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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Mecanismo associados à  perda da regulação da nox1 NADPH oxidase pela dissulfeto isomerase proteica em células com ativação sustentada da via ras / Mechanisms associated with loss of regulation of NADPH oxidase nox1 by protein disulfide isomerase in cells with sustained activation of the ras pathway

Tiphany Coralie de Bessa 29 March 2018 (has links)
Dissulfeto isomerase proteica como a PDIA1 tem sido implicada na progressão do câncer, porém os mecanismos envolvidos ainda não foram claramente identificados. Previamente, nós demonstramos um importante efeito da PDIA1 induzindo a superexpressão da Nox1 NADPH oxidase, associada à geração de espécie reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Uma vez que a perda na regulação de ROS envolve o crescimento tumoral, nós propusemos que a PDIA1 atua como um mecanismo regulador proximal na produção de ROS em tumores. No presente estudo, nós focamos no câncer colorretal (CRC) com distintos efeitos na ativação de KRas. Resultados provenientes de bancos de dados de RNAsec e validação direta, indicam um significante aumento na expressão de PDIA1 em CRC com alta ativação constitutiva da Kras (HCT116) vs. ativação intermediária (HKE3) ou basal (Caco2). A PDIA1 sustenta a produção de superóxido dependente da Nox1 em CRC; entretanto, observamos pela primeira vez uma ação dupla da PDIA1 correlacionada ao nível de ativação da Ras: em células Caco2 e HKE3, experimentos de perda de função indicam que o PDIA1 sustenta a produção de superóxido dependente de Nox1; no entanto, em células HCT116, PDIA1 limita a produção de superóxido pela Nox1. Este comportamento da PDIA1 é associado ao aumento da expressão / atividade da Rac1. A transfecção do mutante constitutivamente ativo Rac1G12V em células HKE3 faz com que a PDIA1 se torne restritiva a produção de superóxido dependente de Nox1, paralelamente, em células HCT116 tratadas com inibidor da Rac1, PDIA1 se torna favorável à produção de superóxido. Um screening em importantes vias de sinalização celular em HKE3 mostrou que a perda de função da PDIA1 promove inativação da GSK3? em paralelo à diminuicão da ativacção de Stat3; em HCT116 em estado basal, GSK3beta é inativada enquanto Stat3 está ativa, já o silenciamento da PDIA1 não resulta em nenhum efeito adicional. As implicações funcionais do silenciamento da PDIA1 incluíram uma diminuição da proliferação e migração celular em HKE3, não detectável em HCT116. Além disso, a PDIA1 parece sustentar a transição epitélio-mesenquimal (EMT), uma vez que após o silenciamento da PDIA1, observamos um aumento da expressão da E-caderina em HKE3 e uma diminuição em HCT116. Assim, a superativação da Ras se associa a uma alteração no padrão de regulação da Nox1 pela PDIA1. A supressão do efeito regulador da PDIA1 pela Kras é provavelmente devido a uma ativação sustentada da Rac1. Portanto, PDIA1 pode exercer um papel redox-dependente adaptativo crucial relacionado à progressão tumoral / Protein disulfide isomerases such as PDIA1 have been implicated in cancer progression, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We showed previously important PDIA1 effects enabling vascular Nox1 NADPH oxidase expression and associated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since deregulated ROS production underlies tumor growth, we proposed that PDIA1 acts as an upstream regulatory mechanism of tumor-associated ROS production. We focused on colorectal cancer (CRC) with distinct levels of KRas activation. Our results from RNAseq databanks and direct validation indicate significant increase in PDIA1 expression in CRC with constitutive high (HCT116) vs. moderate (HKE3) or basal (e.g. Caco2) Ras activity. PDIA1 supported Nox1-dependent superoxide production in CRC; however, we observed for the first time a dual effect correlated with Ras level activity: in Caco2 and HKE3 cells, loss-of-function experiments indicate that PDIA1 sustains Nox1-dependent superoxide production; however, in HCT116 cells, PDIA1 restricted Nox1-dependent superoxide production. This PDIA1 behavior in HCT116 is associated with increased Rac1 expression/activity. Transfection of Rac1G12V active mutant into HKE3 cells induced PDIA1 to become restrictive of Nox1-dependent superoxide; accordingly, in HCT116 cells treated with Rac1 inhibitor, PDIA1 became supportive of superoxide production. Screening of cell signaling routes affected by PDIA1 silencing showed induced GSK3beta inactivation and parallel decrease of active Stat3 in HKE3 cells; in baseline HCT116 cells, GSK3beta was inactivated and Stat3 active, whereas PDIA1 silencing had no further effect. Functional implications of PDIA1 silencing included a decrease of cell proliferation and migration in HKE3, not detectable in HCT116 cells. Also, PDIA1 may support epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), since after PDIA1 silencing, E-cadherin expression increased in HKE3 and decreased in HCT116. Thus, Ras overaction associates with a switched in PDIA1 pattern regulation of Nox1. Ras-induced PDIA1 bypass may involve direct Rac1 activation. Therefore, PDIA1 may be a crucial regulator of redox-dependent adaptive processes related to cancer progression
172

Papel da dissulfeto isomerase proteica (PDI) na migração de células musculares lisas vasculares: possível envolvimento de Nox1 NADPH oxidase e RhoGTPases / The role of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in vascular smooth muscle cell migration: possible interaction with Nox1 NADPH oxidase and RhoGTPases

