Genetiniai ir funkciniai tyrimai parodė, kad oksidacinį stresą sukeliančios reaktyvios deguonies formos (angl. Reactive oxygen species, ROS) užima svarbų vaidmenį uždegiminių žarnų ligų (UŽL) patogenezėje. NADPH oksidazės šeimos fermentai (Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 ir Duox2) - svarbus ROS šaltinis organizme. Šių fermentų gaminamos ROS molekulės veikia kaip antriniai signalų nešikliai, kurie aktyvina bei reguliuoja įvairius biologinius procesus, tokius kaip augimas, ląstelių diferenciacija, apoptozė ar uždegimas. NADPH oksidazės izoformos randamos gaubtinės žarnos ir virškinamojo trakto barjeriniuose audiniuose, turi tiesioginį kontaktą su žarnų simbiotinėmis bei patogeninėmis bakterijomis. Todėl manoma, kad šių fermentų biologinės funkcijos gali būti susijusios su įgimtais apsauginiais, gynybiniais mechanizmais, ląstelės signaliniais keliais bei virškinamojo trakto uždegiminių ligų patogeneze. Darbo tikslas – ištirti epitelio ląstelių NADPH oksidazės reikšmę žarnų uždegimo patogenezei, sergant opiniu kolitu ir DSS sukeltu kolitu. Mūsų darbas atskleidė NADPH oksidazės svarbą žarnų uždegimo patogenezei. Mes pirmieji parodėme, jog NADPH oksidazės fermentų slopinimas pasižymi uždegimą malšinančiu poveikiu pirminėms žmogaus ir pelių žarnų epitelio ląstelėms in vitro. / Genetic and functional studies indicated the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative stress in the development of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NADPH oxidase enzymes (Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2) - are the important source of ROS in the organism. These enzymes - derived ROS act as intracellular second messengers for a variety of cellular receptor signal transduction pathways, and they play pivotal roles in various biological activities, including host defence, cell growth and differentiation, stimulation of pro-inflammatory genes, and cell death. The epithelial NADPH oxidase isoforms are highly expressed in the colon, particularly in the colon epithelial cells. These enzymes come into close contact with normal and pathogenic bacteria and may play an important role in local innate immune, cell signalling pathways and inflammation in the gut. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of NADPH oxidase of colon epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of colon inflammation during ulcerative colitis and DSS-induced colitis. The results of our study revealed the importance of NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of colon inflammation. Moreover, we are the first to show that the treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors has a protective effect against pro-inflammatory action of LPS in human and mice primary colon epithelial cells in vitro.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is a major source of morbidity and mortality, and is highly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we show that acute exposure of mice atrial tissue to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases susceptibility to AF. We further show that acute exposure to TNF-α led to increased spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release and generated triggered activities in isolated mice atrial myocytes. This increase in spontaneous SR calcium activity was found to be due to elevated reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase sources triggered by TNF-α. Hence we concluded that acute exposure to TNF-α leads to elevated oxidative stress that increases spontaneous SR Ca2+ release and triggered activity through which it can lead to AF induction and maintenance

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is a major source of morbidity and mortality, and is highly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we show that acute exposure of mice atrial tissue to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases susceptibility to AF. We further show that acute exposure to TNF-α led to increased spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release and generated triggered activities in isolated mice atrial myocytes. This increase in spontaneous SR calcium activity was found to be due to elevated reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase sources triggered by TNF-α. Hence we concluded that acute exposure to TNF-α leads to elevated oxidative stress that increases spontaneous SR Ca2+ release and triggered activity through which it can lead to AF induction and maintenance

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / "August 2007" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.

