The Diploma Thesis deals with the banking crisis and aims to account for different approaches to the understanding of the nature of banking crisis. The Thesis further aims to provide answers why the banking crisis are caused and why so far there are no measures that would effectivelly prevent such crisis. At first, the Thesis states the definition of banking with the emphasis on banks as the institutional backbone of the current functioning of the financial system. The Thesis pays specific attention to the characteristics of two basic legal banking instruments, particulary loans and deposits. While acknowledging the loan expansion, the thesis argues the role of regulatory authorities and the limits of their competences in regards to the prevention of crisis. Followingly, the Thesis offers a view on a banking crisis phenomenon with appropriate historical overview outlining the banking crisis in Czechoslovakia in years 1918 to 1939 and after 1989, the loan expension influence on the business cycles and approaches to banking crisis solving in respect to stabilization of the banking system and restructuring of banks. At last but not least, the Thesis sums up the global financial crisis that started as a banking crisis, respectively as a crisis of one segment of the banking market in the United States...

A B S T R A C T This thesis analyzes the impact of the economic crisis in 1929-1934 on the Jablonec glass making with main attention to the district Železný Brod. One of the main causes of decline of the Czechoslovak glass industry in the first half of the 30s of 20th century was formed by pro-export focus. The region of Železný Brod and Jablonec nad Nisou had represented sites with major export, production and refining of glass that were for this reason by the economic crisis strongly affected. Deteriorating economic conditions at the beginning of 30s have resulted in intensified state intervention in industry, including the glass manufacturing as one of the most affected industrial areas. Because mostly cartels had regulatory function in the industry, a number of agreements among the glass producers in Jablonec nad Nisou and Železný Brod area were concluded. This thesis considers with different types of production and refining of the glass in order to offer the complete overview over the glass production in districts Jalonec nad Nisou and Železný Brod. The second part puts also emphasis on the social status of domestic craftsmen considering their relations with employers, which determined in times of economic crisis the legislation enacted after establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, in the 20s and...

Erkrankungen des Herz-Kreislaufsystems sind trotz erheblicher Fortschritte in Diagnostik und Therapie noch immer die häufigste Todesursache in Deutschland. Neben bekannte Risikofaktoren wie Hypercholesterinämie, Hyperlipoproteinämie, Diabetes mellitus, Adipositas, Bewegungsmangel, Stress und hohem Alter wird eine pathophysiologisch erhöhte Bildung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) als Ursache für deren Entstehung diskutiert. NAD(P)H-Oxidasen, von denen 7 Isoformen der katalytischen Nox-Untereinheiten bekannt sind, stellen dabei die Hauptquelle für vaskuläre Superoxidanionen und oxidativen Stress dar. In dieser Arbeit konnte die vorrangige Bedeutung eines intrazellulär lokalisierten Nox4-haltigen NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Komplexes für die konstitutive Radikalbildung in primären humanen Endothelzellen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch chronische Applikation der biomechanischen Kräfte Schubspannung und Dehnung oxidativer Stress in humanen Endothelzellen in vitro vermindert werden kann. Die Herabregulation der Superoxidanionen-Bildung sowie die vermehrte Freisetzung von NO durch chronische Applikation biomechanischer Kräfte trägt zur positiven Balance von NO/Superoxidanionen und zum vasoprotektiven Potential physiologischer Schubspannung bzw. Dehnung bei. Durch Nox4-Promotordeletionsanalysen und Mutationsstudien konnte der Transkriptionsfaktor AP-1 als entscheidend für die schubspannungsabhängige Herabregulation von Nox4 identifiziert werden. Durch Stimulation von Endothelzellen bzw. murinen Gefäßringen mit oxidiertem LDL konnte dagegen die vaskuläre ROS-Bildung in vitro und ex vivo induziert werden. Zur weiteren Aufklärung des Mechanismus der LDL-induzierten ROS-Bildung in vivo und des Einflusses von NAD(P)H-Oxidasen wurden C57BL/6 (Wildtyp)- und Nox2-/--Mäuse 10 Wochen lang mit einer fettreichen Diät (Western diet) gefüttert und anschließend der Einfluss dieser Fütterung auf die NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Expression und ROS-Bildung analysiert. In der Aorta thoracalis beider Mausstämme zeigte sich durch das fettreiche Futter ein signifikanter Anstieg der NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Aktivität im Vergleich zum Standardfutter. Durch Western diet-Fütterung wurde die Nox4-mRNA-Expression in der A. thoracalis von Nox2-/--Mäuse und die p22phox-mRNA-Expression in beiden Mausstämmen induziert. Die Analyse weiterer Organe (Herz, Niere) zeigte keine Induktion von NAD(P)H-Oxidase-Untereinheiten durch Western diet-Fütterung. Zusammenfassend sprechen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit für eine entscheidende Rolle der Nox4-haltigen NAD(P)H-Oxidase bei der vaskulären Radikalbildung in vitro und in vivo. / Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death in Germany. Beside the known risk factors hypercholesteremia, hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress and high age, a pathophysiologically increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are discussed as cause of development of cardiovascular diseases. Nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complexes have been identified as main source of oxidative stress and vascular superoxide anions. There are 7 known isoforms of the catalytic Nox subunit of the NADPH oxidase. In this dissertation it was shown that NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4 is the major Nox isoform in human endothelial cells. Nox4 could be localized in the perinuclear space. Overexpression of Nox4 enhanced endothelial superoxide anion formation. Furthermore, a reduction of oxidative stress could be demonstrated by chronic application of the biomechanical forces laminar shear stress and cyclic strain in endothelial cells in vitro. The observed downregulation of superoxide anion formation and upregulation of NO formation by application of biomechanical forces contribute to the positive balance between NO and superoxide anion and the vasoprotective potential of physiological shear stress and cyclic strain. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the human Nox4 promoter revealed that an AP-1 binding site is essential for downregulation of Nox4 by laminar shear stress. On the other hand stimulation of endothelial cells and murine vessels with oxidized lipids caused an upregulation of vascular ROS production in vitro and ex vivo. In order to examine the mechanism of LDL induced ROS formation and the influence of NADPH oxidase, C57BL/6 (wild-type) and Nox2-/- mice were feed with a diet high in fat and sugar (Western-type diet) for 10 weeks. After feeding, the influence of diet on the expression of NADPH oxidase and ROS production was analyzed in the A. thoracalis. Both mice strains showed a significant upregulation of aortic ROS production in comparison to normal chow. The mRNA expression of aortic Nox4 was induced in Nox2-/- mice. Furthermore, the aortic p22phox mRNA expression was upregulated in both mice strains. The analysis of other organs (heart, kidney) showed no influence of the Western-type diet. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a major role of a Nox4 containing NADPH oxidase in the vascular radical formation in vitro and in vivo.

