La NADPH oxydase de phagocyte est un complexe enzymatique impliqué dans la défense immunitaire contre les pathogènes. Elle est constituée du flavocytochrome b558 membranaire (Cyt b558), composé de deux sous-unités (gp91phox et p22phox) et de quatre sous-unités cytosolubles, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, et Rac. Sa fonction est de produire au niveau de la paroi des pathogènes des ions superoxyde (O2•−) qui sont transformés en d'autres espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) qui attaquent les lipides, les protéines et l’ADN environnants. Après activation du phagocyte, les sous-unités cytosoliques subissent des modifications post-traductionnelles et migrent vers la membrane pour constituer le complexe NADPH oxydase activé. Le rôle délétère des ROS dans les maladies est connu depuis longtemps. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier l’influence de molécules exogènes qui induisent une augmentation du stress oxydatif, sur l’activité de la NADPH oxydase.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le fonctionnement de la NADPH oxydase dans un système in vitro dans lequel l’enzyme était activée par la présence d'acide arachidonique (AA). J’ai étudié l'influence de deux types de molécules: une classe de lipides et des nanoparticules (NPs). Pour simplifier le système, nous avons remplacé l’ensemble des sous-unités cytosoliques par une protéine unique appelé trimère qui correspond à une fusion des trois protéines cytosoliques p47phox, p67phox et Rac. Nous avons montré que le trimère est fonctionnellement comparable aux sous-unités cytosoliques séparées. La vitesse de production de O2•−, sa dépendances en fonction de la concentration en AA et de la température, et sa sensibilité aux radicaux libres étaient comparables lorsque le trimère ou les sous-unités séparées étaient utilisés.J’ai étudié les conséquences de la présence de cholestérol et de ses formes oxydées sur la production de O2•− par la NADPH oxydase. Nos résultats montrent clairement que le cholestérol et l’oxystérols ne sont pas des activateurs efficaces de la NADPH oxydase. L’addition d’une quantité physiologique de cholestérol déclenche une faible production d’ions superoxyde. L’addition de cholestérol à des concentrations du même ordre de grandeur pendant le processus d'assemblage (en présence de AA), a un rôle inhibiteur sur la production d’O2•−. Le cholestérol ajouté agit sur les composantes, cytosoliques et membranaires, conduisant à un assemblage imparfait. En conclusion, le cholestérol déjà présent dans la membrane des neutrophiles est optimale pour le fonctionnement de la NADPH oxydase.Il était intéressant de vérifier l'influence des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane (TiO2) et de platine (Pt) sur le comportement de la NADPH oxydase sachant que l'internalisation cellulaire de ces NPs a pour effet d’activer les neutrophiles et les macrophages et contribue à une sur-production de ROS. En l’absence d'activateur mais en présence de NPs de TiO2 ou Pt, aucune production de O2•− n’était détectée indiquant que les NPs de TiO2 et Pt sont incapables d'activer le complexe par eux-mêmes aussi bien dans le système acellulaire que dans les neutrophiles. Cependant, une fois la NADPH oxydase activée (par AA), la vitesse de production des O2•− est augmentée jusqu’à 40% de sa valeur en l’absence de NPs de TiO2, cet effet étant fonction de leur concentration. Par contre, les NPs de Pt n’ont aucun effet sur l’activité de la NADPH oxydase aussi bien in vitro que dans les neutrophiles. En conclusion, l'hyperactivation de la NADPH oxydase et l'augmentation subséquente de la production de ROS induites par les NPs de TiO2 pourraient participer au développement du stress oxydatif tandis que l'absence d'effet Pt-NPs suggère qu'ils ne provoquent pas de sur-inflammation. / NADPH oxidase from phagocytes is a multi-subunit enzyme complex involved in the innate defense of organisms against pathogens. It is composed of the membrane-bound flavocytochrome b558 (Cyt b558), comprising two subunits (gp91phox, and p22phox) and four cytosolic components, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and Rac. Its function is to produce in the vicinity of the pathogen, superoxide ions that are transformed subsequently into other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and will damage lipids, proteins and DNA. Upon phagocyte activation, the cytosolic subunits undergo posttranslational modifications and migrate to the membrane bound Cyt b558 to constitute the activated NADPH oxidase complex. The damaging role of ROS in cardiovascular diseases has been known for some decades. The aim of my thesis was to study the influence on NADPH oxidase activity, of molecules coming from food and industrial products and known to be involved in increase of oxidative stress.In this work, we studied the NADPH oxidase functioning in an in vitro system in which the components of the enzyme are mixed and activated by the introduction of an amphiphile the arachidonic acid (AA). During my PhD, I have studied the influence of two types of oxidative stress participants: lipids and nanoparticles (NPs). For simplicity, we have replaced the cytosolic subunits by a single protein called trimera, which is a fused construction of three cytosolic proteins p47phox, p67phox and Rac. We have shown that trimera is functionally comparable with the separated cytosolic subunits. The rates of production of O2•−, the dependences of the activity in function of AA concentration and temperature, the presence of two states in the activation process and the sensitivity of NADPH oxidase to free radicals were comparable when either trimera or separated subunits were used.I investigated the consequences of the addition of cholesterol on NADPH oxidase, on the production of ROS. Our results clearly show that cholesterol and oxysterols are not efficient activators of NADPH oxidase. Concentrations of cholesterol similar to what found in neutrophiles trigger a low superoxide production. Addition of cholesterol during the assembly process (in presence of AA) at similar or higher concentrations, has an inhibitory effect on the production of O2•−. Added cholesterol acts on both cytosolic and membrane components, leading to imperfect assembly and decreasing the affinity of cytosolic subunits to the membrane ones. In conclusion, we showed that the cholesterol already present in the phagocyte membrane is optimal for the function NADPH oxidase.It was of interest to check the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and platinum (Pt) NPs on NADPH oxidase especially that cellular internalization of NPs was shown to activate neutrophils and contribute to O2•− overproduction via NADPH oxidase. In the absence of activators and presence of TiO2 or Pt NPs, no production of O2•− could be detected in in vitro system as well as in neutrophils indicating that TiO2 and Pt NPs were unable to activate by themselves the complex. However once the NADPH oxidase was activated by AA, TiO2 NPs increased the rate of O2•− production by up to 40%, this effect being dependent on their concentration. Differently, Pt NPs had no effect both on in vitro system as well as on neutrophils. In conclusion, the hyper-activation of NADPH oxidase and the subsequent increase in ROS production by TiO2 NPs could participate to oxidative stress development while the absence of Pt-NPs effect suggest that they do not induce inflammation status via this complex.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21837号 / 農博第2350号 / 新制||農||1069(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5209(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 千尋, 教授 本田 与一, 准教授 刑部 正博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