In this work, we have analysed the temporal dynamics of gut-dwelling bacteria and Borrelia in the gut of the deer tick Ixodes ricinus. Using quantitative PCR, we have shown that levels of the tick intestinal microflora are profoundly decreased at later stages of feeding on whole blood but not on serum. Even though we noted that host complement system manages to interfere with Borrelia viability in vitro, we did not see any effect of host complement on Borrelia acquisition in adult ticks in vivo. However, we revealed that host hemoglobin is essential for Borrelia proliferation in the tick gut. All together, these data imply that, during feeding, levels of gut-dwelling bacteria and Borrelia are determined by the host. While hemoglobin seems to be detrimental for gut-dwelling bacteria, Borrelia require it in order to proliferate. During off-host stage, we showed that levels of gut-dwelling microflora are regulated by an intestinal transmembrane enzyme Dual oxidase. In conclusion, we aimed, and mostly succeeded, to perform pilot experiments describing the biology of a complex process of regulating gut microflora in the vector Ixodes ricinus and extend it by its impact on Borrelia acquisition

Submitted by VANESSA GONÇALVES WOLF null (nessa.wolf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-13T23:39:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20170708145234dissertacao_final_vanessa_goncalves_wolf_corrigida_jul_8.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T18:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wolf_vg_me_arafcf.pdf: 3123091 bytes, checksum: 0e5f498e0767893a065858a9ae558c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Helicobacter pylori é um dos principais causadores de gastrite crônica e úlcera péptica, e embora o mecanismo envolvido na inflamação gástrica por esta bactéria não esteja completamente elucidado, sabe-se do importante papel das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) produzidas por polimorfonucleares neutrófilos, que são atraídos e ativados pelo agente da infecção, sem que, entretanto, consigam debelar a mesma, mas que contribuem fortemente para a lesão tecidual e o processo inflamatório crônico. Diante disso, tem aumentado a busca de novas estratégias de tratamento que possam levar à redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção, com consequente redução do processo inflamatório. Neste sentido, ácido gálico, juntamente com seus ésteres (galato de metila, propila, hexila e octila), foram utilizados neste estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar suas ações como inibidores da liberação de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, bem como seus efeitos antimicrobianos sobre H. pylori. Para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante dessas substâncias foram realizados ensaios livres de células (efeito supressor sobre o radical DPPH e sobre radicais peroxila), e o efeito anti-EROs foi avaliado utilizando neutrófilos isolados de sangue humano estimulados por H. pylori, Zymosan ou PMA, através de ensaio quimiluminescente dependente de luminol ou lucigenina, ensaio com WST-1, ensaio de inibição da produção de HOCl, e o teste do NBT. Ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. A presença da cadeia lateral carbônica levou a um significativo aumento na capacidade dos ésteres em inibir a produção de EROs por neutrófilos ativados, quando comparados ao ácido precursor, com destaque para os galatos de hexila e octila, que inibiram em quase 100% a produção de radical ânion superóxido, bem como de todas as EROs do burst oxidativo de forma geral. Galatos de octila e hexila também mostraram-se ser as moléculas com maior atividade antimicrobiana sobre H. pylori, com um valor de CIM de 125 e 250g/mL, respectivamente, ao passo que as demais substâncias apresentaram valor de CIM acima de 1000 g/mL. Os resultados obtidos mostram o grande potencial dos ésteres do ácido gálico quanto à suas atividades anti-H. pylori e anti-EROs, e além disso demonstram a importância da presença de uma cadeia carbônica lateral, conferindo maior hidrofobicidade à molécula, para obter-se a máxima atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e a máxima atividade antioxidante em modelo ex vivo. Assim, os ésteres do ácido gálico apresentam-se como moléculas promissoras no tratamento da infecção por Helicobacter pylori, apresentando ação antimicrobiana sobre o mesmo, bem como na redução do estresse oxidativo gerado no sítio da infecção. / Helicobacter pylori is one of major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and although the mechanism involved in gastric inflammation by this bacterium is not fully understood, it is know the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are attracted and activated by infection agent, without, however, to be able to overcome the same, but which contribute strongly to the tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Therefore, it