Luciana Pescatore-Alves 03 February 2012 (has links)
A migração de células musculares lisas (VSMC) da camada média do vaso para a íntima é essencial para vasculogênese e contribui para o processo de aterosclerose e estenose após lesão por cateter-balão, caracterizando-se como um importante alvo terapêutico. Diversos trabalhos já demonstraram que fatores de crescimento (como PDGF e FGF) estimulam a migração de VSMC, inclusive, muitos desses fatores de crescimento induzem sinalização redox associadas à geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) (ex. Nox1 NADPH oxidase). Nosso grupo já descreveu interações físicas e regulação funcional da NADPH oxidase por uma chaperona redox do retículo endoplasmático, a Dissulfeto Isomerase Protéica (PDI). Contudo, tanto a relevância fisiológica como os mecanismos desta interação ainda não estão claros. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é investigar por meio de experimentos de perda e ganho de função da PDI, a importância da PDI na migração celular associada à ativação do complexo NADPH oxidase, bem como possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na interação entre a PDI e esse complexo enzimático durante a migração celular. Os objetivos específicos são: i) avaliar o efeito do silenciamento da PDI, bem como da expressão forçada de PDI wild type na migração de VSMC in vitro; ii) analisar o efeito da transfecção de siRNA da PDI atividade e expressão de distintas isoformas da NADPH oxidase vascular e produção de ROS induzida por PDGF; iii) investigar o envolvimento de RhoGTPases na regulação do complexo NADPH oxidase pela PDI. No presente trabalho, mostramos que o PDGF induz redistribuição da PDI e aumento da produção de ROS. O silenciamento da PDI inibe a produção de ROS e a expressão do mRNA da Nox1, sem alterar a expressão do mRNA da Nox4. Mais ainda, o silenciamento da PDI reduz a migração celular induzida por PDGF, em diferentes modelos de migração, enquanto a super-expressão da PDI induz aumento espontâneo da migração na condição basal. Análise utilizando métodos de Biologia de Sistemas de redes de interação física proteína-proteína em bancos de dados e técnicas de análise de centralidade, topologia e ontologia gênica indicou forte convergência entre PDI e proteínas da família das pequenas RhoGTPases e seus reguladores. Em VSMC com silenciamento da PDI, a presença do PDGF induziu uma redução na atividade de Rac1 e RhoA, sem alterar a expressão total destas proteínas. Estudos mostraram que a PDI colocaliza com Rac1 na região perinuclear e co-imunoprecipita com Rac1 e RhoA, tanto na presença como na ausência de PDGF. Além disso, ocorreu a interação entre PDI e o regulador de GTPases RhoGDI (inibidor da dissociação da guanina) na condição basal (por microscopia confocal e co-imunoprecipitação), diminuída após estimulo com PDGF. O silenciamento da PDI induziu ainda alterações em estrutura de citoesqueleto: desorganização das fibras de estresse, e redução no número e tamanho de adesões focais e vesículas de adesão marcadas por RhoGDI e Rac1. Assim, os dados apresentados no presente trabalho sugerem que a PDI sustenta a migração de VSMC dependente de sinalização redox e RhoGTPases. Além disso, RhoGTPases podem ser um alvo proximal importante mediando a convergência entre PDI e o complexo NADPH oxidase / Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) migration into vessel neointima is a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and post-injury restenosis. NADPH oxidase-derived oxidants synergize with growth factors to support VSMC migration. We described interaction between NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum redox chaperone Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) in many cell types. However, physiological implications as well as mechanisms of such association are yet unclear. The aim of the present work was to investigate, througth experiments of gain or loss of PDI function, the importance of PDI in VSMC migration associated to NADPH oxidase. The specific aims were: i) to evaluate effects of PDI silencing or PDI overexpression in VSMC migration in vitro; ii) to evaluate effects of PDI silencing on PDGF-induced NADPH oxidase isoform expression and ROS production; iii) to evaluate the involvement of RhoGTPases on NADPH oxidase regulation by PDI. We show here that PDGF promoted subcellular redistribution of PDI concomitant to ROS production and that siRNA-mediated PDI silencing inhibited such ROS production, while near-totally suppressing the increase in Nox1 expression, with no change in Nox4. Furthermore, PDI silencing inhibited PDGF-induced VSMC migration assessed by distinct methods, while PDI overexpression increased spontaneous basal VSMC migration. To address possible mechanisms of PDI effects, we searched for PDI interactome by PPPI networks, which indicated convergence with small GTPases and their regulator RhoGDI. PDI silencing decreased PDGF-induced Rac1 and RhoA activities, without change in their expression. PDI displayed small detectable points of perinuclear co-localization with Rac1 and co-immunoprecipitated with Rac1 and RhoA in a PDGF-independent way. Moreover, there was PDI association with RhoGDI at baseline (confocal and co-immunoprecipitation), decreased after PDGF. Of note, PDI silencing promoted strong cytoskeletal changes: branched stress fiber disorganization, markedly decreased number of focal adhesions and reduced number of RhoGDI-containing vesicular recycling adhesion structures. Overall, these data suggest that PDI is required to support redox and GTPase-dependent VSMC migration. Moreover, RhoGTPases are a potential upstream target mediating the convergence between PDI and NADPH oxidase
173

Rôle du système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal dans l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux chez les souris transgéniques diabétiques

