The persistent increase of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) over the past twenty years has put a substantial strain on both the British economy and the welfare of livestock. However, the development of an effective bTB vaccine has been continually hindered by the lack of knowledge on the immune response following Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection. In collaboration with the TB Research Group at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA, Surrey), this thesis is part of a much wider strategy managed by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Agency (DEFRA) aimed at elucidating the immunopathogenesis of M. bovis and to develop more effective infection control measures. The specific focus of this thesis was to enable a stronger understanding of the bovine immune response over different periods of M. bovis infection and to apply this new knowledge in evaluating the efficacy of a novel BCG vaccination. Time Course Study: Knowledge of time dependent cytokine expression following M. bovis infection would aid vaccine development by revealing potential correlates of protection. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 4 and 10 expression were analysed using quantitative (q) PCR in formalin fixed bovine lymph nodes following five, twelve and nineteen weeks of M. bovis infection. A strong pro-inflammatory/ T helper 1 (TH1) lymphocyte response was evident at five weeks post M. bovis infection, represented by IFN-γ and TNF-α expression (log2 copies of 6.5 and 2.15, respectively) in the absence of IL4. Between five and twelve weeks of infection, a significant increase was observed in IL10 (log2 copies from 5.97 to 8.27, p<0.01, Mann Whitney test), accompanied by an increase in both IFN-γ (log2 7.53) and TNF-α (log2 3.94). This data conformed to a recently described aspect of TH1 lymphocytes, a ‘self-limiting’ nature in which cells produced both IFN-γ and IL10 with the aim of controlling the heightened pro-inflammatory response. The role of IL10 as an immunosuppressive became evident when comparing cytokine expression between four different types of thoracic lymph node; the left bronchial (LB), cranial mediastinal (CRM), caudal mediastinal (CM) and cranial tracheobronchial (CRT) nodes. The LB and CRM lymph nodes produced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ expression (log2 copies between 8.2 and 10) as compared to the CM and CRT (log2 copies between 2.6 and 5.5, p<0.001, Mann Whitney test). Further analysis of the data as a profile of cytokine expression for each lymph node type revealed that IFN-γ was dominantly expressed within the LB and CRM nodes, whereas within the CM and CRT nodes, IL10 was the dominant cytokine. The former nodes also displayed a higher level of pathological damage (represented by mean percentage area coverage of granuloma, 33.6 and 20%, respectively) as compared to the CM (13%) and the CRT lymph node types (10.8 %). This suggests conflicting roles for IFN-γ and IL10 in the development of immune-associated pathology. Following nineteen weeks of infection, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL10 reduced (log2 6.22, 3.02 and 7.03, respectively) implying a loss of the cellular response. The later stages of bovine tuberculosis have been shown within the literature to display characteristics of a humoral rather than cell mediated response. However, within this study at nineteen weeks post infection IL4 (an important cytokine in the development of the humoral response) remained undetectable. The results from this study therefore confirm the importance of the cell mediated immune profile in response to M. bovis infection as well as the integral role of IFN-γ in both protection and pathology. It also further demonstrates the involvement of IL10 in controlling the IFN-γ response and highlights this cytokine as being potentially important in future immunologybased vaccination studies. BCG Vaccination Study: The current vaccine used against human tuberculosis, BCG, has provided variable results on protection against infection in experimental bovine studies. The BCG bacterium has lost a comparatively large quantity of genomic DNA through attenuation since its primary production in 1921, of which the majority represented genes encoding antigenic proteins. MPB70 and MPB83 are differentially expressed between BCG sub-strains due to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the alternative sigma factor K (SigK). BCG Pasteur has been shown to produce low levels of these antigenic proteins; however complementation of BCG Pasteur with a copy of sigK from BCG Russia resulted in up-regulating expression. It was therefore hypothesised that the recombinant BCG (sigK) Pasteur would prove more efficient in controlling M. bovis infection by inducing a stronger protective immune response post vaccination. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL 4 and 10 expression were analysed using qPCR within the freshly dissected lymph nodes of five experimental cattle groups; BCG Pasteur vaccinated M. bovis challenged, BCG (sigK) Pasteur vaccinated challenged, non-vaccinated infected, non-vaccinated noninfected and BCG Pasteur vaccinated non-infected. Five weeks following infection, a strong IFN-γ mRNA response was detected in both the non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle (mean log2 copies between 9.6 and 10.5 as compared to between 7.84 and 8.58 in the non-infected cattle). M. bovis infection also induced a significant reduction in IL10 mRNA levels in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle (mean log2 14.4 in the infected groups compared to 15.5 in the non-infected cattle, p<0.005, Mann Whitney test) although there was little difference in TNF-α expression (mean log2 copies between 11.06 and 11.8 in all five groups). Interestingly, IL4 mRNA was detectable only within the two non-infected control groups (mean log2 12.4), further supporting the concept of a strong cell mediated response after five weeks of infection. Vaccination prior to challenge had an effect on IFN-γ mRNA levels only, as both the BCG Pasteur and BCG (sigK) Pasteur vaccinated groups displayed a smaller increase in IFN-γ mRNA following challenge (mean log2 10.3 and 9.6, respectively) as compared to the nonvaccinated group (mean log2 10.5). This reflected the role of vaccination in priming the immune response to enable more rapid elimination of the bacteria and subsequently inducing a lesser pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, the BCG Pasteur vaccinated group appeared to control the immune response to a greater extent, as IFN-γ mRNA was significantly similar to that observed in the non-vaccinated non-infected group (mean log2 8.58, p>0.05, Mann Whitney test). In addition to the qPCR data, levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α protein (represented by the number of cells producing these proteins) were also analysed by immunohistochemistry. IFN-γ protein in the five experimental groups displayed the same pattern as that observed for IFN-γ mRNA expression (p<0.001, Spearmans correlation coefficient). However, analysis of TNF-α protein revealed significant differences between the five groups (p<0.005, Kruskal Wallis test) in contrast to that observed for the mRNA levels (p>0.05, Spearmans correlation coefficient) suggesting that posttranscriptional controls may play an important role in TNF-α translation. The difference in IFN-γ mRNA and protein expression between the two vaccination groups was also reflected within the pathological data. Although both BCGs reduced levels to below that of the non-vaccinated group (represented by mean percentage area coverage of granuloma, 59%), the BCG Pasteur group displayed less pathology (mean 6%) compared to the BCG (sigK) Pasteur cattle (mean 35%). It was suggested that the increased antigenic repertoire of the recombinant BCG (sigK) Pasteur did result in a stronger stimulation of the immune response post vaccination but that, as a consequence the bacterial threat was eliminated more rapidly.

Thesis (MSc (Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Resumo: Das principais zoonoses detectadas pelo serviço de inspeção oficial durante o exame post-mortem, a cisticercose e a tuberculose merecem destaque pela importância que possuem para a saúde pública e por gerarem impactos significativos na economia e no rendimento final. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a evolução das ocorrências de cisticercose e de tuberculose durante 21 anos de inspeção post-mortem de bovinos, realizada em um frigorífico do centro-oeste paulista, localizado na cidade de Lins (SIF 337). Os dados coletados foram analisados em software SigmaStat versão 3.5 e, posteriormente, construídos intervalos de 95% de confiança para a proporção de ocorrência e as variáveis resposta também foram submetidas à análise de variância utilizando o procedimento Proc Mixed do software SAS 9.4 TS1M2, teste de Tukey-Kramer com nível de significância de 5%. No decorrer de todo o período, foram abatidos 5.240.138 bovinos. A ocorrência de tuberculose verificada foi de 0,15% (7.741), sendo maior em 1996 (0,41%) e menor em 2015 (0,02%), demonstrando uma redução de 11 vezes. Em relação à cisticercose bovina, foi de 4,34% (227.728), na qual 75% das carcaças continham cisticercos vivos e 25% calcificados, sendo as maiores ocorrências de cisticercose total encontrados em 2000 (6,7%) e as menores em 2015 (2,0%), com redução de 2,13 vezes. Conclui-se que as melhorias nos sistemas produtivos que aconteceram em duas décadas e a eficácia dos programas sanitários e da inspeção realizad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-07-07T19:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 867144 bytes, checksum: b1dfb9c08a4b085feda6d150ced1327c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T19:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 867144 bytes, checksum: b1dfb9c08a4b085feda6d150ced1327c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Mycobacterium bovis e Brucella abortus são os agentes etiológicos da tuberculose e da brucelose bovinas, doenças infectocontagiosas de ocorrência mundial que geram grandes prejuízos econômicos e podem ser transmitidas aos humanos principalmente através do contato direto com animais contaminados e da ingestão de leite cru e derivados. No Brasil existe o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose, criado pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, que estabelece a realização do diagnóstico e normatiza as medidas de controle dessas