has increased the search for new strategies of treatment that can lead to the reduction of the oxidative stress generated at the infection site, with consequent reduction of the inflammatory process. In this sense, gallic acid, together with its esters (methyl, propyl, hexyl and octyl gallate), were used in this study, with the aim of evaluating their actions as inhibitors of ROS release by activated neutrophils, as well as their antimicrobial effects on H. pylori. Cell-free assays (suppressor effect on the DPPH radical and peroxyl radicals) were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these substances, and the anti-EROs effect was evaluated using neutrophils isolated from human blood, stimulated by H. pylori, Zymosan or PMA, through luminol-dependent or lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescent assay, WST-1 assay, inhibition of HOCl production assay, and the NBT assay. Antimicrobial assay was performed by broth microdilution technique. The presence of the carbonic side chain led to a significant increase in the ability of the esters to inhibit the ROS production by activated neutrophils when compared to the precursor acid, especially hexyl and octyl gallates, which inhibited practically 100% of the superoxide anion radical production, as well as all ROS of the oxidative burst in general. Octyl and hexyl gallates were also shown to be the molecules with the highest antimicrobial activity on H. pylori, with a MIC value of 125 and 250 μg/mL, respectively, while the other substances had a MIC value higher than 1000 g/ml. The results show the great potential of the esters of gallic acid for their anti-H. pylori and anti-EROs activities, and furthermore demonstrate the importance of the presence of a lateral carbonic chain, giving greater hydrophobicity to the molecule, to obtain the maximum antimicrobial activity in vitro and the maximum antioxidant activity in an ex vivo model. Thus, esters of gallic acid are promising molecules in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, presenting antimicrobial action on the same, as well as reducing the oxidative stress generated at the site of infection. / CNPq: 130667/2015-3 / FAPESP: 2015/21693-0

A doença granulomatosa crônica é uma imunodeficiência primária dos fagócitos causada por mutações no sistema NADPH oxidase resultando em burst oxidativo ausente ou reduzido. Nosso objetivo foi realizar uma análise genética molecular do complexo NADPH oxidase em pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de DGC. Cinqüenta e quatro pacientes com diagnóstico clínico sugestivo da DGC foram incluídos em nosso estudo. As populações de neutrófilos e monócitos foram avaliadas pela capacidade de produzir peróxido de hidrogênio por meio do teste de DHR. Dezoito pacientes apresentaram defeito no burst oxidativo, enquanto trinta e oito apresentaram produção de peróxido normal. O DNA genômico dos dezoito pacientes com burst oxidativo diminuído foi extraído, os genes da cadeia beta polipeptídica do complexo citocromo b e o factor citoplasmático de neutrófilos, foram sequenciados. Sete pacientes apresentaram diferentes mutações, tanto no gene CYBB como no NCF1. Concluímos que a combinação do teste de DHR e o sequenciamento direto são métodos eficazes para o diagnóstico genético da DGC. / Chronic granulomatous disease is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase system resulting in absent or reduced oxidative burst. Our goal was to perform a molecular genetic analysis of complex NADPH oxidase in patients with clinical diagnosis of CGD. Fifty-four patients with a clinical diagnosis of CGD were included in our study. The populations of neutrophils and monocytes were evaluated for the ability to produce hydrogen peroxide through the DHR test. Eighteen patients had a defect in the oxidative burst, while thirty-eight had normal peroxide production. Genomic DNA of the eighteen patients with decreased oxidative burst was extracted, the genes the chain complex cytochrome beta polypeptide and the neutrophil cytoplasmic factor, were sequenced. Seven patients had different mutations, both in the CYBB gene as in NCF1. We conclude that the combination of direct sequencing and DHR test methods are effective for the genetic diagnosis of CGD.