Liu, Fang 09 1900 (has links)
Plusieurs expériences et études cliniques ont démontré que l’activation du système rénine-angiotensine (RAS) peut induire l’hypertension, un facteur de risque majeur pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales. L’angiotensinogène (Agt) est l’unique substrat du RAS. Cependant, il n’a pas encore été démontré si l’activation du RAS intrarénal peut à elle seule induire des dommages rénaux, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique, et ainsi jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la progression de la néphropathie diabétique. Afin d’explorer le rôle du RAS intrarénal dans les dommages rénaux, un diabète a été induit par l’injection de streptozotocin chez des souris transgéniques (Tg) surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein (RPTC). Les souris Tg diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS (perindopril et losartan), de l’insuline ou une combinaison des deux pour 4 semaines avant d’être euthanasiées. Pour une autre étude, des souris Tg non-diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS, l’hydralazine (vasodilatateur) ou l’apocynine (inhibiteur de la NADPH oxydase) pour une période de 8 semaines avant l’euthanasie. Des souris non-Tg ont été utilisées comme contrôles. Des cellules immortalisées de tubule proximal de rat (IRPTC) transfectées de manière stable avec un plasmide contenant l’Agt ou un plasmide contrôle ont été employées comme modèle in vitro. Nos résultats ont démontré que les souris Tg présentaient une augmentation significative de la pression systolique, l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC et l’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg. Les mêmes changements ont été observés chez les souris Tg diabétiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg diabétiques. L’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS ont permis d’atténuer ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était réduite que par les inhibiteurs du RAS. Chez les IRPTC transfectées avec l’Agt in vitro, les hautes concentrations de glucose augmentent l’apoptose et l’activité de la caspase-3 par rapport aux cellules contrôles et l’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS empêchent ces augmentations. En plus des changements physiologiques, les RPTC des souris Tg présentent aussi une augmentation significative de la production des espèces réactive de l’oxygène (ROS) et de l’activité de la NADPH oxydase, ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression du facteur de croissance transformant-beta 1 (TGF-β1), de l’inhibiteur activateur du plasminogène de type 1 (PAI-1), des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire, du collagène de type IV et de la sousunité p47 de la NADPH oxydase. Le traitement des souris Tg avec l’apocynine et le perindopril a permis d’améliorer tous ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était pas corrigée par l’apocynine. D’autre part, l’hydralazine a prévenu l’hypertension, sans modifier l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC ou l’expression des gènes pro-apoptotiques. Ces résultats montrent bien que l’activation du RAS intrarénal et l’hyperglycémie agissent de concert pour induire l’albuminurie et l’apoptose des RPTC, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique. La génération des ROS via l’activation de la NADPH oxydase induit en partie l’action du RAS intrarénal sur l’apoptose des RPTC, la fibrose tubulo-interstitielle et l’albuminurie chez les souris Tg. D’autre part, une expérience en cours a tenté d’encore mieux délimiter les effets de l’activation du RAS intrarénal, tout en éliminant la néphrotoxicité du STZ. Pour cette étude, les souris Tg surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans leurs RPTC ont été croisées aux souris Ins2Akita, un modèle spontané de diabète de type I, afin de générer des souris Akita-rAgt-Tg. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que le RAS intrarénal est activé dans les souris Akita et que la combinaison avec l’hyperglycémie induit du stress du réticulum endoplasmique (ER) dans les RPTC in vivo. Le stress du ER contribue à l’apoptose des RPTC observée dans le diabète, à tout le moins dans le modèle Akita. Le traitement avec des inhibiteurs du RAS permet d’atténuer certains des dommanges rénaux observés dans les souris Akita-rAgt-Tg. / Experimental and clinical studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system (RAS)activation may lead to hypertension, a major cardiovascular and renal risk factor. Angiotensinogen (Agt) is the sole substrate of the RAS. However, it is unclear whether intrarenal RAS activation alone could induce kidney injury independently of systemic hypertension and play an important role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). To explore the role of intrarenal RAS in kidney injury, transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing rat Agt in their renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers (perindopril and losartan), insulin or a combination of both and then euthanized after 4 weeks of treatment. In a separate study, non-diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers or hydralazine (a vasodilator) or apocynin (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) and then euthanized after 8 weeks of treatment. Non-Tg littermates served as controls in both studies. Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells (IRPTCs) stably transfected with Agt cDNA or control plasmid were used in the experiments as an in vitro model. Our results showed that non-diabetic Tg mice displayed a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression. Diabetic Tg mice had a further increase of albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression, though the SBP of the diabetic Tg mice was similar to that of non-diabetic Tg mice. RAS blockers and/or insulin treatments markedly attenuated these changes, except that insulin had no impact on hypertension. In vitro, high-glucose melieu significantly increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in Agt stable transfectants compared to control cells, and these changes were attenuated by insulin and/or RAS blockers. Furthermore, non-diabetic Tg mice showed significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase activity, as well as enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), extracellular matrix proteins, collagen type IV, and NADPH oxidase subunit p47 in their RPTC. Treatment with apocynin and perindopril ameliorated these changes, but apocynin had no effect on SBP. In contrast, hydralazine prevented hypertension but not albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, or proapoptotic gene expression. These data indicate that intrarenal RAS activation and hyperglycemia act in concert to induce albuminuria and RPTC apoptosis independent of systemic hypertension. ROS generation via NADPH oxidase activation mediates, at least in part, intrarenal RAS action on RPTC apoptosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and albuminuria in Tg mice. On the other hand, in an on-going experiment, to avoid the nephro-toxic effects of STZ and further delineate the effects of intrarenal RAS activation, Tg mice overexpressing rat Agt in their RPTCs were crossbred with Ins2Akita mice, a spontaneous type I diabetes model, to generate Akita-rAgt-Tg mice. Preliminary data indicated that hyperglycaemia and intrarenal RAS activation induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in RPTC in vivo, and the ER stress pathway contributed to RPTC apoptosis in diabetes, at least in the Akita model. RAS blockade was effective in attenuating some parameters of renal injury in AkitarAgt-Tg mice.
174

