\"- sodium hypochlorite (2,5% of active chlorine); \"C\"- glutaraldehyde (2 %); \"D\"- peracetic acid (0,25 %) and hydrogen peroxide (5 %); \"E\" - iodine compounds (2,6%) e \"F\"- fenolic compounds (orto-fenilfeno 12,243 g; orto-benzil paraclorofenol 11,080 g; para-terceario amilfeno 4,122 g.). The products were diluted according to label instructions. The culture media used for the isolation procedure and preparation of the bacterian suspension were the Stonebrink and modified Middlebrook 7H11 medium. The assays were performed either in the presence or absence of organic matter, at temperatures of 4 °C and 21 ± 2°C The colony counting results were transformed into reduction percentages for the statistical analysis and concluded in: the modified thin layer Middlebrook 7H11 cultivation technique permitted an earlier visualization of the colonies and was practible for the realization of the disinfectants tests; the five disinfectants showed mycobactericidal activity and the peracetic acid had the best performance followed by the sodium hypochlorite. The mycobactericidal activity of the iodine compound was unsatisfactory when in the presence of organic matter.

Objetivos: Identificar e comparar grupos de pacientes potencialmente de risco para tuberculose zoonótica (TBz), investigando a existência de fatores associados. Apresentar a distribuição espacial dos casos de tuberculose (TB) em bovinos e dos casos humanos. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo de casos confirmados de TB por todas as formas clínicas, residentes no estado de São Paulo, do período de 2006 a 2015. Definiram-se seis grupos potenciais de risco para TBz conforme critérios estabelecidos pela literatura. A análise descritiva foi realizada separadamente para pacientes menores de 15 anos e pacientes com 15 anos ou mais de idade, comparando os grupos identificados com a população de estudo por meio do teste do Qui-quadrado/Exato de Fisher. A existência de associação entre TB intestinal e/ou ganglionar (aceita como proxy de caso suspeito de TBz) e as exposições de interesse foi investigada pelas estimativas da odds ratio bruta e ajustada, com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança, usando regressão logística. . A distribuição dos casos suspeitos foram apresentados em mapas temáticos. Resultados: Aplicados os critérios estabelecidos para o estudo, foram incluídos 190.368 casos de TB por todas as formas clínicas. Dentre estes: 134 tinham menos de 15 anos e residiam em municípios com até 20.000 habitantes (grupo A); os demais tinham 15 anos ou mais, sendo 1.238 trabalhadores rurais (grupo B); 201 magarefes (grupo C); 1.012 residiam em municípios com até 20.000 habitantes e com rebanhos infectados pela TB (grupo D); 2.776 imigrantes sul americanos (grupo E); e 160 imigrantes africanos (grupo F). Os grupos B e F foram os que mais apresentaram características semelhantes à TBz descrita na literatura, destacando-se no grupo B as maiores proporções de casos de residentes em municípios com caso de TB em bovinos e das formas intestinal e ganglionar periférica. Enquanto que no grupo F verificou-se maior proporção de casos com a forma clínica ganglionar periférica e de coinfecção HIV/TB. Os grupos A, C e D também apresentaram características distintas em relação ao total de casos de TB e associadas à TBz segundo a literatura, porém de maneira menos nítida. O grupo E não apresentou características relacionadas aos casos típicos da TBz. Dentre os pacientes menores de 15 anos de idade, após ajustes, destacaram-se como fatores associados à TB ganglionar e/ou intestinal, residir em município com menores índices de urbanização e com casos de TB em bovino conforme registro oficial. Entte os pacientes com 15 anos ou mais de idade, destacaram-se as associações com a ocupação de trabalhador rural e com a de magarefe. A distribuição dos tipos de rebanhos bovinos foi ampla sendo registrados casos da doença em animais em praticamente todas as regiões do estado. Conclusões: Os dados de vigilância da TB humana e animal, permitiram identificar grupos de pacientes com características associadas à TBz, salietando a importância da aplicação da proposta de Saúde Única, além de oferecerem subsídios para o desenvolvimento de um componente para TBz na vigilância da TB no estado de São Paulo, assim como, para pesquisas sobre o tema. / Objectives: To identify and compare groups of patients potentially at risk for zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB), investigating the existence of associated factors. To present the spatial distribution of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and human cases. Method: This is a descriptive study of confirmed cases of TB by all clinical forms, residents in the state of São Paulo, from 2006 to 2015. Six potential risk groups for zTB were defined according to literature. The descriptive analysis was performed separately for patients younger than 15 years and patients 15 years of age or older, comparing the groups identified with the study population using the Chi-square / Fisher\'s Exact test. The existence of an association between intestinal and/or ganglion TB (accepted as a proxy for a suspected zTB case) and the exposures of interest was investigated by the estimates of the crude and adjusted odds ratio, with the respective 95% confidence intervals, using logistic regression. The distribution of suspected cases was presented in thematic maps. Results: After applying the criteria established for the study, 190,368 TB cases were included in all clinical forms. Among them: 134 were less than 15 years old and lived in municipalities with up to 20,000 inhabitants (group A); the others were 15 years old or over, with 1,238 rural workers (group B); 201 magarefes (group C); 1,012 resided in municipalities with up to 20,000 inhabitants and with herds infected by TB (group D); 2,776 South American immigrants (group E); and 160 African immigrants (group F). Groups B and F were the ones that presented the most similar characteristics to the zTB described in the literature. In group B, the highest proportions of cases of residents in municipalities with cases of TB in cattle and of the intestinal and peripheral ganglion forms were highlighted. While in the F group there was a higher proportion of cases with peripheral ganglionic form and HIV / TB co-infection. Groups A, C and D also presented distinct characteristics in relation to total TB cases and associated with TB, according to the literature, but less clearly. Group E did not present characteristics related to typical zTB cases. Among patients younger than 15 years of age, after adjustments, they were identified as factors associated with lymph node and/or intestinal TB, living in a municipality with lower rates of urbanization and with cases of TB in cattle according to official records. Among the patients aged 15 years and over, the associations with the occupation of rural workers and magarefe stood out. The distribution of bovine herd types was extensive and cases of the disease were recorded in animals in practically all regions of the state. Conclusions: Human and animal TB surveillance data allowed the identification of groups of patients with characteristics associated with zTB, stressing the importance of applying the One Health proposal, as well as providing subsidies for the development of a component for zTB in TB surveillance in the state of São Paulo, as well as for research on the subject.