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is associated with defective function of the NADPH-oxidase system in conjunction with phagocytic defects which leads to granuloma formation and serious infectious complications. This is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The association of defective phagocyte function with other coincidental immune defects is unknown. Defects in innate pathways seen with CGD, including complement systems, and toll-like and dectin receptor pathways, have not been described before. We present the case of a 2-year old male patient hospitalized with recurrent pneumonia, a non-healing skin ulcer, necrotizing lung granulomas, and epididymo-orchitis. Defective neutrophil chemiluminescence was detected by dihydrorhodamine (DHR) testing. Further evaluation demonstrated characteristic molecular mutations of CYBB consistent with CGD. Immune evaluation demonstrated polyclonal hyperglobulinemia, but a greatly reduced mannose binding lectin (MBL) level. Six biallelic polymorphisms in MBL gene and its promoter were analyzed using Light Cycler™ Real-time PCR assay. The LXPA/LYPB haplotype of MBL was detected in our patient; the latter is the defective haplotype associated with low MBL levels. Due to the implications for innate immunity and the protection against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections provided by MBL, a deficiency of this protein may have disastrous consequences on the long term outcomes of CGD. MBL deficiency can also complicate other disorders affecting the immune system, significantly increasing the risk of infection in such patients. Further studies looking at the frequency and implications of MBL deficiency in CGD are needed. © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers.

Les neutrophiles sont les leucocytes les plus nombreux et les premières cellules à arriver au site de l’infection où elles internalisent les pathogènes par phagocytose. Dès le début du processus, la NADPH oxydase s’assemble au phagosome où elle permet la production de formes réactives de l’oxygène contribuant ainsi à la destruction du pathogène. La sous-unité catalytique membranaire de la NADPH oxydase, Nox2, est donc présente à la coupe phagocytaire puis au phagosome. Le dessein de cette étude était de déterminer quelles sont les sources subcellulaires de la protéine Nox2, de savoir si la protéine s’accumule au phagosome et le cas échéant selon quelle cinétique. Dans le but de comprendre la dynamique de la protéine Nox2, la protéine d’échafaudage IQGAP1 qui est associée au cytosquelette a également été étudiée. Enfin l’étude de l’organisation spatiale de la protéine Nox2 à la synapse phagocytaire a également été abordé.En utilisant des cellules neutrophil-like (PLB-985) ainsi que des neutrophiles humains, notre étude a montré par immunofluorescence la présence de la protéine Nox2 dans des endosomes de recyclage ou dans des endosomes précoces. Lors de la phagocytose ils avoisinent le phagosome suggérant leur implication dans l’apport de la protéine Nox2 à la membrane de ce dernier. L’utilisation de cellules PLB-985 pour lesquelles l’expression de Nox2 a été supprimée puis réintroduite avec un transgène codant pour la protéine GFP-Nox2 montre que la sous-unité Nox2 s’accumule au phagosome pendant les vingt minutes suivant sa fermeture. Dans notre étude, la protéine IQGAP1 ne semble pas avoir d’effet sur la phagocytose ou sur la production de FRO par la NADPH oxydase. Enfin, grâce à une technique de microscopie super-résolution (le dSTORM) l’évolution du pattern de Nox2 dans la membrane a été évalué au cours du temps en phagocytose frustrée. En dix minutes, le nombre de clusters de protéine Nox2 augmente mais leur taille reste inchangée. / Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes and the first cells to arrive at the site of infection where they internalize pathogens by phagocytosis. From the beginning of the process, the NADPH oxidase is assembled at the phagosome, where it allows the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus contributing to the destruction of the pathogen. The membrane bound catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase, Nox2, is therefore recruited at the phagocytic cup and then at the phagosome. The purpose of this study was to determine, which are the subcellular sources of the Nox2 protein, whether the protein accumulates at the phagosome and if so, according to which kinetics. In order to modify the dynamics of the Nox2 protein, the scaffold protein IQGAP1 that is associated with the cytoskeleton was also studied. Finally, the spatial organization of the Nox2 protein in the phagocytic synapse was also investigated.Using neutrophil-like cells (PLB-985) as well as human neutrophils, our study showed by immunofluorescence the presence of the Nox2 protein in recycled or early endosomes. During phagocytosis, they are close to the phagosome, suggesting their involvement in the contribution of the Nox2 protein to the phagosome membrane. The use of PLB-985 for which Nox2 expression has been suppressed and then reintroduced with a transgene encoding the GFP-Nox2 protein shows that the Nox2 subunit accumulates at the phagosome during the first twenty minutes after its closure. In our study, the protein IQGAP1 does not appear to have any effect on phagocytosis or on the production of ROS by NADPH oxidase. Finally, using super resolution microscopy (dSTORM) the evolution of the Nox2 pattern in the membrane has been evaluated over time in frustrated phagocytosis. Within ten minutes, the number of Nox2 protein clusters increases but their size remains unchanged.