Role of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral airway responses

Fink, Karin 01 1900 (has links)
Les voies respiratoires sont exposées à une panoplie de pathogènes. Lors d’une infection virale respiratoire les cellules qui recouvrent ces voies participent activement à la défense immunitaire contre ces derniers en limitant la propagation du virus et en engendrant une réponse proinflammatoire. Un évènement clef dans ces processus est l’activation des facteurs de transcription, notamment le « Nuclear Factor » (NF)-κB et l’« Interferon Regulatory Factor -3 » (IRF-3), qui régulent l’expression des cytokines antivirales et proinflammatoires. Des données récentes démontrent que les dérivés actifs de l’oxygène (ROS), produits suite à une infection virale, ont la capacité de réguler les voies de signalisation enclenchées par NF-κB et IRF-3. Une source importante de ROS est la famille de NADPH oxydases (NOX), qui contient les membres NOX1-5 et DUOX1 et 2. L’objectif de notre étude était d’identifier la NOX qui régule les mécanismes antiviraux et proinflammatoires suite à l’infection avec le virus respiratoire syncytial (RSV), qui cause des complications respiratoires majeures, et le virus Sendai (SeV), un modèle viral non-pathogène. Nos travaux ont permis d’identifier que NOX2 est une molécule clef dans la réponse proinflammatoire suite à l’infection virale. Plus spécifiquement, NOX2 est important pour l’activation de NF-κB et la sécrétion des cytokines régulées par ce dernier. De plus, nous avons observé une forte augmentation de la présence de DUOX2 dans les cellules de voies respiratoires humaines infectées par SeV. Une étude plus approfondie nous a permis de caractériser qu’une synergie entre deux cytokines secrétées lors de l’infection, soit l’interféron (IFN)β et le TNFα est responsable de l’induction de DUOX2. Nous avons aussi découvert que DUOX2 confère une activité antivirale et est nécessaire pour maintenir les taux des cytokines antivirales tardives IFNβ et IFNλ. Lors d’une infection avec RSV, l’induction de DUOX2 n’est pas détectable. Nous avons mis en évidence que RSV interfère avec l’expression de DUOX2 ce qui pourrait suggérer sa pathogénicité. En conclusion, nos travaux démontrent pour la première fois une implication spécifique des NADPH oxydase NOX2 et DUOX suite aux infections virales respiratoires. / The mucosal linings of the airways are constantly exposed to an array of microbial pathogens. During the course of respiratory viral infection, Airway epithelial cells (AEC) actively participate in the innate antiviral immune response by limiting the spread of respiratory viruses and by fostering a proinflammatory environment that attracts and activates players of the immune system. A key step in the establishment of the antiviral and proinflammatory state is the activation of Transcription Factors (TFs), such as Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3), which regulate the expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines. For the efficient functioning of these events, the signaling pathways involved underlie strict regulatory mechanisms. Recent data suggest that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are produced upon viral infection, are able to regulate these intracellular signaling pathways. One important source of ROS is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, which is composed of NOX1-5 and Dual Oxidase (DUOX) 1 and DUOX2. The aim of our study was to identify the NADPH oxidase(s) that regulate(s) antiviral and proinflammatory mechanisms following infection of AEC with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes major human lower respiratory tract complications, and Sendai virus (SeV), a non pathogenic virus. During the course of our studies we identified that NOX2 is a key molecule in the early proinflammatory response to RSV and SeV infection. We demonstrate that NOX2 is necessary for the activation of NF-κB. Consequently, NOX2 impacts on the proinflammatory cytokine secretion upon AEC infection. Further, we observed that expression of the ROS-generating NADPH oxidase DUOX2 is strongly increased following infection of AEC with SeV. We identified that DUOX2 induction requires the synergistic stimulation by IFNβ and TNFα. Importantly, DUOX2 exhibited ROS-dependent antiviral action. We identified that DUOX2 was necessary for sustaining the levels of late antiviral cytokines IFNβ and IFNλ. When AEC were infected with RSV, DUOX2 expression was barely detectable. Our data reveal that RSV has developed an evasion mechanism to counteract DUOX2 induction likely contributing to RSV pathogenicity. In conclusion, our work demonstrates for the first time the specific implication of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral and proinflammatory response to respiratory virus infection.
175

Angiopoietin like-2: a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein that contributes to endothelial dysfunction

