In this article the author recommends a hierarchically structured data base, called MemoMaster, as a mighty tool to replace traditional card indexes in the preparatory stage of onomastic research. Referring to Karlheinz Hengst’s exemplary monograph on place names in the South-West of Saxony, he demonstrates how MemoMaster enables the scholar to store and structure information in folders, subfolders, and “memos“ to be utilized in a manuscript later on. His explanation is supported by two screenshots.

This paper is a response to an article in the journal Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 62–63 (2011), whose author argues partially quite unscientifically. This paper will show the deficiencies of knowledge the other article’s author betrays as far as historical-comparative linguistics in general and Indo-European linguistics especially are concerned. As a conclusion it must be stated that all the results the other author has achieved in the field of ‘Old European Hydronymy’ by using research methods outdated for decades will have to be reevaluated applying to them modern Indo-European linguistics. Only after this task will have been accomplished, one will be able to tell which of that author‘s works and results will be safe for further use.

This text contains a comparative evaluation of street names of the urban periphery. Starting with Erfurt, street names of other Thuringian and German cities of the late Middle Ages and the early modern period are examined. In doing so, different groups of people are contemplated, such as prostitutes, barber surgeons and knackers, whose appellatives finally found their way into street names. The focus is on accumulations of such names in certain areas of a city; differences between large and small cities are illustrated as well. In the end, the conclusion highlights the hitherto underutilised significance of these street names.