<p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function when produced in physiological ranges. Important sources of cellular ROS include NADPH oxidases (Nox), which are evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit transmembrane proteins. Nox-mediated ROS regulate a variety of biological processes including stem cell proliferation and differentiation, calcium signaling, cell migration, and immunity. ROS participate in intracellular signaling by introducing post-translational modifications to proteins and thereby altering their functions. The central nervous system (CNS) expresses different Nox isoforms during both development and adulthood. There is now emerging evidence that Nox-derived ROS also control neuronal development and pathfinding. Our lab has recently shown that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from <i>nox2</i> mutant zebrafish exhibit pathfinding errors. However, whether Nox could act downstream of receptors for axonal growth and guidance cues is presently unknown. To investigate this question, we conducted a detailed characterization of the zebrafish <i>nox2</i> mutants that were previously established in our group. Abnormal axon projections were found throughout the CNS of the <i>nox2 </i>mutant zebrafish. Anterior commissural axons failed proper fasciculation, and aberrant axon projections were detected in the dorsal longitudinal fascicle of the spinal cord. We showed that the major brain regions are intact and that the early development of CNS is not significantly altered in <i>nox2 </i>mutants. Hence, the axonal deficits in <i>nox2</i> mutants are not due to general developmental problems, and Nox2 plays a role in axonal pathfinding and targeting. Next, we investigated whether Nox2 could act downstream of slit2/Robo2-mediated guidance during RGC pathfinding. We found that slit2-mediated RGC growth cone collapse was abolished in <i>nox2 </i>mutants <i>in vitro</i>. Further, ROS biosensor imaging showed that slit2 treatment increased growth cone hydrogen peroxide levels via mechanisms through Nox2 activation. Finally, we investigated the possible relationship between slit2/Robo2 and Nox2 signaling <i>in vivo</i>. <i>Astray/nox2</i> double heterozygous mutant larvae exhibited decreased tectal area as opposed to individual heterozygous mutants, suggesting both Nox2 and Robo2 are required for the establishment of retinotectal connections. Our results suggest that Nox2 is part of a signal transduction pathway downstream of slit2/Robo2 interaction regulating axonal guidance cell-autonomously in developing zebrafish retinal neurons.</p>

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Cardiovascular disease leads in morbidity and mortality in Western societies with no known cure. NADPH oxidase (Nox) contributes to atherosclerosis through the indirect activation of macrophages leading to the internalization of oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL). Chronic inflammation in activated macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis. Because macrophages are positioned at the cross-roads of lipid metabolism in vessel walls, they are important in the cellular pathology of atherosclerosis. Components of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system are vital to atherosclerotic development, since the eCB system has been found to play an important role in the amelioration of atherosclerosis. The eCB system has several components, including the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2); their endogenous ligands, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA); and biosynthetic enzymes that produce and degrading these compounds. CB2 signaling has been shown to upregulate immunoprotective and anti-oxidative pathways, whereas CB1 signaling has opposite effects. We hypothesized a mechanistic link between scavenger receptor activation and Nox activity, which leads to enhanced 2-AG biosynthesis via a signaling pathway that activates diacylglycerol lipase beta (DAGLB). Activation of CB2-mediated signaling by enhanced “eCB tone” can potentially reduce oxidative stress in macrophages. The released 2-AG is subsequently catabolized hydrolytic enzymes, leading to enhanced 2-AGbiosynthesis via activated DAGLB. We first proved that macrophage treated with oxLDL can activate Nox and increase reactive oxygen species production. We used human and mouse macrophages to demonstrate cause and effect. Secondly, we demonstrated that increased levels of superoxide causes enhanced 2-AG biosynthesis within the macrophage, and that upregulation in eCB production is an adaptive response to oxidative stress. Finally, we identified and quantified the serine hydrolases found in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-MudPIT approach that our laboratory has previously done using human macrophages. Additionally, the catabolism of 2-AG by primary SMCs was explored to demonstrate SMCs can hydrolyze 2-AG to its metabolites arachidonic acid and glycerol by the known hydrolytic enzymes. We demonstrated that enhancing endocannabinoid tone within the vessel wall is a valuable strategy to reduce the occurrence of inflammation that leads to atherosclerosis.

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