zoonoses. Os métodos oficiais para diagnóstico de brucelose e tuberculose no animal vivo possuem sensibilidade e especificidade variáveis, são laboriosos e demandam tempo. Para aumentar a eficácia do controle destas doenças são necessários métodos rápidos e acurados, que atuem como ferramenta auxiliar no diagnóstico in vivo dessas enfermidades sem a necessidade de procedimentos invasivos. Para garantir a credibilidade e confiabilidade de novos métodos de diagnóstico é necessário que os mesmos sejam validados. No presente estudo foram realizados ensaios para a validação de uma reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) para a detecção do DNA de M. bovis e B. abortus em amostras de leite cru artificialmente contaminados, usando como critério o desempenho analítico (sensibilidade e especificidade analítica), repetibilidade, reprodutibilidade interna e robustez. Inicialmente cinco metodologias de extração de DNA foram testadas e as que apresentaram melhores resultados foram os kits comerciais DNeasy mericon Food Kit – Qiagen e Maxwell® 16 Tissue DNA Purification Kit – Promega. Os limites de detecção obtidos na qPCR validada nesse estudo foram de 2,3 pg de DNA de M. bovis e 20,7 fg de DNA de B. abortus. As repetibilidades eviii reprodutibilidades aliadas à robustez apresentadas nesse trabalho indicam que os métodos avaliados podem ser utilizados de forma auxiliar ao diagnóstico in vivo oficial de tuberculose e brucelose bovinas, após ser testada em animais naturalmente infectados. / Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella abortus are the etiological agents of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis, infectious diseases globally disseminated that cause substantial economic losses and can be transmitted to humans mainly through direct contact with contaminated animals and the intake of raw milk and milk products. In Brazil there is the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis, created by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, which establishes the diagnosis and regulates the control measures of these zoonosis. The official methods for diagnosis of brucellosis and tuberculosis in the living animal have variable sensitivity and specificity, are laborious and time consuming. In order to increase the efficacy of brucellosis and tuberculosis control, rapid and accurate methods are necessary to act as an auxiliary tool in the in vivo diagnosis of these diseases without the need of invasive procedures. To ensure the credibility and reliability of new diagnostic methods, they must be validated. In the present study, the validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the detection of M. bovis and B. abortus in artificially contaminated raw milk samples was performed using analytical performance (analytical sensitivity and specificity), repeatability, internal reproducibility and robustness. Initially five DNA extraction methodologies were tested and the ones that presented the best results were the commercial kits “DNeasy Mericon Food Kit – Qiagen” and “Maxwell® 16 Tissue DNA Purification Kit – Promega”. The limits of detection obtained in the qPCR validated in this study were 2.3 pg of M. bovis DNA and 20.7 fg of B. abortus DNA. The repeatability and reproducibility associated with the robustness presented in this study indicate that the evaluated methods can be used as an auxiliaryx tool to the in vivo official diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis, after being tested in naturally infected animals. / Nos dois impressos faltaram as últimas 12 páginas com referência bibliográfica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T12:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 natalia_roque_ioc_mest_2011.pdf: 2207785 bytes, checksum: 5965085ee04bb1de36ccb11445b61038 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A formação de corpúsculos lipídicos é um evento que tem sido recentemente descrito durante a tuberculose tanto em condições clinicas quanto experimentais. O aumento no número dessas organelas é um fenômeno bem regulado que parece ter uma importante implicação na patogênese microbiana. Contudo, os mecanismos pelos quais as micobactérias desencadeiam a formação dos corpúsculos lipídicos bem como o seu papel na infecção ainda não estão totalmente compreendidos. Investigamos nesse trabalho os primeiros eventos da defesa do hospedeiro em resposta a infecção por BCG, bem como a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos, os receptores envolvidos na sua biogênese e o seu papel na modulação via endocítica. Durante a infecção experimental por BCG ocorreu uma intensa migração de neutrófilos nas 6 h iniciais. Em 24 h, um grande número de neutrófilos infectados (92%) apresentavam características de morte celular por apoptose. Nos experimentos in vitro, tanto os neutrófilos apoptóticos quanto a infecção com BCG sozinho foram capazes de induzir a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos em macrófagos. Contudo, a resposta foi amplificada no grupo contendo tanto os neutrófilos apoptóticos quanto o BCG. Ainda, o pré-tratamento in vivo com um inibidor de pan-caspase, o zVAD, inibiu a apoptose de neutrófilos, sem modificar o recrutamento destas células nos camundongos C57Bl/6 infectados com BCG. Sob esta