The unconventional myosin IC has previously been suggested to be a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor. The mechanism for this action has hitherto been unknown, however, and hence we decided to attempt to elucidate the genes involved. The first study involved knock-down of MYO1C using siRNA technology followed by whole transcriptiome microarray analysis performed on samples taken at different time points post transfection. This revealed a cornucopia of differential expressions compared to the negative control, among them we found an early up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and the pathway for prostate cancer. Among the down regulated pathways we found endometrial-, colorectal cancer and small cell lung cancer as well as the cell cycle pathway which was a little counter intuitive to the hypothesis that MYO1C suppresses cancer. For the next study six different genes (CCND1, CCND2, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, MYC, RBL1) important for the transitions into S-phase of the cell cycle were therefore chosen for validation using qPCR. These six genes and MYO1C were analysed on both the original time series and a new biological replicate as well as a well stratified set of endometrial carcinoma samples. We were able to verify the significant down-regulation of CCND2 in both time series indicating that this is caused by the depletion of MYO1C. In the tumour samples we saw a negative correlation between the expression of MYO1C and FIGO grade corroborating results previously found by our group when looking at protein expression.

Les neurones sont des cellules polarisées qui présentent un seul axone et de nombreuses dendrites courtes. Les réarrangements du cytosquelette, l'augmentation du transport dépendant des microtubules et le couplage mécanique du cytosquelette d'actine à la membrane plasmique sont nécessaires pour établir cette polarité neuronale. Les Myosines 1 qui couplent le cytosquelette d'actine à la membrane plasmique sont des bons candidats pour réguler l'axonogenèse. La Myosine1b étant fortement exprimée dans le cerveau en développement, nous avons donc étudié son rôle dans l'axonogenèse. L'inhibition de l'expression de Myo1b dans les neurones corticaux retarde la différenciation neuronale et empêche l'axonogenèse et l'établissement de la polarité neuronale. La surexpression de Myo1b accélère le développement neuronal et induit la formation d'axones surnuméraires. L'activité motrice et l'interaction de Myo1b avec des phosphoinositides via son domaine PH est nécessaire pour ce processus. Myo1b est associée et contrôle la formation d'ondes d'actine antérogrades qui 'cross-talk" avec les microtubules pour diriger le transport de la kinésine1 sur les microtubules et conduire à la formation de l'axone. L'inhibition de Myo1b empêche la propagation des ondes d'actine et le mouvement de KIF5560 une version constitutivement active du moteur Kinésine 1 associé aux microtubules. L' activité motrice et le domaine PH de Myo1b sont nécessaire à la propagation des ondes d'actine. Nos résultats indiquent que la Myosine 1b contrôle la rupture de la symétrie axonale et la formation de l'axone en contrôllant l'orientation de la polymérisation d'actine à la membrane dans les ondes d'actine antérograde. / Neurons are highly polarized cells, with a long axon and multiple short dendrites. Rearrangements of cytoskeleton, increased microtubule-based transport and coupling mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane are required for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Class 1 Myosin, with the unique property to couple mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasmamembrane are good candidate for regulatin axonogenesis. Myosin1b is highly expressed in developing brain where it was first identified. Thus, we investigated its role in axonogenesis. Depletion of endogenous Myo1b in cultured cortical neurons delays the neuronal differentiation and impairs the axonogenesis and the establishment of the neuronal polarity. The overexpression of Myosin1b rushes the neuronal development and promotes the formation of supernumerary axon-like structures. Myo1b requires its motor activity and its interaction with phosphoinositides via its PH motif to promote the axonogenesis. Myo1b associates and controls the formation of anterograde actin waves that cross-talk with microtubules to direct microtubules-bases transport of kinesin-1, and drive axon formation. Myo1b depletion impairs the propagation of actin waves and the translocation of KIF5560, a constitutively active version of the microtubules motor Kinesin-1. The motor activity and interaction with phosphoinositides of Myo1b are also required for the propagation of actin waves. Together our data indicate that myosin1b controls the neuronal symmetry breaking and the axogenesis by controlling the orientation of the actin polymerization to the membrane in the waves that drive the propagation of anterograde actin waves.