Yu, Carol 08 1900 (has links)
Le vieillissement vasculaire est caractérisé par une dysfonction de l’endothélium. De nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l’obésité et l’hypertension prédisposent l’endothélium à un stress oxydant élevé aboutissant à une dysfonction endothéliale, celle-ci étant communément accompagnée d’une diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote. Bien que la fonction endothéliale soit un déterminant majeur de la prédiction du risque cardiovasculaire des patients, son évaluation individuelle reste très limitée. En conséquence, il existe un intérêt scientifique grandissant pour la recherche de meilleurs biomarqueurs. L’Angiopoiétine like-2 (angptl2), une protéine identifiée récemment, joue un rôle pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydant dans plusieurs désordres causés par une inflammation chronique allant de l’obésité à l’athérosclérose. L’inflammation et un stress oxydant accru ont été établis comme des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition d’une dysfonction endothéliale, c’est pourquoi ce travail met l’accent sur le rôle de l’angptl2 dans la dysfonction endothéliale. Plus précisément, ce travail vise à: 1) déterminer les effets aigus de l’angptl2 sur la fonction endothéliale, 2) caractériser la fonction endothéliale et la contribution des différents facteurs relaxants dérivés de l'endothélium (EDRF) dans plusieurs lits vasculaires, et ce, dans un modèle de souris réprimant l’expression de l’angptl2 (knock-down, KD), et 3) examiner si l'absence d'expression angptl2 protège contre la dysfonction endothéliale induite par un régime riche en graisses (HFD) ou par perfusion d'angiotensine II (angII) chez la souris. Dans la première étude, l’incubation aigue avec de l’angptl2 recombinante induit une dysfonction endothéliale dans les artères fémorales isolées de souris de type sauvage (WT), probablement en raison d’une production accrue d'espèces réactives oxygénées. Les artères fémorales de souris angptl2 KD présentent une meilleure fonction endothéliale en comparaison aux souris WT, vraisemblablement par une plus grande contribution de la prostacycline dans la vasodilatation. Après 3 mois d’une diète HFD, les principaux EDRF respectifs des artères fémorales et mésentériques sont conservés uniquement dans les souris angptl2 KD. Cette préservation est associée à un meilleur profil métabolique, une moindre accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie et des adipocytes de plus petite taille. De plus, l’expression de gènes inflammatoires dans ces tissus adipeux n’est augmentée que chez les souris WT. Dans la seconde étude, l’absence d’angptl2 résulte en une production accrue de monoxyde d’azote dans les artères cérébrales isolées par rapport à celles des souris WT. La perfusion chronique d’angII provoque, seulement chez les souris WT, une dysfonction endothéliale cérébrale probablement par le biais d’une augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives oxygénées, probablement dérivé des NADPH oxydase 1 et 2, ainsi que l'augmentation des facteurs constricteurs dérivés de l’endothélium issus de la cyclo-oxygénase. En revanche, l’apocynine réduit la dilatation cérébrale chez les souris KD traitées à l’angII, ce qui suggère le recrutement potentiel d’une voie de signalisation compensatoire impliquant les NADPH oxydases et qui aurait un effet vaso-dilatateur. Ces études suggèrent fortement que l’angptl2 peut avoir un impact direct sur la fonction endothéliale par ses propriétés pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydante. Dans une optique d’application à la pratique clinique, les niveaux sanguins d’angptl2 pourraient être un bon indicateur de la fonction endothéliale. / Vascular aging is characterized by changes in the endothelium. Common cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity and hypertension, predispose the endothelium to increased oxidative stress, leading to endothelial dysfunction commonly characterized by diminished nitric oxide bioavailability. Although endothelial function can be a major determinant of cardiovascular risk prediction in patients, individual testing is still limited in clinical settings and thus there is increasing scientific interest in finding better biomarkers. Angiopoietin like-2 (angptl2), a recently identified protein, is a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein involved in chronic inflammatory disorders ranging from obesity to atherosclerosis. As inflammation and increased oxidative stress are established underlying mechanisms by which endothelial dysfunction occurs, this work focuses on the role of angptl2 in endothelial dysfunction, a topic that is largely unexplored. Specifically, this work aims to 1) determine the acute effects of angptl2 on endothelial function, 2) characterize endothelial function and contribution of different endothelium-derived relaxing factors in various vascular beds in a newly generated angptl2 knock-down (KD) mouse model, and 3) examine whether the lack of angptl2 expression protects against endothelial dysfunction induced by either a high-fat diet (HFD) or angiotensin II (angII) infusion in mice. In the first study, we show that a recombinant angptl2 acutely evokes endothelial dysfunction in the femoral artery isolated from wild-type (WT) mice, likely due to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Also in the femoral artery, angptl2 KD mice display better endothelial function compared to WT, which may be a result of greater prostacyclin contribution to vasodilation. After a 3-month HFD, the main respective endothelium-derived relaxing factors in the femoral and mesenteric arteries are preserved in angptl2 KD mice only, which was associated with a better metabolic profile, such as lower total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein and low-density-to-high-density lipoprotein ratios compared to WT mice. After a HFD, KD mice have less triglyceride accumulation in the liver and smaller adipocytes in their mesenteric and epididymal white adipose tissues compared to WT mice, while inflammatory gene expressions in adipose tissues increase in WT mice only. In the second study, we reveal that the lack of angptl2 in KD mice results in greater nitric oxide production compared to WT mice in their isolated cerebral arteries. Chronic infusion of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative angII results in cerebral endothelial dysfunction only in WT mice, which is acutely ameliorated with either N-acetylcysteine, apocynin, or indomethacin, suggesting increased reactive oxygen species, likely derived from the NADPH oxidases 1/2, and increased cyclooxygenase-derived endothelium-derived contracting factors. In contrast, apocynin reduces cerebral dilation in angII-treated KD mice, suggesting recruitment of a potential compensatory dilatory NADPH oxidase pathway. These studies are the first to explore angptl2 contribution to endothelial dysfunction in different vascular beds, and strongly suggest that angptl2 can directly impair endothelial function by its pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties. Translating this to the clinical setting, expression levels of angptl2 may be an indicator of endothelial function, and lowering angptl2 levels could become a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders including cardiovascular diseases.
176

Etude de l'assemblage de la NADPH oxydase du phagocyte / Study of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly

Karimi, Gilda 04 February 2014 (has links)
La NADPH oxydase du phagocyte est une enzyme impliquée dans la défense immunitaire contre les pathogènes. Après activation du phagocyte, cette enzyme produit des ions superoxyde par réduction du dioxygène par le NADPH. Elle est constituée de quatre sous- unités cytosolubles (p47phox ; p67phox ; p40phox et Rac), et deux membranaires (gp91 ; p22phox). Son activation fait intervenir un processus complexe qui met en jeu des changements d’interaction entre les protéines la constituant et qui permet l’assemblage des six sous- unités. Afin d’obtenir des informations sur les processus d’assemblage et d’activation, j’ai reconstitué le complexe dans un système cell free à l’aide de protéines recombinantes pour pouvoir contrôler tous les paramètres. Dans ce travail nous avons comparé les modes d’activation de p47phox par phosphorylation, par mutation substitutionelle sérine - aspartate en position S303,S304 et S328 pour mimer la phosphorylation et enfin par addition d’acide arachidonique (AA) activateur connu de l’enzyme in vitro mais aussi in vivo. Bien qu’il ai été montré que ces trois méthodes ouvrent la protéine vers une conformation ayant des propriétés similaires, nous avons trouvé que les effets de ces méthodes d’activation sont significativement différents. Ainsi, les changement de conformation observés par dichroisme circulaire, sont dissemblables. Pour p47phox, l’addition de AA déstructure la protéine. La phosphorylation induit un déplacement bathochrome des bandes de CD qualitativement similaire, alors que les mutations S-D de p47phox provoquent un déplacement opposé. Pour le complexe p47phox-p67phox l’addition d’AA destructure le mélange tandis que la mutation induit relativement peu de changement. Nous avons mesuré les constantes de dissociation Kd du complexe p47phox-p67phox. Alors que pour les protéines « sauvages », le Kd est faible (4±2 nM), les mutations de p47phox ainsi que l’addition d’AA augmentent cette valeur jusqu’à environ 50 nM, montrant une diminution de l’affinité entre p47phox-p67phox. De même, sur le complexe entier, l’effet de la phosphorylation de p47phox est différent de la mutation. Nous avons mesuré les valeurs de EC50 relatives à p67phox pour les différentes formes de p47phox. L’activation de p47phox par phosphorylation diminue l’EC₅₀, alors que les doubles ou triple mutations augmentent sa valeur. Nous avons confirmé que la phosphorylation et la mutation sont insuffisantes pour activer l’enzyme. La présence de AA est indispensable pour le fonctionnement du complexe. L’ordre de fixation des sous unités cytosoliques semble indifférent mais il faut que tous les composants soient présents lors de l’ajout de AA. Enfin, la délétion de p47phox dans la partie C-terminale (aa 343 à 390, domaine d’interaction avec p67phox) il n’y a plus de formation du dimère mais l’enzyme fonctionne normalement. Ces résultats apportent des éléments nouveaux sur le rôle de la dimérisation p47 phox-p67 phox, non indispensable à l’activité du système et sur le rôle mineur de la phosphorylation dans l’activation de la NADPH oxydase in vitro. / The NADPH oxidase of phagocytes is an enzyme involved in the innate defense of organisms against pathogens. After phagocyte activation, this enzyme produces superoxide ions by reduction of dioxygen by NADPH. It is constituted of four cytosolic sub-units (p47phox ; p67phox ; p40phox et Rac) and two membrane proteins (gp91 ; p22phox). Its activation takes place through a complex process that involves protein-protein interaction changes leading to assembly and functionning of the catalytic core. In order to obtain information on this process, I have reconstituted the enzyme in a cell free systeme using recombinant proteins, to be able to fully control all the measurement conditions. In this work, we have compared different activation modes of p47phox i) phosphorylation; ii) substitution serine - aspartate by mutations at positions S303, S304 and S328 to mimic phosphorylation; iii) addition of arachidonic acid (AA), a well known activator molecule in vitro. It has been shown that these three activating methods transform p47phox to an open configuration with similar characteristics. However, we have found that the effects of these methods are significantly different. Indeed, the conformational changes observed by circular dichroism are different. For p47phox, the addition of AA destructures the protein. Its phosphorylation induces a bathochromic displacement of the bands, whereas the mutations S-D lead to an opposite displacement. For the dimer p47phox-p67phox , the addition of AA destructures the proteins while mutations induce hardly no changes. We have measured the dissociation constant Kd of the complex p47phox-p67phox. For wild type proteins, Kd value is low (4±2 nM), while mutations of p47phox as well as addition of AA increase its value up to 50 nM, showing a decrease of affinity between p47phox and p67phox. Moreover, on the whole complex, the effect of phosphorylation of p47phox is different from mutations. We have shown that the EC50 values relative to p67phox are sensitive to the various modifications of p47phox. Phosphorylation of p47phox decreases EC₅₀, while double or triple mutations increase its value. We have confirmed that phosphorylation and mutation are not sufficient to activate the enzyme. The presence of AA is a prerequisite for the functionning of the complex, i.e. production of superoxide. The binding order of the cytosolic proteins seems random but it is necessary that all the components be present during the activation by AA. Finally, deletion of the C terminal part of p47phox (aa 343 to 390, interaction domain with p67phox) leads to the absence of dimer formation but does not affect the enzyme activity. These results bring new information on the role of dimerisation of p47-p67 and on that of phosphorylation in the activation of NADPH oxidase in vitro.
177

Fonction, expression et localisation cellulaire du récepteur B1 des kinines chez le rat diabétique

Haddad, Youssef 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
178

The role and regulatory mechanisms of nox1 in vascular systems

Yin, Weiwei 28 June 2012 (has links)
As an important endogenous source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) has received tremendous attention in the past few decades. It has been identified to play a key role as the initial "kindle," whose activation is crucial for amplifying ROS production through several propagation mechanisms in the vascular system. As a consequence, Nox1 has been implicated in the initiation and genesis of many cardiovascular diseases and has therefore been the subject of detailed investigations. The literature on experimental studies of the Nox1 system is extensive. Numerous investigations have identified essential features of the Nox1 system in vasculature and characterized key components, possible regulatory signals and/or signaling pathways, potential activation mechanisms, a variety of Nox1 stimuli, and its potential physiological and pathophysiological functions. While these experimental studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the Nox1 system, many open questions remain regarding the overall functionality and dynamic behavior of Nox1 in response to specific stimuli. Such questions include the following. What are the main regulatory and/or activation mechanisms of Nox1 systems in different types of vascular cells? Once Nox1 is activated, how does the system return to its original, unstimulated state, and how will its subunits be recycled? What are the potential disassembly pathways of Nox1? Are these pathways equally important for effectively reutilizing Nox1 subunits? How does Nox1 activity change in response to dynamic signals? Are there generic features or principles within the Nox1 system that permit optimal performance? These types of questions have not been answered by experiments, and they are indeed quite difficult to address with experiments. I demonstrate in this dissertation that one can pose such questions and at least partially answer them with mathematical and computational methods. Two specific cell types, namely endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), are used as "templates" to investigate distinct modes of regulation of Nox1 in different vascular cells. By using a diverse array of modeling methods and computer simulations, this research identifies different types of regulation and their distinct roles in the activation process of Nox1. In the first study, I analyze ECs stimulated by mechanical stimuli, namely shear stresses of different types. The second study uses different analytical and simulation methods to reveal generic features of alternative disassembly mechanisms of Nox1 in VSMCs. This study leads to predictions of the overall dynamic behavior of the Nox1 system in VSMCs as it responds to extracellular stimuli, such as the hormone angiotensin II. The studies and investigations presented here improve our current understanding of the Nox1 system in the vascular system and might help us to develop potential strategies for manipulation and controlling Nox1 activity, which in turn will benefit future experimental and clinical studies.
179