condição, a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos em macrófagos foi significativamente inibida nos animais infectados, indicando o papel da célula apoptótica na formação dos corpúsculos lipídicos durante a infecção Além disso, foi observado o envolvimento dos receptores CD14 e CD36 na biogênese dos corpúsculos lipídicos induzidos por BCG in vitro e in vivo respectivamente. A parede celular das micobactérias tem sido apresentada como importante componente na interação patógeno-hospedeiro. Dessa forma, analisamos o papel de componentes da parede micobacteriana na indução de corpúsculos lipídicos. Foi observado que o LAM, TDM e TMM além do BCG, foram capazes de induzir a formação de corpúsculos lipídicos em macrófagos após 24 h de estimulação in vitro. Porém, a micobactéria não patogênica M. smegmatis e partículas de látex não revestidas não foram capazes de induzir um aumento no número de corpúsculos lipídicos. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão demonstrou a associação dos corpúsculos lipídicos com os fagossomas além da imagem sugestiva de um corpúsculo lipídico internalizado por um fagossoma infectado durante a infecção experimental por BCG in vivo Por imunofluorescência, foi observado que a interação dos corpúsculos lipídicos com os fagossomas não é dependente da viabilidade bacteriana. Partículas de látex revestidas com os componentes da parede micobacteriana LAM ou PIM apresentaram-se próximas dos corpúsculos lipídicos em diferentes tempos em experimentos in vitro. Após 24 h de infecção por BCG in vivo foi observada a presença da proteína da via endocítica Rab7 e do seu efetor a RILP, mas não da Rab5, co-localizada com os corpúsculos lipídicos, sugerindo que os corpúsculos lipídicos possam estar seqüestrando a Rab7, necessária para a maturação fagossomal. Nossos resultados mostraram diferentes mecanismos envolvidos na biogênese dos corpúsculos lipídicos induzidos por BCG sugerindo que a modulação dessas organelas pelo patógeno pode representar um importante mecanismo de escape da resposta imune do hospedeiro e um futuro alvo terapêutico / Lipid body formation is an event that has been recently described during tuberculosis in both clinical and experimental conditions. The increase of these organelles is a well regulated phenomenon that seems to have an implication in microbial pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which the microbial trigger the lipid bodies formation as well as its role in the infection are still not fully understood. We investigated in this work the first events of the host defense in the BCG infection response, as well as the lipid bodies formation, the receptors involved in their biogenesis, and their role in endocytic pathway modulation. During the experimental infection by BCG a great neutrophils influx happened in the initial 6 h. In 24h, a great number of infected neutrophils (92%) showed apoptotic cell death features. In in vitro experiments, both apoptotic neutrophils and BCG infection alone were able to induce lipid bodies formation in macrophages. However, the response was amplified in the group containing both apoptotic neutrophils and BCG. Still, the pre treatment in vivo with pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD, inhibited the neutrophils apoptosis, without modifying the influx of these cells in the BCG infected C57Bl/6 mice. Under this condition, the lipid body formation in macrophages was drastically inhibited in infected animals, indicating the role apoptotic cells in the lipid body biogenesis during the infection. Beyond that, was observed the involvement of CD14 and CD36 receptors in the lipid bodies biogenesis induced by BCG in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The mycobacteria cell wall has been presented as an important component of host-pathogen interaction. In this way, we analyzed the role of mycobacteria cell wall component in the lipid bodies induction. It was observed that LAM, TDM, and TMM, beside BCG, were able to induce the lipid bodies formation in macrophages after 24h of in vitro stimuli. However, the non-pathogenic mycobacteria M. smegmatis and non coated latex beads were not able to induce an increase in the numbers of lipid bodies. Transmission electronic microscopic analyze showed an interaction between the lipid bodies and phagosomes, beside a suggestive image of an infected phagosome with an internalized lipid body during the experimental BCG infection in vivo. By imunofluorescence, it was observed that the interaction between the lipid bodies and phagosomes is not dependent of bacterial viability. Latex beads coated with mycobacterial cell wall components LAM or PIM presented themselves close of the lipid bodies in different times in in vitro experiments. After 24h of in vivo BCG infection, was observed the presence of Rab7 endocytic pathway protein and its effector RILP, but not the Rab5, co-localized with the lipid bodies, suggesting that the lipid bodies could be highjacking the Rab7, needed for the phagosome maturation. Our results showed different mechanisms involved in the lipid bodies biogenesis induced by BCG, suggesting that modulation of these organelles by the pathogen could represent an important escape mechanism of the host immune response and a future therapeutic target.