Tumor suppressor genes play a role as a growth regulator and a gatekeeper of a cell. Their inactivation is often detected in malignant tumors. Identification of novel tumor suppressor gene candidates may help to further understand tumorigenesis and aid in the discovery of a new treatment leading toward cure of cancer. This PhD research project aimed to understand functional significance of a novel tumor suppressor gene candidate, myosin IC (MYO1C) and to identify potential interaction(s) of the MYO1C protein with key components of the signaling pathways involving in cancer development. In an experimental rat model for endometrial carcinoma (EC), detailed molecular genetic analysis of a candidate tumor suppressor region located distal to the tumor protein 53 (Tp53) suggested the myosin IC gene (Myo1c) as the best potential target for deletion of the genetic material. The question arising was whether and how MYO1C could function as a tumor suppressor gene. By using qPCR, Western blot or immunohistochemistry analyses, we examined MYO1C protein level in panels of well-stratified human colorectal cancer (CRC) and EC respectively. We found that MYO1C was significantly down-regulated in these cancer materials and that for the EC panel, the observed down-regulation of MYO1C correlated with tumor stage, where tumors at more advanced stages had less expression of MYO1C. In cell transfection experiments, we found that over-expression of MYO1C significantly decreased cell proliferation, and silencing MYO1C with siRNA increased cell viability. Additionally, knockdown of MYO1C impaired the ability of cells to migrate, spread and adhere to the surface. Recent published studies suggested a potential interplay between MYO1C and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. To examine this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression and/or activation of components of the PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK signaling pathways in vivo in CRC samples, and in vitro in cells transfected with the MYO1C gene expression construct or MYO1C-targeted siRNA. To identify other potential pathways/ mechanisms through which MYO1C may exert its tumor suppressor activity, we additionally performed new sets of MYO1C-siRNA knockdown experiments. At different time points post transfection, we performed microarray global gene expression experiments followed by bioinformatics analysis of the data. Altogether, the results suggested an early PI3K/AKT response to altered MYO1C expression. We additionally identified several cancer-related genes/pathways with late response to MYO1C knockdown. All things considered, the identification of MYO1C-expression impact on cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion in combination with its interplay between several cancer-related genes and signaling pathways provide further evidence for the initial hypothesis of a tumor suppressor activity of MYO1C. / Cellular, Molecular and Functional Characterization of the Tumor Suppressor Candidate MYO1C

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-14T12:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Marcos Paulo Galdino Coutinho.pdf: 2381887 bytes, checksum: 97d1ef06b04ac1f2b61ddb127fb6bba0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T12:26:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Marcos Paulo Galdino Coutinho.pdf: 2381887 bytes, checksum: 97d1ef06b04ac1f2b61ddb127fb6bba0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / CNPq / Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento resistido de salto livre com sobrecarga sobre a composição muscular e as propriedades biomecânicas do complexo gastrocnêmio-plantar de ratos induzidos ao diabetes experimental tipo 1. Métodos: Foram utilizados oitenta e oito ratos da linhagem Wistar, com 60 dias de vida, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo Controle Sedentário – GCS (n=15), Grupo Diabético Sedentário – GDS (n=27), Grupo Controle Treinado – GCT (n=17), Grupo Diabético Treinado – GDS (n=29). A indução ao diabetes foi feita por estreptozotocina. O protocolo de exercício resistido de salto teve duração de 9 semanas. Foram avaliadas glicemia e peso corpóreo dos animais do início ao fim do experimento. Com o término do protocolo de exercício o complexo gastrocnêmio-plantar direito dos