Sepse induz exagerada produção de mediadores inflamatórios, como o óxido nítrico (NO), e causa alterações cardiovasculares, neuroendócrinas e de temperatura corporal (Tc). Na fase tardia da sepse existe liberação basal de vasopressina (AVP), apesar da hipotensão persistente. Uma hipótese para isso seria a inibição da síntese de AVP pelo aumento da produção de NO. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a possível participação do NO, produzido centralmente pelas isoformas de NO sintase (NOS), na expressão de AVP e ocitocina (OT), na resposta cardiovascular e de Tc durante sepse experimental. Ratos Wistar receberam injeção i.c.v. de L-NAME, inibidor não seletivo de NOS (250g/L), ou de aminoguanidina (AG,250g/L), inibidor seletivo da isoforma induzida (NOSi). Outro grupo recebeu inibidor da guanilato ciclase solúvel (ODQ,0,25g/L). Grupos controles receberam veículos (salina ou DMSO1%). Trinta minutos após as injeções, foi induzido sepse por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP) ou operação fictícia. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: 1) avaliação da sobrevida, 2) determinação da Tc, 3) aferição da pressão arterial (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC) e 4) avaliação de parâmetros hidroeletrolíticos e secreção de AVP e OT. A CLP promoveu alta mortalidade, aumentou NO progressivamente, diminuiu PAM e aumentou FC. A concentração plasmática de AVP (AVPp) aumentou na fase inicial da sepse e por seu efeito antipirético pode ter contribuído para a hipotermia observada. A razão de expressão para ambos os hormônios diminuiu nos núcleos supraóticos (SON) e paraventriculares (PVN). Na fase tardia AVPp estava basal e sua expressão nos SON e PVN mais diminuída do que na fase inicial. A expressão de OT diminuiu somente no SON. O pré-tratamento com L-NAME aumentou a sobrevida, reduziu a produção de NO até 20h, aumentou PAM e Tc, e manteve a FC semelhante ao grupo veículo. AVPp aumentou simultaneamente à diminuição da razão de expressão em ambos os núcleos. Na fase tardia, o grupo L-NAME apresentou NO aumentado e expressão de AVP diminuída, aparentemente contribuindo para AVPp basal e hipotensão. O L-NAME diminuiu a razão de expressão de OT na fase inicial, mas aumentou na fase tardia. A inibição de NOSi pela AG aumentou ainda mais a sobrevida e Tc. Apesar de não bloquear a produção de NO a AG aumentou a expressão de AVP e OT e manteve AVPp constante e acima da basal. Injeção i.c.v de AG aumentou PAM somente na fase inicial da sepse. O pré-tratamento com ODQ foi o mais eficiente em aumentar a sobrevida e Tc após CLP. Entretanto, não alterou o aumento progressivo de NO, e ainda diminuiu a expressão de AVP e OT. A AVPp basal após ODQ contribuiu para a hipotensão observada durante todo o período. Esses resultados mostram que aumento central de NO após CLP inibe a expressão de AVP e OT independente de GMPc no SON e parcialmente dependente no PVN. A inibição da expressão de AVP na fase tardia da sepse resulta em concentração basal do hormônio contribuindo para a hipotensão. Em nossos experimentos o controle da temperatura corporal teve maior contribuição no aumento da sobrevida durante sepse polimicrobiana do que a regulação neuroendócrina e/ou cardiovascular. / Sepsis induces massive production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), and causes cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and body temperature (Tb) alterations. In the late phase of sepsis there is a basal vasopressin (AVP) release despite the persisting hypotension. One reason could be the inhibition of AVP synthesis by the increase in NO production. Our aim was to investigate the possible involvement of NO, produced centrally by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, on AVP and oxytocin (OT) expression, cardiovascular response and Tb during experimental sepsis. Male Wistar rats received an i.c.v. injection of the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (250g/L), or of aminoguanidine (AG,250g/L), a selective inhibitor of its inducible isoform (iNOS). Another group received soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ,0.25µg/L). Control groups received vehicles (saline or DMSO1%). Thirty minutes after the injections, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), or the rats were sham operated. The animals were divided into 4 groups for: 1) assessment of survival, 2) determination of Tb, 3) measurement of blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and 4) evaluation of hydroelectrolytic parameters and AVP and OT secretion. The CLP promoted high mortality and progressive increase in NO levels. It also decreased MAP and increased HR. The AVP plasma concentration (AVPp) increased in the early phase of sepsis and its antipyretic effect may have contributed to the observed hypothermia. The expression ratio of both hormones was reduced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. In the late phase, AVPp was basal and its expression decreased in both nuclei more than in the initial phase. The OT expression decreased only in the SON. L-NAME pretreatment increased the survival and reduced the NO production until 20h. MAP and Tb were increased, while HR remained similar to that observed in the vehicle control group. AVPp increased simultaneously to the decrease of its expression ratio in both nuclei. In the late phase, the L-NAME group showed NO levels increased and decreased AVP expression, apparently contributing to basal AVPp and hypotension. The L-NAME decreased OT expression ratio in the initial phase, but increased in the late phase. Inhibition of iNOS by AG further increased the survival and Tb. Even though AG did not block NO production, it increased AVP and OT expression and kept AVPp constant and above the baseline. AG pretreatment increased MAP only in the initial phase of sepsis. The ODQ pretreatment was more efficient to increase survival and Tb after CLP. However it neither altered the progressive NO increase nor the decrease in AVP and OT expression ratio. The basal AVPp after ODQ contributed to hypotension observed during the studied period. These results show that the increased central NO levels observed after CLP inhibit cGMP-independent hormone expression in the SON and partially dependent in the PVN. Inhibition of AVP expression, in the late phase of sepsis, results in basal concentrations of this hormone further contributing to hypotension. In our experiments the control of body temperature during polymicrobial sepsis had greater contribution in survival than the neuroendocrine and/or cardiovascular regulation.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-21T17:52:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ana Paula Gai Fuão.pdf: 1243240 bytes, checksum: d40fbf45a1852ec6eebfa3e33bb9bcc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-21T17:53:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ana Paula Gai Fuão.pdf: 1243240 bytes, checksum: d40fbf45a1852ec6eebfa3e33bb9bcc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T17:53:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ana Paula Gai Fuão.pdf: 1243240 bytes, checksum: d40fbf45a1852ec6eebfa3e33bb9bcc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é fundamentada como uma condição clínica multifatorial caracterizada por níveis elevados e sustentados de pressão arterial. A progressão da doença está intimamente ligada com alterações estruturais e funcionais cardíacas e vasculares além de promover danos em alguns órgãos alvo, como os rins, cérebro, além das alterações metabólicas, que produzem um aumento sensível nos riscos de doenças cardiovasculares. De acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia a hipertensão arterial sistêmica apresenta uma alta prevalência e baixas taxas de controle, tornando-a um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública no Brasil. O uso de plantas medicinais para fins terapêuticos é bastante antigo e muitas vezes seu uso é absolutamente empírico, sem nenhum estudo científico que embase essa prática. A Blepharocalyx salicifolius, conhecida como Murta, apresenta várias utilidades terapêuticas baseadas no conhecimento popular, entre elas o uso como digestivo, antibacteriano, antiespasmódico e anti-hipertensivo, entre outros. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito hipotensor do extrato aquoso da B. salicifolius em ratos normotensos, e analisado, através do uso do L-NAME, da losartan e do hexametônio, qual seria seu possível mecanismo de ação. A avaliação dos efeitos hemodinâmicos foi realizada em ratos wistar normotensos, anestesiados com uretana (1,4 mg/Kg i.p.) e via canulação da artéria carótida (para a verificação da PAS, PAD e FC) e da veia jugular (para administração do extrato e drogas). O primeiro protocolo foi realizado para verificação do efeito do extrato sobre os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, utilizando uma curva dose-crescente do extrato (10, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg/Kg) via intravenosa individualmente (cada grupo contendo 6 animais). O extrato aquoso foi administrado após 30 minutos de estabilização no equipamento, e permaneceram por 60 min. O segundo protocolo foi para avaliar alguns dos possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na resposta hipotensora. Foram utilizados: um inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase - L-NAME (L-NG-nitroarginina metil ester) (30 mg/kg); um antagonista do receptor AT1 - Losartan, (10 mg/Kg), e um bloqueador ganglionar, Hexamêtonio (20mg/Kg). As drogas foram administradas após a estabilização, sendo feito uma nova estabilização para a administração do extrato (concentração 7,5 mg/Kg; volume de 200 μL) e registros realizados por 60 min. O extrato aquoso da B. salicifolius mostrou-se um potente hipotensor, reduzindo a pressão arterial de forma dose-independente, já que as quedas foram semelhantes indiferentemente da dose usada, sem provocar alterações na frequência cardíaca. Na avaliação dos possíveis mecanismos de ação foi observado que o bloqueio do receptor AT1 e administrado o extrato aquoso não houve modificação na hipotensão provocada pelo Losartan bem como após o bloqueio ganglionar com o hexametônio. Já quando induzida a hipertensão por L-NAME, o extrato aquoso causou queda de pressão arterial, sugerindo que a via do óxido nítrico não estaria envolvida. Estes resultados evidenciam pela primeira vez que o efeito hipotensor da administração aguda do extrato aquoso de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, possa ser via bloqueio dos receptores de angiotensina II tipo I e pela possível diminuição da resposta autonômica simpática. / Hypertension is finds as a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by high and sustained levels of blood pressure. Disease progression are intimately linked with structural and functional cardiac and vascular changes, promoting some damage in target organs such as the kidneys, brain, in addition to metabolic changes that produce a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. According to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, hypertension has a high prevalence and low control rates, making it one of the most important public health problems in Brazil. The use of medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes is quite old and often its use is completely empirical, no scientific study that basement this practice. Blepharocalyx salicifolius, known as Murta, has several therapeutic utilities based on popular knowledge, including use as digestive, antibacterial, antispasmodic and antihypertensive, among others. The present study evaluated the hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of B. salicifolius in normotensive rats and analyzed with L-NAME, the losartan and hexamethonium, which would be its possible mechanism of action. The evaluation of the hemodynamic effects was perform in normotensive Wistar rats, anesthetized with urethane (1.4 mg / kg i.p.) and cannulated in the carotid artery (for verification of SBP, DBP and HR) and the jugular vein (for administration of the extract and drugs). The first protocol was performed to verify the effect of the extract on the hemodynamic parameters using a dose increasing curve of the extract (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) intravenously individually (each group containing six animals). The administration of the aqueous extract was after 30 minutes of stabilization in the equipment, and they remained for 60 min. The second protocol was to evaluate some of the possible mechanisms involved in the hypotensive response. Were used: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase - L-NAME (L-NG-L-nitroarginine methyl ester) (30 mg / kg); AT1 receptor antagonist - losartan (10 mg / kg), and a ganglionic blocker - hexamethonium (20mg/kg). Drug administration was performed after stabilization, performing a new stabilization for the administration of the extract and records kept for 60 min. The aqueous extract of B. salicifolius proved a potent hypotensive effect, reducing blood pressure in a dose-independent way since the declines were similar regardless of the dose used, and without effect on heart rate. In evaluation of the possible mechanism of action it was observed, when the AT1 receptor were blockade and the extract was administrated, that there was no change in blood pressure caused by losartan as after ganglionic blockage. When hypertension was induced by L-NAME, the extract caused arterial pressure low, suggesting that the nitric oxide pathway could not be involved. These results show for the first time that the hypotensive effect of acute administration of Blepharocalyx salicifolius aqueous extract may be by blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors and the possible reduction in sympathetic autonomic response.