La proline est un acide aminé unique qui se caractérise par un cycle pyrrolidine qui lui confère des propriétés physiques et chimiques spécifiques comparé aux autres 20 acides aminés acycliques retrouvés de façon majoritaire dans le protéome humain. Cette différence se retrouve également dans les motifs polyproline et est utilisée par la Nature en de nombreuses façons comme le repliement des protéines, les mécanismes régulatoires liés à l’activité de certaines protéases, la formation de structures secondaires, le biomarquage de peptides substrats des oligopeptidases, et le clivage des motifs diproline par les proline-proline endopeptidases. La proline a par conséquent été un centre d’intérêt pour les chimistes médicinaux lors du développement d'agents thérapeutiques. Cette thèse se propose d’étudier plusieurs composés biologiquement actifs dérivés de la proline. La première étude relate les avancements liés au composé SH-BC-893, un azacycle contraint dérivé de FTY720 développé au sein du groupe Hanessian. SH-BC-893 est un agent anticancéreux qui permet l’affamement des cellules cancéreuses au travers de la disruption de l’apport des nutriments cellulaires externes et internes. Par son activation de la protéine phosphatase 2A, il permet d’internaliser les récepteurs transmembranaires d’acides aminés et de glucose et de réguler à la baisse les récepteurs de lipides à faible densité. Son action permet également la perturbation de la dégradation de nutriments internes provenant de la macropinocytose et de l’autophagie en prévenant la fusion entre le lysosome et les endosomes respectifs. Afin d’augmenter l’activité de SH-BC-893, deux séries de composés ont été synthétisés et testés en vue d’une activité double. La première série a eu pour but de cibler HDAC2 suite à une étude de Spiegel au sein de laquelle son inhibition a été rapportée pour FTY720. La seconde a visé à obtenir des composés activant d’autres portions ou d’autres homologues de PP2A via l’insertion de fragments tricycliques suite aux études rapportant l’activation de PP2A par des dérivés de composés neuroleptiques tricycliques du type de la perphénazine. La synthèse et les tests biologiques de ces composés sont également décrits. Le deuxième chapitre décrit la synthèse d’une série de morpholines pontées comportant le motif de l’acide gamma-aminobutyrique (GABA) contraint. GABA est un composant prépondérant de la régulation du système nerveux central au travers de son action inhibitrice sur les neurorécepteurs GABA-A, GABA-B, GABA-C. De nombreux agents thérapeutiques inspirés de GABA ont été développés avec les années, notamment baclofen. Les morpholines pontées rapportées ici possèdent un centre quaternaire stéréocontrôlé pour lequel un ensemble de substituants a été varié, incluant le groupement phényle para-chloré du baclofen ainsi que l’iso-butyle de la Pregabalin, autre composé actif dans le système nerveux central dérivé de GABA. La modélisation du dérivé du baclofen a été réalisée au sein du site actif de GABA-B. L’ensemble des composés ont également été modélisés sous forme d’acides aminés au sein de la base de données LLAMA afin de déterminer leur capacité à occuper l’espace de Lead-likeness et confirmer qu’ils satisfont les conditions de Lipinski. La troisième partie décrit la synthèse d’un nouveau mime de diproline, nommé ProCyp. Le dimère est composé d’un noyau pyrrolidine attaché à une unité cyclopentane à l’aide d’un pont méthylène hydroxylé. Les quatre isomères cyclopentanes trans dérivés de la (L)-proline ont été synthétisés et leur stéréochimie absolue a été déterminée par étude RMN et de cristallographie. Ces composés représentent la première forme de mimes de diproline de type ProCyp et peuvent être intégrés au sein de peptidomimétiques afin de mimer l’aspect structurel des diprolines ainsi que l’intermédiaire tétrahédral des ProPro endopeptidases. L’ensemble des isomères disponibles permet de choisir le plus opportun à l’appuis d’études de modélisation. Le