Les NADPH oxydases, Nox, sont les principaux médiateurs de la production des espèces réactives de l'oxygène, les ROS. Ces dérivés jouent un rôle essentiel dans les cellules et les tissus en tant qu'outil bactéricide, messager de signalisation ainsi que dans l'équilibre redox. Ils sont impliqués dans les pathologies inflammatoires, et les maladies du vieillissement. Le complexe de la NADPH oxydase des phagocytes est le prototype le mieux caractérisé ; gp91-phox sous-unité b du cytochrome b558 est la flavodéshydrogénase en charge du transfert d'électron depuis NADPH jusqu'à l'oxygène qui est réduit en anion O2.-. Les gènes codant des isoformes de gp91-phox (nox 1-5) ont été identifiés récemment dans les cellules non phagocytaires suggérant l'existence d'une famille de NADPH oxydases au caractère ubiquitaire. <br /><br />Nous cherchons à analyser le rôle des radicaux oxydants dans la dégénérescence cartilagineuse de l'arthrose et la nature de l'oxydase à l'origine de la production de ces dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène.<br /><br />Des chondrocytes humains immortalisés, lignée C20-A4, expriment Nox2 (gp91-phox) et ses partenaires principalement p22-phox et p67-phox, mais également l'oxydase Nox 4. Pour déterminer quelle est l'oxydase impliquée dans la synthèse de collagènases, Nox2 et Nox4 ont été surexprimées dans les chondrocytes C20-A4. Les cellules sont soumises à un stress cytokinique, Il1b. Puis la présence de la collagènase MMP-1 est évaluée par test ELISA dans le milieu de culture. <br /><br />Les résultats montrent que Nox 2 (la NAD(P)H oxydase des phagocytes) n'est pas impliqué dans la génération des ROS. Par contre, la synthèse des radicaux oxydants à partir de O2.- est significativement augmentée après la surexpression du gène codant Nox 4 dans les chondrocytes incubés en présence d'interleukine Il1b. On observe également dans ces conditions, une augmentation (x4) de la production de la collagènase, MMP-1 ce qui conduit à penser que les réactions de protéolyse matricielle engendrées dans l'arthrose pourraient être médiées par la NAD(P)H oxydase, Nox 4, en présence d'un stress cytokinique.<br /><br />La NAD(P)H oxydase, Nox 4, est proposée comme l'un des acteurs à l'origine de la dégénérescence cartilagineuse dans l'arthrose et pourrait être considérée comme une cible thérapeutique à atteindre.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on April 29, 2010). Vita. Thesis advisor: Grace Y. Sun. "May 2008" Includes bibliographical references.