Bakgrund: Vikten av att välja ett varumärkesnamn är stor. I marknadsföringslitteraturen finns det riktlinjer kring hur ett bra namn ska vara. Trots detta finns det ingen klarhet i hur riktlinjerna bör användas eller hur ett varumärkesnamnförslag faktiskt genereras. Problemformulering: Hur genereras ett meningsfullt och minnesvärt varumärkesnamn? Syfte: Att öka förståelsen för hur ett meningsfullt och minnesvärt varumärkesnamn kan genereras, genom att en namngenereringsmodell presenteras och utvärderas. Avgränsning: Rapporten avgränsas från teori som handlar om att sammankoppla flera varumärken som exempelvis teorier kring varumärkesutvidgning och varumärkesportfölj behandlar.   Metod: En deduktivforskningsdesign grundad på teorier kopplat till namngivning, vilka hämtades från både marknadsföringslitteratur och språkvetenskapslitteratur, och sedan samanställdes i en egen skapad modell. För att kunna testa teorin gjordes kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra respondenter som alla hade utfört varumärkesnamngivning, varav två med titeln namngivningskonsult. Slutsats: Modellen kan summeras vid att det finns två sträckor att ta sig över, den första ger fokus vid generering av betydelsefulla begrepp. På mitten av första sträckan finns delen semantisk mening innehållande en mängd underpunkter som kan användas för att generera betydelsefulla ord. Den andra sträckan ger fokus vid att modifiera begreppen för att skapa ett särskiljande namnförslag. På mitten av den andra sträckan finns delarna ljudsymbolism och minnesvärdhet, vilka innehåller sina egna underpunkter, som kan användas för att modifiera betydelseorden till förslag på varumärkesnamn på ett meningsfullt och minnesvärt sätt. De flesta punkterna inom delarna kan bekräftas men det finns vissa tveksamheter och kritiska punkter. / Background: The choice of a brand name is important. In the marketing literature there are guidelines to follow when creating a name, but it’s not clear how they shall be used.  Research question: How can a meaningful and memorable brand name be created? Purpose: To increase the understanding of how a meaningful and memorable brand name can be generated, by presentation and evaluation of a model for brand name creation.  Delimitations: The report does not take theories that involve linking brand names together, such as brand extension and brand portfolio, into account. Methodology: A deductive research design were an own brand name generation model, which was created and combined by theories from marketing literature and linguistics literature, was tested. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four respondents which all had experience from naming brands, which of two were naming consultants. The model was then tested against the data. Conclusion: The model can be summed up with two sections to cross, the first focuses on generating meaningful concepts. In the middle of the first section there is a step called semantic meaning, which contains a list of points that can be used to generate significant words. The second section provides focus on modifying concepts to generate distinctive name suggestions. In the middle of this second section there are two different steps, which are sound symbolism and memorability, with each have there own list with points which can be used to modify the meaningful concepts to brand name proposals. Most points can be confirmed in the test, but there are also some critical steps and points.