animais foram coletados, com parte da amostra (n=65) sendo encaminhada para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas, e a outra parte da amostra (n=22) sendo encaminhada para a imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Os animais de todos os grupos diabéticos apresentaram pesos corporais finais inferiores (p<0,05) e valores glicêmicos superiores a 200mg/dl desde a indução até o fim do experimento em relação aos controles. Foi evidenciado uma redução na Força máxima, Deformação , Deformação Específica, Energia/Área, Rigidez, Área de Secção Transversa nos músculos dos animais do GDS comparado aos animais do GCS (p< 0,05). A Tensão na Força Máxima e o Módulo Elástico não diferiram entre os grupos (p> 0.05). com relação ao efeito do treino resistido no diabetes, ao comparar os músculos dos animais do GDT com o GDS observamos aumento para o parâmetro Força Máxima e Rigidez (p<0,05). Nos demais parâmetros não houve diferença entre os grupos (p>0,05). Foi observado que os pesos dos músculos gastrocnêmios laterais mostraram-se reduzidos no GDS quando comprado ao GCS (p<0,05), comportamento semelhante foi visto na comparado ao GCS com GCT (p<0,05). Já na comparação entre os animais do GDS e GDT não houve diferença significante. Na análise da miosina rápida e lenta, através da imunohistoquímica, não houve diferença entre os grupos estudados (p>0,05). Conclusão: O Diabetes experimental promove prejuízos em parâmetros mecânicos no complexo muscular gastrocnemio-plantar e o exercício resistido exerce papel protetor na Força Máxima e na Rigidez extrínseca muscular dos animais treinados. Com relação à composição muscular, a miopatia diabética não altera a distribuição normal da miosina rápida e lenta no músculo gastrocnemio lateral, e o treino resistido de força não apresenta qualquer efeito sobre a distribuição dessa proteína. / Objective: To evaluate the effects of a resistance training protocol on muscle composition and biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius-plantaris complex of rats induced to experimental diabetes. Methods: At the age of 60 days eighty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control Group - SCG (n = 15), Sedentary Diabetic Group - SDG (n = 27), Trained Control Group - TCG (n = 17), Trained Diabetic Group - TDG (n = 29). Diabetic animals were induced to diabetes by streptozotocin. Exercise protocols had a 9 weeks duration. We evaluated animal’s blood glucose and body weight in the beginning and in the end of the experiment. At the end of the exercise protocol the right gastrocnemius-plantaris complex was collected, then part of the sample (n = 65) was referred for evaluation of mechanical properties, and the other portion of the sample (n = 22) was referred to the immunohistochemistry. Results: Animals of all diabetic groups showed lower final body weight (p <0.05) and blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dl from induction to the end of the experiment compared to control animals. A reduction in maximum strength, deformation, strain, energy/area, stiffness, section transverse area in the muscles of SDG animals compared to animals of SCG was noted (p <0.05). The Maximum Stress and the Elastic Modulus did not differ between groups (p> 0.05). Trained diabetic animals showed muscles with increased Maximum Force and Stiffness compared to SDG animals (p <0.05). The other parameters did not differ between the groups (p> 0.05). It was observed lower lateral gastrocnemius muscle weights in SDG animals compared to SCG animals (p <0.05). Similar behavior was seen when compared SCG to TCG (p <0.05). In the comparison between the TDG animals and the SDG animals no significant difference was found. In the analysis of fast and slow myosin by immunohistochemistry, there was no difference between groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Experimental diabetes promoted damage in mechanical parameters in gastrocnemius-plantaris complex and resistance exercise had a protective role in Maximum Strength and muscle stiffness of Trained Diabetic Group. With respect to muscle composition, diabetic myopathy did not alter the normal distribution of the fast and slow myosin in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle, and the resistance training had no effect on the distribution of this protein.