Rôle du système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal dans l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux chez les souris transgéniques diabétiques

Liu, Fang 09 1900 (has links)
Plusieurs expériences et études cliniques ont démontré que l’activation du système rénine-angiotensine (RAS) peut induire l’hypertension, un facteur de risque majeur pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales. L’angiotensinogène (Agt) est l’unique substrat du RAS. Cependant, il n’a pas encore été démontré si l’activation du RAS intrarénal peut à elle seule induire des dommages rénaux, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique, et ainsi jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la progression de la néphropathie diabétique. Afin d’explorer le rôle du RAS intrarénal dans les dommages rénaux, un diabète a été induit par l’injection de streptozotocin chez des souris transgéniques (Tg) surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein (RPTC). Les souris Tg diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS (perindopril et losartan), de l’insuline ou une combinaison des deux pour 4 semaines avant d’être euthanasiées. Pour une autre étude, des souris Tg non-diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS, l’hydralazine (vasodilatateur) ou l’apocynine (inhibiteur de la NADPH oxydase) pour une période de 8 semaines avant l’euthanasie. Des souris non-Tg ont été utilisées comme contrôles. Des cellules immortalisées de tubule proximal de rat (IRPTC) transfectées de manière stable avec un plasmide contenant l’Agt ou un plasmide contrôle ont été employées comme modèle in vitro. Nos résultats ont démontré que les souris Tg présentaient une augmentation significative de la pression systolique, l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC et l’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg. Les mêmes changements ont été observés chez les souris Tg diabétiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg diabétiques. L’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS ont permis d’atténuer ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était réduite que par les inhibiteurs du RAS. Chez les IRPTC transfectées avec l’Agt in vitro, les hautes concentrations de glucose augmentent l’apoptose et l’activité de la caspase-3 par rapport aux cellules contrôles et l’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS empêchent ces augmentations. En plus des changements physiologiques, les RPTC des souris Tg présentent aussi une augmentation significative de la production des espèces réactive de l’oxygène (ROS) et de l’activité de la NADPH oxydase, ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression du facteur de croissance transformant-beta 1 (TGF-β1), de l’inhibiteur activateur du plasminogène de type 1 (PAI-1), des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire, du collagène de type IV et de la sousunité p47 de la NADPH oxydase. Le traitement des souris Tg avec l’apocynine et le perindopril a permis d’améliorer tous ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était pas corrigée par l’apocynine. D’autre part, l’hydralazine a prévenu l’hypertension, sans modifier l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC ou l’expression des gènes pro-apoptotiques. Ces résultats montrent bien que l’activation du RAS intrarénal et l’hyperglycémie agissent de concert pour induire l’albuminurie et l’apoptose des RPTC, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique. La génération des ROS via l’activation de la NADPH oxydase induit en partie l’action du RAS intrarénal sur l’apoptose des RPTC, la fibrose tubulo-interstitielle et l’albuminurie chez les souris Tg. D’autre part, une expérience en cours a tenté d’encore mieux délimiter les effets de l’activation du RAS intrarénal, tout en éliminant la néphrotoxicité du STZ. Pour cette étude, les souris Tg surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans leurs RPTC ont été croisées aux souris Ins2Akita, un modèle spontané de diabète de type I, afin de générer des souris Akita-rAgt-Tg. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que le RAS intrarénal est activé dans les souris Akita et que la combinaison avec l’hyperglycémie induit du stress du réticulum endoplasmique (ER) dans les RPTC in vivo. Le stress du ER contribue à l’apoptose des RPTC observée dans le diabète, à tout le moins dans le modèle Akita. Le traitement avec des inhibiteurs du RAS permet d’atténuer certains des dommanges rénaux observés dans les souris Akita-rAgt-Tg. / Experimental and clinical studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system (RAS)activation may lead to hypertension, a major cardiovascular and renal risk factor. Angiotensinogen (Agt) is the sole substrate of the RAS. However, it is unclear whether intrarenal RAS activation alone could induce kidney injury independently of systemic hypertension and play an important role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). To explore the role of intrarenal RAS in kidney injury, transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing rat Agt in their renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers (perindopril and losartan), insulin or a combination of both and then euthanized after 4 weeks of treatment. In a separate study, non-diabetic Tg mice were treated with RAS blockers or hydralazine (a vasodilator) or apocynin (an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) and then euthanized after 8 weeks of treatment. Non-Tg littermates served as controls in both studies. Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells (IRPTCs) stably transfected with Agt cDNA or control plasmid were used in the experiments as an in vitro model. Our results showed that non-diabetic Tg mice displayed a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression. Diabetic Tg mice had a further increase of albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, and proapoptotic gene expression, though the SBP of the diabetic Tg mice was similar to that of non-diabetic Tg mice. RAS blockers and/or insulin treatments markedly attenuated these changes, except that insulin had no impact on hypertension. In vitro, high-glucose melieu significantly increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in Agt stable transfectants compared to control cells, and these changes were attenuated by insulin and/or RAS blockers. Furthermore, non-diabetic Tg mice showed significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase activity, as well as enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), extracellular matrix proteins, collagen type IV, and NADPH oxidase subunit p47 in their RPTC. Treatment with apocynin and perindopril ameliorated these changes, but apocynin had no effect on SBP. In contrast, hydralazine prevented hypertension but not albuminuria, RPTC apoptosis, or proapoptotic gene expression. These data indicate that intrarenal RAS activation and hyperglycemia act in concert to induce albuminuria and RPTC apoptosis independent of systemic hypertension. ROS generation via NADPH oxidase activation mediates, at least in part, intrarenal RAS action on RPTC apoptosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and albuminuria in Tg mice. On the other hand, in an on-going experiment, to avoid the nephro-toxic effects of STZ and further delineate the effects of intrarenal RAS activation, Tg mice overexpressing rat Agt in their RPTCs were crossbred with Ins2Akita mice, a spontaneous type I diabetes model, to generate Akita-rAgt-Tg mice. Preliminary data indicated that hyperglycaemia and intrarenal RAS activation induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in RPTC in vivo, and the ER stress pathway contributed to RPTC apoptosis in diabetes, at least in the Akita model. RAS blockade was effective in attenuating some parameters of renal injury in AkitarAgt-Tg mice.
180