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In South Africa, Store brands are sold throughout retailers in the country and categories are widespread - from beverages (milk, coffee, water, etc); including most confectionary categories; most household and toiletry categories; and from premium brands, to the more cost effective. Compared to the U.S and Europe, the South African market for store brands is not well developed; however, there are still mega opportunities in the own brand category, as the market is far from being saturated. Even though South African retailers are utilizing own brands as a means of differentiation, some studies are also indicating the lack of well tuned major store brand strategies and own brands were not perceived as of value by consumers as well. Therefore, this study is undertaken to establish a greater insight into consumer perceptions toward The No Name Brand food items by investigating the influence of selected economic, psychosocial and demographic variables. Without a solid understanding of the consumer, the available growth opportunities in the store brand category are likely to be missed.For retailers to take advantage of the opportunities in the store brand category a greater understanding of consumer behaviour is required. For that purpose, relevant theories and concepts of consumer behaviour are included in the literature review for the study. / Thesis (MBA)- University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

This thesis describes the design and development of the SmartBadge; an electronic replacement for the standard paper name badge worn at conferences and similar events. Both hardware and software have been designed for the SmartBadge; the hardware has been developed around a CC1010 microcontroller and RF transceiver. Attached to this are an infrared transceiver, an LCD display, some LEDs, buttons and a piezoelectric buzzer. There is also an antenna for the RF transceiver whose design is the result of SuperNEC [1] simulations. Protocol software development has focussed on the communication between a SmartBadge and other badges and base stations, yet there is still space available in the CC1010s flash memory to develop applications beyond the business card exchange example developed to demonstrate the communication software. The SmartBadge communicates with other badges by using the infrared transceiver. In the business card application a SmartBadge is worn by a person and is collecting the ID and a time counter from SmartBadges worn by other facing people as this person mingles through a conference or similar event. This data is then collected in real time using the RF transceiver to communicate with base stations which would be scattered around the venue. The RF network has been designed as a single hop network and a new Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol has been designed to allow the SmartBadges to share the links to the base stations while conserving as much energy as possible. This protocol is called Uplink MAC (or U-MAC) and is described in section 6.2.

Univ., Diss.--Bochum, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. XIII - XXIX.