La membrane basale (MB) est une feuille dense de matrice extracellulaire spécialisée qui sépare l'épithélium du tissu sous-adjacent. La pénétration des cellules à travers les barrières des MB, c’est appelée «invasion», est un processus important pour le développement normal des tissus et dans la métastase du cancer. Beaucoup a été compris sur la génétique et la signalisation sur comment les trous sont formés dans le MB pendant de l'invasion ont été compris. Cependant, les forces physiques impliquées sont moins comprises: comment la contractilité de la myosine participe à l'élimination de la MB et comment les différents facteurs de polymérisation de l’actine et les protéines de réticulation contribuent au processus invasif. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons étudié un événement d'invasion dans un processus de développement, l’invasion de la cellule anchre (AC) chez Caenorhabditis elegans. La rupture de la MB par l’AC est connue pour dépendre d'une protrusion riche en actine et de l'activité des métalloprotéases (MMP), similaire à l'invasion de cellules cancéreuses. Inactivation génique par RNAi de différents activateurs et nucléateurs de la polymérisation d'actine, et l'expression spécifiquement dans l'AC d'une forme négative dominante d'un activateur du complexe Arp2/3 a montré que l'invasion de l’AC dépendes fortement des filaments ramifiés formés via l'activation WASP / WSP-1 du complexe Arp2/3. La microscopie à haute résolution a indiqué que la protrusion invasive de l’AC était densément assemblée, en accord avec l'idée que la protrusion invasive était fortement ramifiée. Nous avons également montré qu'un autre activateur du complexe Arp2/3, WAVE / WVE-1, pouvait permettre une invasion lorsque WASP / WSP-1 était absent. Les formines semblaient ne pas de jouer un rôle majeur et les protéines de réticulation d'actine étaient également dispensables pour l’invasion de l’AC. Dans les vers de type normaux, nous avons observé que l'activité de la myosine n'était pas nécessaire pour l'invasion. Cependant, il a été rapporté que les cellules cancéreuses augmentent la contractilité de la myosine pour envahir en l'absence de protéases, nous avons donc utilisé un ver sans les cinq principales MMPs du génome du ver pour tester le rôle de la myosine dans ce contexte. L'invasion de l’AC a eu lieu dans en l’absence des MMPs, mais avec un retard. L’inactivation génique par RNAi de différents composants lies à l’activité de la myosine n'a pas amélioré le défaut d'invasion. En plus, la visualisation du cytosquelette d'actine dans les vers sans MMPs a révélé que l'actine était concentrée dans la protrusion de l’AC et à peine détectable dans le cortex, ce qui rendait improbable que la contraction de la myosine du cortex aiderait la compression cellulaire à travers de la MB comme il a été reporté dans les cellules cancéreuses en l'absence de protéases. Tous ces résultats ensemble, ont montré que la cellule invasive a adapté sa polymérisation de filaments d'actine ramifiée pour maintenir l'invasion dans différents contextes biochimiques et environnementaux. Cette plasticité est un point crucial qui doit être mieux compris pour développer de futurs traitements visant l'invasion de cellules cancéreuses. / Basement membrane (BM) is a dense sheet of specialized extracellular matrix that separates epithelia from underlying tissue. The penetration of cells through BM barriers, called “invasion”, is an important process during normal tissue development and in cancer metastasis. Much has been understood concerning the genetics and signaling of how holes are formed in the BM during invasion. However less is clear about the physical forces involved: how myosin contractility participates in BM removal and how different actin polymerization factors and crosslinkers contribute to the invasive process. To address these questions, we studied an invasion event in a developmental process, anchor cell (AC) invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans. AC breaching of the BM is known to depend on an actin-rich protrusion and the activity of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), similar to cancer cell invasion. RNAi knockdown of different actin polymerization activators and nucleators, and expression of a dominant negative form of an Arp2/3 complex activator specifically in the AC showed that AC invasion depended strongly on branched filaments formed via WASP/WSP-1 activation of the Arp2/3 complex. Super-resolution microscopy indicated that the AC invasive protrusion was densely packed with filaments, in keeping with the idea that the invasive protrusion was highly branched. We further showed that another Arp2/3 complex activator, WAVE/WVE-1, could enable invasion when WASP/WSP-1 was absent. Formins appeared not to play a major role and actin cross-linking proteins were likewise dispensable for AC invasion. In wild type worms, we observed that myosin activity was not needed for invasion. However it has been reported that cancer cells upregulate myosin contractility to invade in the absence of proteases, so we used a worm deleted for the five main MMPs of the worm genome to test the role of myosin in this context. AC invasion took place in MMP- worms, but with a time delay. RNAi knockdown of different components of the myosin machinery gave no enhancement of the invasion defect. In addition visualization of the actin cytoskeleton in MMP- worms revealed that actin was concentrated in the AC protrusion and barely detectable in the cortex, making it unlikely that myosin contraction of the cortex was helping the cell squeeze through the BM as reported in cancer cells in the absence of proteases. All together these results showed that the invasive cell adapted its branched actin filament polymerization to maintain invasion in different biochemical and environmental contexts. This plasticity is a crucial point that needs to be better understood in order to develop future treatments targeting cancer cell invasion.