Risk analysis is a very important keystone for preparation of the rescue system during a disastrous situation. It defines risks which are needed for the rescue system in given timeline. It also provides basic data regarding necessary preparation of rescue forces and resources within the defined area. Of course it is not the most perfect instrument for crisis set-up as it cannot, on the whole, express the risks and threats while talking about recent phenomenon such as terrorism etc. In these cases risk analysis can only come out from scenarios and geopolitical situations or experiences from previous disasters that the world has already experienced. Risk analysis answers questions such as - what can happen, how it will happen, where this could happen, how many people can be in danger or affected. The result is a model system of an operation during this nonstandard disastrous situation for the whole system which is ready to help the people in danger. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis describes characteristic of the area, where the risk analysis was made for Integrated Rescue System set-up, risks according to specific industrial activities and public health risks. The following chapters are dedicated to specific basic and other elements of the Integrated Rescue System, the basic elements are stated in further details. The most detailed part is the paramedics, because the risk analysis focuses primarily on their activities within the framework of incidents affecting public health. Within this topic the legislative basis is written in detail, in the meaning of Type Activities, levels of alarms, trauma plans, activation of forces and resources of Integrated Rescue System in case of public health affection report and other law-based keystones for the operation of basic elements, laws, regulations, statutory rules, declaratory regulations and other documents, complemented by Crisis Management problems. The operation of Fire Fighter Department, Police of the Czech Republic and other elements of the Integrated Rescue System is also stated up according to the thesis topic including a chapter about a co-operation of all above mentioned elements in a place of mass people endangerment. Health Care Crisis Management chapter closes the theoretical part of the thesis, and it is an integral part of managing disastrous situations in order to maintain the standard care administration even outside the area of disastrous incidents. The trauma plan of Paramedic provider and in-patient or day-care providers is being studied trough in detail right in this chapter. Summarized data within the health care securement in municipalities with extended effectiveness including the surrounded medical facilities can be found in the practical part of this thesis. According to data collection the summary of the most critical events the Paramedics had to deal with in Kralupy nad Vltavou selected municipalities with extended effectiveness in the last fifteen years. Ten years ago the methodical Integrated Rescue System training with focus on operational cooperation was carried out as a terroristic attack in Kralupy nad Vltavou. The results of this training came out as comments with actual risks and threats in the chapter called "Results". The core of the practical part is Medical Risk Analysis according to FMEA risk analysis compared with risk analysis from municipality with extended effectiveness listed in the Emergency plan of Central Bohemia Region. Based on the research forces and resources of basic integrated rescue system components are mentioned, which were the first to be sent to solve a disastrous situation including medical equipment. In conclusion of the practical part risk modelling with situation review is mentioned.

The final thesis deals with an application of project within history lessons at secondary grammar schools of the Administrative Region of Ústí nad Labem .The thesis summarizes the basic theoretical findings on a projects realisation together with findings gathered by the empirical research at secondary grammar schools of Administrative Region of Ústí nad Labem. The research focused on recognising a present status of incorporating and using projects in the history lessons, and on the experience of pupils and teachers with this specific teaching strategy. On the grounds of connecting these findings, the thesis provides the reflection of possible using of projects in the course of history lessons (not only as a supplement of ordinary lessons). The thesis recognises a present status of projects realisation within history lessons, including the favoured topics, a way of realisation, outcomes, and a brief summary of particular projects offered by external organisations. The thesis deals with positives and negatives of projects realisation in accordance with opinions of pupils and teachers of secondary grammar schools of Administrative Region of Ústí nad Labem. The thesis also contains two proposals of history projects that might be used by teachers for creating their own projects.

The aim of the diploma is to introduce provide information about financial system of Russia. It includes a description and classification of Russian financial markets, development of the whole system and describe a current financial position during the crisis. Diploma also includes Regulation and Supervision part, which is relatively important due to a present situation in the financial world. In terms of practical part basing on technical and fundamental analyses the author tends to forecast the probable future trend of development of the Russian Trade System RTS. The diploma is made for a wide range of prospective readers, who even might not be interested in Finance.

Es wird die tektonische Entwicklung des östlichsten Teils des Egergrabens vorgelegt, wobei die tektonische Aktivität bis ins Pleistozän nachgewiesen wird. Dabei werden erstmals die Tertiärbecken der Oberlausitz als östlichste Fortsetzung des Egergrabens zusammenfassend detailliert beschrieben und die Kohleflöze mit den Flözen der Niederlausitz, der kleinen Tertiärbecken bis Luban und den Kohleflözen der tschechischen Tertiärbecken des Egergrabens korreliert. / The tectonic development of the easternmost part of the Egergraben is presented, with the tectonic activity being proven up to the Pleistocene. For the first time, the Tertiary Basins of Upper Lusatia, as the easternmost continuation of the Eger Graben, are described in detail and the coal seams are correlated with the seams of Lower Lusatia, the small tertiary basins up to Luban and the coal seams of the Czech Tertiary Basins of the Eger Graben.

In this thesis I deal with the analysis of current problems on the market of auditing services in the Czech Republic, with suggestions for their solution. The theoretical part contents analysis of the historical context of the audit, the legal regulation, e. g. International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), Czech Act on Auditors and link to other laws. This part also contents analysis of the market of auditing services focusing on small auditing companies and also description on problems connected with entering the audit profession and consequently the problems related to market regulation, evaluation and quality control of the provided auditing services. Case studies in the practical part reflects the most important problems of small auditing companies. This will be complemented by a questionnaire survey that should reveal the different points of view of the audited company, accountant and auditor on key audit issues.