dernier chapitre rapporte le développement de deux séries de composés incluant le dimère ProCyp. Les motifs polyproline sont de prime importance pour de nombreux mécanismes de reconnaissance par la Nature, en particulier dans les voies de signalisation dont le dérèglement peut entrainer une myriade de troubles de santé notamment inflammatoires, immunitaires et cancéreux. La première application est centrée sur la synthèse et les tests biologiques de peptidomimétiques du motif riche en proline du peptide p22phox, sous-unité de la NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) dont la reconnaissance par le domaine riche en proline de p47phox permet l’assemblage de NOX2 nécessaire à son activité. Lors de stress cellulaire externe, cet assemblage peut devenir excessif et engendrer un excès de production d’espèces réactives d’oxygènes, entrainant un ensemble de biomécanismes délétaires pour l’hôte. Les peptidomimétiques comportent un cœur triproline, dont deux des trois prolines ont été remplacées par le module ProCyp. Le meilleur isomère a été sélectionné sur la base de la modélisation moléculaire afin de mimer les angles de torsion de la triproline correspondant à une hélice de type polyproline II. La deuxième application concerne le développement de peptidomimétiques inhibiteurs de la ProPro endopeptidase (PPEP-1) de Clostridium difficile (C. diff). C. diff a été identifiée comme une des menaces nosocomiales majeures en raison de son caractère opportuniste lorsque la flore intestinale des patients est détruite suite à un traitement impliquant la prise soutenue d’antibiotiques. C. diff possède un arsenal de mécanismes d’évasion et de prolifération au sein de l’hôte incluant la formation de colonies recouvertes d’un biofilm protecteur sur la paroi epithéliale de l’hôte lors de la réponse immunitaire. Ces mécanismes sont complétés à l’aide de peptidases qui leurs permettent de couper les flagelles d’ancrages, dont PPEP-1. Le site de scission P1-P1’ de PPEP-1 implique deux prolines, flanquées par une séquence peptidique clairement identifiée. Une série de peptides basés sur cette séquence dont la diproline centrale a été remplacée par le dimère ProCyp a été synthétisée. L’isomère ProCyp a été choisi sur la base de son recouvrement avec l’heptapeptide cristallisé au sein d’un mutant de PPEP-1 par le Pr. Baumann. / Proline is a unique amino acid characterized by a cyclic side chain that gives it specific physical and chemical properties compared to the other 20 acyclic amino acids found in the human proteome. This difference is also found in polyproline motifs and is used by Nature in many ways such as protein folding, regulatory mechanisms related to the activity of certain proteases, formation of secondary structures, biomarking of peptide substrates of oligopeptidases, and cleavage of diproline motifs by proline-proline endopeptidases. Proline has therefore been a focus of interest for medicinal chemists in the development of therapeutic agents. This thesis proposes to study several biologically active compounds derived from proline. The first study reports on the advances related to the compound SH-BC-893, a constrained azacycle derived from FTY720 developed within the Hanessian group. SH-BC-893 is an anti-cancer agent that allows the starvation of cancer cells through the disruption of external and internal cellular nutrient supply. Through its activation of protein phosphatase 2A, it internalizes transmembrane amino acid and glucose receptors and downregulates low-density lipid receptors. Its action also allows the disruption of internal nutrient degradation from macropinocytosis and autophagy by preventing fusion between the lysosome and the respective endosomes. To enhance the activity of SH-BC-893, two series of compounds were synthesized and tested for dual activity. The first set aimed at targeting HDAC2 following a study by Spiegel in which its inhibition was reported for FTY720. The second set aimed at obtaining compounds