Les cellules épithéliales changent en forme et en nombre au cours de divers processus morphogénétiques pendant le développement. La dynamique du réseau d’acto-myosine en interaction directe avec les jonctions adhérentes (JA) est à la base de ces mouvements cellulaires. Cependant, les mécanismes qui régulent cette dynamique cellulaire et moléculaire dans l’espace et le temps sont peu étudiés. Durant les stades précoces de l’ovogenèse chez la drosophile, le follicule ovarien est une sphère composée d'un cyste germinal recouvert d'un épithélium folliculaire monocouche d'origine somatique. Aux pôles de cette structure, un groupe de cellules, les Cellules Polaires (CP), sont produites en excès (3-6 cellules) au début de l'ovogenèse, et ensuite subissent une mort cellulaire programmée apoptotique entre les stades 2 et 4 de l’ovogenèse. De cette façon, à partir du stade 5 tous les pôles contiendront 2CP. Les CP sont l’unique source de sécrétion du ligand de la voie de signalisation JAK/STAT, Unpaired. Notre équipe a démontré que l’activation autonome et non-autonome cellulaire de la voie JAK/STAT est nécessaire pour l'apoptose développementale des CP. Grâce à l’utilisation de l’imagerie confocale en temps réel ainsi que sur des tissus fixés, j’ai établi une séquence d’évènements stéréotypés qui a lieu pendant l’élimination des CP surnuméraires. Trois phases ont été identifiées dans cette séquence: 1) une phase lente de remodelage cellulaire dépendante de la voie de signalisation JAK/STAT au cours de laquelle chaque CP à être éliminée est totalement enveloppée par les CP voisines (plus de 7h) ; 2) une phase d’activation de la cascade canonique de l’apoptose, commençant lorsque la PC est entièrement enveloppée, suivie d’un détachement puis d’une extrusion latérale des corps apoptotiques (1h) ; et 3) une phase de phagocytose des corps apoptotiques par les Cellules Folliculaires (CF) voisines (plus de 5h). Ensuite, en utilisant une approche gènes candidats, j’ai effectué des perturbations génétiques de la Myosine, de la Cadhérine et de différents régulateurs de l’Actine dans les CF et/ou dans les CP, ainsi que des analyses de la dynamique de certaines de ces molécules. Ces expériences m’ont permis de déterminer que la fonction de ces molécules est nécessaire dans les CF pour le processus d’élimination des CP surnuméraires. Finalement un lien entre la signalisation JAK/STAT et la dynamique de la Myosine a été mis en évidence. / Epithelial cells change in shape and number over the various morphogenetic processes occurring during development. The dynamics of the acto-myosin network in direct interaction with adherens junctions is the basis of these cell movements. However, the mechanisms regulating these cellular and molecular dynamics in space and time have not been much studied. During the early stages of oogenesis in Drosophila, the ovarian follicle is a sphere composed of a germline cyst surrounded by a mono-layered follicular epithelium of somatic origin. At the poles of this structure, a group of cells, the Polar Cells (PCs), which are produced in excess (3-6 cells) during early oogoenesis, undergo apoptotic programmed cell death between stages 2-4 of oogenesis, thus that as of stage 5 all poles contain exactly 2 PCs. PCs are the only source of the secreted ligand of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, Unpaired. Our group has demonstrated that cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is necessary for this developmental apoptosis. Through the use of confocal imaging in real time and on fixed tissues, I established a stereotyped sequence of events that occurs during the elimination of supernumerary PCs. Three phases were identified in this sequence: 1) a slow phase of cellular remodeling dependent on JAK/STAT signaling in which the PC to be eliminated is completely enveloped by its PC neighbors (more than 7 hours); 2) activation of the canonical apoptosis cascade, occurring when the PC is fully enveloped, followed by cell detachment and lateral extrusion of apoptotic corpses (1h); and 3) phagocytosis of apoptotic corpses by the surrounding Follicular Cells (FCs) (over 5 hours). Then, using a candidate gene approach, I conducted genetic perturbation of Myosin, Cadherin and actin regulators in the FCs and/or PCs, and the analysis of the dynamics of some of these molecules. These experiences allowed me to determine that the function of these molecules is required in FCs for the process of elimination of supernumerary PCs. Finally, evidence obtained suggests a link between JAK/STAT signaling and Myosin dynamics.