Orientador: Luis Antonio Mathias / Banca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima / Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Banca: Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles Bartoli / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Resumo: A tuberculose causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis é uma importante doença dos bovinos e constitui um grande problema de saúde animal, podendo também atingir humanos. Para o diagnóstico da infecção, e para desencadear as medidas sanitárias decorrentes desse diagnóstico, o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) estabelece a utilização de testes intradérmicos de tuberculinização. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas à tuberculina (PPD) aviária e à tuberculina bovina apresentadas por animais sensibilizados com inóculos inativados de M. bovis e de M. avium, e comparar os resultados do teste da prega caudal (TPC), do teste cervical simples (TCS) e do teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina nos animais sensibilizados e em animais não sensibilizados. Os resultados mostraram que: a repetição dos testes não influiu na proporção de resultados positivos; houve animais sensibilizados com M. bovis que apresentaram reação até 500 dias após a sensibilização; em animais sensibilizados com M. avium, a especificidade do TCC foi superior à do TCS e à do TPC, e o TCC mostrou-se efetivo para discriminar reações induzidas pelo inóculo desse microrganismo; em animais sensibilizados com M. bovis, o TCC apresentou menor sensibilidade do que os outros dois testes; o ponto de corte do TCS e do TCC com melhor combinação de sensibilidade e especificidade foi inferior ao ponto adotado pelo PNCEBT para diagnóstico em animais n... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is an important disease in cattle e a great problem for animal health that can reach humans. For the diagnosis of the infection and the consequent sanitary measures, the National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) establish the use of intradermal tuberculin tests. The aim of this study was to analyze the response to the avian and bovine tuberculin (PPD) developed by cattle sensitized with inactivated inoculum of M. avium and M. bovis. Another aim was to compare the results of the caudal fold test (CFT), the comparative cervical test (CCT), and the simple cervical test (SCT) for tuberculosis diagnosis in the sensitize animals and in animals that have not been sensitized. Repetition of the tests did not influence the proportion of positive results. There were animals sensitized with M. bovis showing reaction up to more than 500 days post sensitization. In animals sensitized with M. avium, the specificity of the CCT was higher than that of CFT and SCT, and CCT was able to discriminate the unspecific reaction induced by M. avium inoculum. In animals sensitized with M. bovis, CCT had lower sensitivity than the other two tests. The SCT and CCT cut-off with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was lower than that adopted by the PNCEBT for the tuberculosis diagnosis in naturally infected animals. SCT hat good agreement with the other two tests, but the agreement between CFT and CCT was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador : Antônio Carlos Paes / Resumo: A tuberculose bovina é uma doença transmissível de natureza granulomatosa crônica e caráter progressivo, apresentando tubérculos característicos, tendo como agente etiológico o Mycobacterium bovis - um patógeno intracelular. A imunidade celular é o mecanismo mais efetivo para o controle da infecção por Mycobacterium spp. Esta resposta resulta no acúmulo de fagócitos e na formação de lesão macroscópica (tubérculo ou granuloma tuberculoso), na tentativa de impedir a proliferação e disseminação bacteriana. Neste trabalho foram utilizados modelos experimentais murinos, obtidos por seleção genética bidirecional de camundongos bons (High=H) e maus (Low=L) produtores de anticorpos (Seleção IVA) contra antígenos naturais complexos. Trabalhos anteriores demonstraram alterações funcionais de células imunocompetentes, particularmente de macrófagos, sugerindo que os animais HIV-A seriam mais susceptíveis à infecção causada por patógenos