Role of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral airway responses

Fink, Karin 01 1900 (has links)
Les voies respiratoires sont exposées à une panoplie de pathogènes. Lors d’une infection virale respiratoire les cellules qui recouvrent ces voies participent activement à la défense immunitaire contre ces derniers en limitant la propagation du virus et en engendrant une réponse proinflammatoire. Un évènement clef dans ces processus est l’activation des facteurs de transcription, notamment le « Nuclear Factor » (NF)-κB et l’« Interferon Regulatory Factor -3 » (IRF-3), qui régulent l’expression des cytokines antivirales et proinflammatoires. Des données récentes démontrent que les dérivés actifs de l’oxygène (ROS), produits suite à une infection virale, ont la capacité de réguler les voies de signalisation enclenchées par NF-κB et IRF-3. Une source importante de ROS est la famille de NADPH oxydases (NOX), qui contient les membres NOX1-5 et DUOX1 et 2. L’objectif de notre étude était d’identifier la NOX qui régule les mécanismes antiviraux et proinflammatoires suite à l’infection avec le virus respiratoire syncytial (RSV), qui cause des complications respiratoires majeures, et le virus Sendai (SeV), un modèle viral non-pathogène. Nos travaux ont permis d’identifier que NOX2 est une molécule clef dans la réponse proinflammatoire suite à l’infection virale. Plus spécifiquement, NOX2 est important pour l’activation de NF-κB et la sécrétion des cytokines régulées par ce dernier. De plus, nous avons observé une forte augmentation de la présence de DUOX2 dans les cellules de voies respiratoires humaines infectées par SeV. Une étude plus approfondie nous a permis de caractériser qu’une synergie entre deux cytokines secrétées lors de l’infection, soit l’interféron (IFN)β et le TNFα est responsable de l’induction de DUOX2. Nous avons aussi découvert que DUOX2 confère une activité antivirale et est nécessaire pour maintenir les taux des cytokines antivirales tardives IFNβ et IFNλ. Lors d’une infection avec RSV, l’induction de DUOX2 n’est pas détectable. Nous avons mis en évidence que RSV interfère avec l’expression de DUOX2 ce qui pourrait suggérer sa pathogénicité. En conclusion, nos travaux démontrent pour la première fois une implication spécifique des NADPH oxydase NOX2 et DUOX suite aux infections virales respiratoires. / The mucosal linings of the airways are constantly exposed to an array of microbial pathogens. During the course of respiratory viral infection, Airway epithelial cells (AEC) actively participate in the innate antiviral immune response by limiting the spread of respiratory viruses and by fostering a proinflammatory environment that attracts and activates players of the immune system. A key step in the establishment of the antiviral and proinflammatory state is the activation of Transcription Factors (TFs), such as Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3), which regulate the expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines. For the efficient functioning of these events, the signaling pathways involved underlie strict regulatory mechanisms. Recent data suggest that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are produced upon viral infection, are able to regulate these intracellular signaling pathways. One important source of ROS is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, which is composed of NOX1-5 and Dual Oxidase (DUOX) 1 and DUOX2. The aim of our study was to identify the NADPH oxidase(s) that regulate(s) antiviral and proinflammatory mechanisms following infection of AEC with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes major human lower respiratory tract complications, and Sendai virus (SeV), a non pathogenic virus. During the course of our studies we identified that NOX2 is a key molecule in the early proinflammatory response to RSV and SeV infection. We demonstrate that NOX2 is necessary for the activation of NF-κB. Consequently, NOX2 impacts on the proinflammatory cytokine secretion upon AEC infection. Further, we observed that expression of the ROS-generating NADPH oxidase DUOX2 is strongly increased following infection of AEC with SeV. We identified that DUOX2 induction requires the synergistic stimulation by IFNβ and TNFα. Importantly, DUOX2 exhibited ROS-dependent antiviral action. We identified that DUOX2 was necessary for sustaining the levels of late antiviral cytokines IFNβ and IFNλ. When AEC were infected with RSV, DUOX2 expression was barely detectable. Our data reveal that RSV has developed an evasion mechanism to counteract DUOX2 induction likely contributing to RSV pathogenicity. In conclusion, our work demonstrates for the first time the specific implication of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral and proinflammatory response to respiratory virus infection.

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