L’interaction d’assemblées de moteurs et de filaments du cytosquelette donne naissance à des comportements actifs qui demeurent peu compris, malgré la large caractérisation de leurs molécules individuellement. En contrôlant la géométrie de polymérisation de l’actine via des micropatrons surfaciques de nucléation, nous avons observé in vitro l’émergence de battements de faisceaux de filaments parallèles d’actine en présence de myosines en solution (myosine V ou HMM II (Heavy MeroMyosine II)). La forme du battement est similaire pour les deux types de moteurs, mais avec des oscillations un ordre de grandeur plus rapides avec la myosine II qu’avec la myosine V. Dans les deux cas, une onde de déformation transverse se propage à vitesse uniforme de la base à la pointe du faisceau d’actine. Avec la polymérisation, les faisceaux d’actine s’allongent à vitesse constante : la période croît, mais la vitesse de l’onde mécanique reste inchangée. L’utilisation de myosines-GFP a révélé un pic de concentration et un recrutement localisé des myosines au sein du faisceau d’actine, avant qu’une onde de concentration ne se propage vers la pointe de concert avec l’onde mécanique de l’actine. Ces résultats présentent une nouvelle forme de couplage entre l’affinité des myosines à l’actine et la forme du faisceau d’actine. Ce travail de thèse décrit l’émergence de battements actifs imitant ceux des flagelles comme une propriété intrinsèque de l’interaction de filaments polaires et de moteurs moléculaires. Le contrôle de la structure lors du processus d’auto-organisation fournit des informations clés pour étudier les principes physiques génériques du battement flagellaire. / The emergent active behaviors of molecular motors assemblies and cytoskeletal filaments systems remain poorly understood, though individual molecules have been extensively characterized. By controlling the geometry of actin polymerization with surface micropatterns of a nucleation promoting factor, we were able to demonstrate in vitro the emergence of flagellar-like beating of bundles of parallel actin filaments in the presence of myosin motors. We worked with both myosin V and heavy-meromyosin II. The waveform of oscillation was similar for the two types of motors, but oscillations with myosin II were one order of magnitude faster than with myosin Va. In both cases, a bending wave traveled at a uniform speed from the anchored base of the actin bundle towards the tip. As polymerization occurred, the actin bundle elongated at a constant speed, resulting in an increase of the oscillation period, but the speed of the traveling bending wave remains constant. GFP-tagged myosin V revealed the presence of a myosin concentration peak within the actin bundle. Strikingly, myosin V motors were locally recruited within the actin bundle, before a concentration wave propagated towards the bundle’s tip in concert with the actin bending wave. These results revealed a novel form of coupling between the myosin affinity for actin and the actin bundle shape. Our work demonstrates that active flagellar-like beating emerges as an intrinsic property of polar bundles of filaments in interaction with molecular motors. Structural control over the self-assembly process provides key information to clarify the underlying physical principles of flagellar-like beating.