intracelulares, enquanto que ocorreria maior susceptibilidade dos LIV-A à infecção por patógenos extracelulares, quando a imunidade humoral seria o mecanismo mais importante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The bovine tuberculosis is a transmissible disease, showing a chronic and progressive character, with typic tubercles. Its etiological agent, Mycobacterium bovis, is an intracellular pathogen. Cell-mediated immunity is the most effective mechanism for this infection control, with phagocytes accumulum and formation of a macroscopic lesion, aiming to avoid the bacteria proliferation and dissemination. In this work, a murine experimental model was used, with mice genetically selected for high (H) and low (L) antibody production (Selection IV-A). Previous works related functional alterations in immunecompetent cells, manily macrophages, suggesting that HIV-A mice were more susceptible to intracellular pathogens, whereas LIV-A were more susceptible to extracellular ones, when humoral-mediated immunity would be the most important mechanism. The goal of this work was to evaluate the macrophagic activity and to characterize the immune response of Mycobacterium bovis-AN5-infected mice. The response prolife previously observed in these strains was not similar in the Mycobacterium bovis infection; however, it was in agreement with works carried out with selection I, which is very similar the selection IV-A with regards to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. As to the bacterial recovery, LIV-A selection showed a higher containnment of the infectious process in the lung, but not in the spleen, where HIV-A selection was more resistant. With respect the macrophagic activity, H2O2 seemed to be not involved in the containment of the infection in both strains, since there was an inibition of this metabolite generation. NO and TNF- production was also analysed, and seemed to be important in the control of bacterial replication, varying according to the strain, time period and compartiment. Antibody production was also evaluated... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-02-22T14:28:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Soares Leite.pdf: 443532 bytes, checksum: aecae8c9b89ee037b16d8d03ce6267a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T14:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Soares Leite.pdf: 443532 bytes, checksum: aecae8c9b89ee037b16d8d03ce6267a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-09 / An epidemiological study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of serum antibody to B. abortus, BVDV, BHV – 1 and tuberculin sensitivity to M. bovis, and the association among these infections. Sera from 241 dairy buffaloes were analyzed by buffered plate antigen test (BPAT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) for the diagnosis of Brucella abortus, virusneutralization (VN) for BVDV and BHV – 1 and comparative cervical tuberculin test for M. bovis. The results showed 32,34% of positive samples to B. abortus, 24,07% of positive tuberculin reactors, 76,76% of reactive samples to BVDV and 49,79% to BHV – 1. Association was found between reagent and non reagent animals to the tests to B. abortus and BHV – 1 (p<0,001). / Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos séricos anti-Brucella abortus e a associação com as infecções por Mycobacterium bovis, vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) e vírus da rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina - IBR (BHV–1). Foram analisadas 241 amostras séricas de bubalinos com aptidão leiteira no Município de Taipu – RN, empregando o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e as provas de soroaglutinação lenta em tubos (SAL) e 2–mercaptoetanol (2-ME) para o diagnóstico da brucelose; prova de virusneutralização (VN) para detecção de anticorpos para BVD e IBR. Os animais foram também submetidos ao teste cervical comparativo para tuberculose. Os resultados mostraram 32,34% de amostras soropositivas para B. abortus, 24,07% de animais com reação positiva ao teste alérgico para Tuberculose, 76,76% de animais sororreagentes para BVDV e 49,79% para BHV – 1. Foi detectada associação entre animais reagentes e não reagentes aos testes para B. abortus e BHV – 1 (p<0,001).