activating other portions or homologs of PP2A via the insertion of tricyclic fragments following studies reporting PP2A activation by derivatives of tricyclic neuroleptic compounds of the perphenazine type. The synthesis and biological tests of these compounds are also described. The second chapter describes the synthesis of a series of bridged morpholines with a constrained gamma butyric amino acid (GABA) motif. GABA is a major component of central nervous system regulation through its inhibitory action on GABA-A, GABA-B, GABA-C neuroreceptors. Many therapeutic agents inspired by GABA have been developed over the years, notably baclofen. The bridged morpholines reported here have a stereocontrolled quaternary center for which a variety of substituents have been used, including the para-chlorophenyl of baclofen and the iso-butyl of Pregabalin, another GABA-derived compound active in the central nervous system. The baclofen derivative was modeled within the GABA-B active site. All compounds were also modeled as amino acids within the LLAMA database to determine their ability to occupy the lead-likeness space and confirm that they satisfy the Lipinski conditions. The third part describes the synthesis of a new diproline mime, named ProCyp. The dimer is composed of a pyrrolidine ring attached to a cyclopentane unit by means of a hydroxylated methylene bridge. The four trans cyclopentane isomers derived from (L)-proline were synthesized and their absolute stereochemistry was determined by NMR and crystallographic studies. These compounds represent the first form of ProCyp-type diproline mimes and can be incorporated into peptidomimetics to mimic the structural aspect of diprolines as well as the tetrahedral intermediate of ProPro endopeptidases. The set of available isomers allows to choose the most appropriate one to support modeling studies. The final chapter reports the development of two series of compounds including the ProCyp dimer. Polyproline motifs are of prime importance for many of Nature's recognition mechanisms, particularly in signaling pathways whose dysregulation can lead to a myriad of health disorders including inflammatory, immune and cancerous. The first application is focused on the synthesis and biological testing of peptidomimetics of the proline-rich motif of the peptide p22phox, a subunit of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) whose recognition by the proline-rich domain of p47phox allows the assembly of NOX2 necessary for its activity. During external cellular stress, this assembly can become excessive and lead to an excess of reactive oxygen species production, resulting in a series of deleterious biomechanisms for the host. The peptidomimetics comprise a triproline core, of which two of the three prolines have been replaced by the ProCyp module. The best isomer was selected on the basis of molecular modeling to mimic the torsion angles of the triproline corresponding to a polyproline II helix. The second application concerns the development of peptidomimetics that inhibit the ProPro endopeptidase (PPEP-1) of Clostridium difficile (C. diff). C. diff has been identified as one of the major nosocomial threats due to its opportunistic nature when the intestinal flora of patients is destroyed following treatment with sustained antibiotics. C. diff has an arsenal of mechanisms of escape and proliferation within the host including the formation of colonies covered by a protective biofilm on the host epithelial wall during the immune response. These mechanisms are complemented by peptidases that allow them to cleave anchoring flagella, including PPEP-1. The P1-P1' cleavage site of PPEP-1 involves two prolines, flanked by a clearly identified peptide sequence. A series of peptides based on this sequence with the central diproline replaced by the ProCyp dimer was synthesized. The ProCyp isomer was chosen on the basis of its overlap with the heptapeptide crystallized in a PPEP-1 mutant by Prof. Baumann.