Before major athletic events, a taper is often prescribed to facilitate recovery and enhance performance. However, it is unknown which taper model is most effective for peaking maximal strength and positively augmenting skeletal muscle. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare performance outcomes and skeletal muscle adaptations following a step vs. an exponential taper in strength athletes. Sixteen powerlifters (24.0 ± 4.0 years, 174.4 ± 8.2 cm, 89.8 ± 21.4 kg) participated in a 6-week training program aimed at peaking maximal strength on back squat [initial 1-repetition-maximum (1RM): 174.7 ± 33.4 kg], bench press (118.5 ± 29.9 kg), and deadlift (189.9 ± 41.2 kg). Powerlifters were matched based on relative maximal strength, and randomly assigned to either (a) 1-week overreach and 1-week step taper or (b) 1-week overreach and 3-week exponential taper. Athletes were tested pre- and post-training on measures of body composition, jumping performance, isometric squat, and 1RM. Whole muscle size was assessed at the proximal, middle, and distal vastus lateralis using ultrasonography and microbiopsies at the middle vastus lateralis site. Muscle samples ( = 15) were analyzed for fiber size, fiber type [myosin-heavy chain (MHC)-I, -IIA, -IIX, hybrid-I/IIA] using whole muscle immunohistochemistry and single fiber dot blots, gene expression, and microRNA abundance. There were significant main time effects for 1RM squat ( < 0.001), bench press ( < 0.001), and deadlift, ( = 0.024), powerlifting total ( < 0.001), Wilks Score ( < 0.001), squat jump peak-power scaled to body mass ( = 0.001), body mass ( = 0.005), fat mass ( = 0.002), and fat mass index ( = 0.002). There were significant main time effects for medial whole muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) ( = 0.006) and averaged sites ( < 0.001). There was also a significant interaction for MHC-IIA fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) ( = 0.014) with comparisons revealing increases following the step-taper only ( = 0.002). There were significant main time effects for single-fiber MHC-I% ( = 0.015) and MHC-IIA% ( = 0.033), as well as for MyoD ( = 0.002), MyoG ( = 0.037), and miR-499a ( = 0.033). Overall, increases in whole mCSA, fCSA, MHC-IIA fCSA, and MHC transitions appeared to favor the step taper group. An overreach followed by a step taper appears to produce a myocellular environment that enhances skeletal muscle adaptations, whereas an exponential taper may favor neuromuscular performance.

Environmental factors such as diet contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epidemiological evidence suggests a robust linkage between IBD and the Western diet, which is often characterized by a high intake of food additives. These additives, including synthetic colourants, are widely used, leading to significant human exposure. Allura Red AC (AR) is one of the most popular synthetic colourants, yet little is known about its impact on human health and the role of AR in the pathogenesis of colitis remains elusive. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), which regulates various gut physiological processes, has been shown to modulate the gut microbiota and enhance susceptibility to colitis. In this thesis, it was discovered that chronic exposure to AR, at a dose found in commonly consumed dietary products, exacerbated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and triggered early onset of disease in the CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell-induced colitis model. AR also induced low grade colonic inflammation in naïve C57BL/6 mice. Exposure to AR was associated with increased colonic 5-HT levels and impaired intestinal barrier function via activation of the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway. However, AR did not promote colitis in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for colonic 5-HT synthesis. Further, AR increased colonic 5-HT levels in germ-free (GF) mice and perturbed the gut microbiota composition in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Transfer of this altered microbiota from the dye-exposed SPF mice to GF mice conferred enhanced susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, AR induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and promoted 5-HT secretion via the NF-κB pathway in BON cells. Data in this thesis indicate that the widely used synthetic colourant, AR, promotes colitis via colonic 5-HT in microbiota-dependent and -independent pathways. Collectively, these findings provide important information on enhancing public awareness of its detrimental effects on human health. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a potential link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and diet. The Western diet, often characterized by a high intake of processed foods, is associated with the growing incidence of IBD. Allura Red AC (AR) is a popular artificial food dye found in highly common processed foods, yet little is known about its impact on human health and disease. Serotonin, a key molecule in the gut, has been implicated in large bowel inflammation. Herein, the potential role of AR in the development of colitis was examined. Across multiple models, AR exposure heightened vulnerability to colitis in mice, an effect attenuated by reduced serotonin production in the gut. The effect of AR in enhancing colitis vulnerability occurred via gut microbiota-dependent and -independent pathways. These studies have identified how AR promotes colitis, findings that may advance public health awareness and impact the health of patients with IBD.

No description available.