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-06-20T14:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Duarte da Silva Cezar.pdf: 2285852 bytes, checksum: 94964f10eaf4fce49a9cc802099a57e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T14:04:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Duarte da Silva Cezar.pdf: 2285852 bytes, checksum: 94964f10eaf4fce49a9cc802099a57e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / The aim of this study was to detect the occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and artisanal cheese through real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) to identify possible agent's outbreaks and its potential risk to public health. Samples of 401 animals were analyzed, with no history of bovine tuberculosis, from 20 properties of the 19 municipalities that forms the microregion Garanhuns, dairy region of Pernambuco, Brazil.The 107 samples of cheese were coming from open-air markets, bakeries and neighborhood grocery stores of the municipalities located in the Garanhuns. The qPCR was used to identify a fragment corresponding to the difference in region 4 (RD4) of M. bovis. Of all analyzed samples, nine (2.2%) were positive and the presence of M. bovis DNA was confirmed by sequencing. Of the nine positive samples, one (11.1%) was a milk sample and eight (88.9%) were blood. Positive animals were identified in six (30%) properties. None of the risk factors evaluated were statistically associated with bovine tuberculose. Of the 107 samples analyzed cheese, three (2.8%) were positive for DNA detection of M. bovis and confirmed by sequencing. The identification of the DNA of M. bovis in biological samples of cattle from Garanhuns as well as artisanal cheese marketed in this region show the importance of the implementation of control measures for bovine tuberculosis to ensure not only the health of animals as well minimize risks to public health. / Objetivou-se com esta tese detectar a ocorrência do DNA de Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos e em queijo tipo coalho utilizando-se a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) para identificar possíveis focos do agente e seu potencial risco para saúde pública. Foram analisadas amostras de leite e sangue de 401 animais, sem histórico de tuberculose bovina, procedentes de 20 propriedades dos 19 municípios que compõem a microrregião Garanhuns, bacia leiteira do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. As 107 amostras de queijo tipo coalho foram procedentes de feiras livres, padarias e mercados dos municípios localizados na microrregião Garanhuns. A qPCR foi realizada usando como alvo a região de diferença 4 (RD4) de M. bovis. Em relação às amostras biológicas analisadas dos bovinos, nove (2,2%) foram positivas e confirmadas por sequenciamento genético. Em relação às nove amostras positivas, uma (11,1%) foi de leite e oito (88,9%) de sangue. Foram identificados animais positivos em seis (30%) propriedades. Não foi identificado nenhum fator de risco associado à infecção por M. bovis. A respeito das 107 amostras de queijo analisadas, três (2,8%) foram positivas para pesquisa de DNA de M. bovis e confirmadas por sequenciamento. A identificação do DNA de M. bovis em amostras biológicas de rebanhos provenientes da microrregião Garanhuns, bem como em queijo tipo coalho comercializados nessa região denotam a importância da implantação de medidas de controle para a tuberculose bovina para assegurar não só a sanidade dos animais como também minimizar os riscos para a saúde pública.

A study was conducted to determine the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The state was divided in seven regions, and in each of them, a pre-established number of farms was randomly sampled. In each farm, cows with age equal to or greater than 24 months were selected at random and submitted to the comparative cervical tuberculin test. The animals whose tests were inconclusive were retested with the same diagnostic procedure within a minimum interval of 60 days. In all, 9,895 animals from 1,067 farms were tested. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in the farms in order to identify risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis. The prevalence of infected herds in the state was 2.8% [1.8; 4.0] and that of infected animals was 0.7% [0.4; 1.0]. There was a trend towards a concentration of infected herds in the northern part of the state, with a predominance of dairy and mixed herds. The risk factors associated with the condition of infected herds were being a dairy herd (OR = 2.90 [1.40; 6.13]) and herds with 16 or more cows (OR = 2.61 [1.20; 5.49]). Thus, the best strategy to be adopted by the state is the implementation of surveillance systems to detect and remediate the infected herds, preferably incorporating elements of risk-based surveillance. In addition, the state must carry out a solid action of health education so that the producers test animals for bovine tuberculosis before introducing them in their herds / Um estudo foi realizado para determinar a situação epidemiológica da tuberculose bovina no Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. O Estado foi dividido em sete regiões e em cada uma delas foi aleatoriamente amostrado um número pré-estabelecido de propriedades. Dentro de cada propriedade, fêmeas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e submetidas ao teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo. Os animais que resultaram inconclusivos foram testados novamente com o mesmo procedimento diagnóstico em intervalo mínimo de 60 dias. Ao todo foram testados 9,895 animais provenientes de 1,067 propriedades. Nas propriedades, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar fatores de risco associados à tuberculose bovina. A prevalência de focos no estado foi de 2.8% [1.8; 4.0] e a de animais 0.7% [0.4; 1.0]. Houve tendência de concentração de focos na parte Norte do estado, caracterizada pelo predomínio de propriedades de leite e mistas Os fatores de risco associados à condição de foco foram exploração leiteira (OR = 2.90 [1.40; 6.13]) e rebanhos com 16 ou mais vacas com pelo menos 24 meses de idade (OR = 2.61 [1.20; 5.49]). Assim, a melhor estratégia a ser adotada pelo estado é a implementação de sistema de vigilância para detecção e saneamento dos focos, de preferência incorporando elementos de vigilância baseada em risco. Além disso, o estado deve realizar uma sólida ação de educação sanitária para que seus produtores passem a testar os animais para tuberculose bovina antes de introduzi-los em seus plantéis