Nav-reformen har ført til endringer for landets sosialtjenester. I Trondheim er det valgt en minimumsmodell, bare en liten del av den tidligere sosialtjenesten ble med inn i Nav, og so-sialfaglig personell som gikk inn havnet i mottaket. Oppgaven handler om Nav-mottaket og det som foregår der, sett fra et sosialfaglig ståsted. Nav som organisasjon, sosialfaglig teori, og mottaksarbeidernes erfaringer ses på i sammen-heng for å si noe om sosialt arbeid og dets eventuelle plass i mottaket. Formålet er å finne ut av om fagområdet sosialt arbeid er aktuelt i Nav-mottaket. Gjennom observasjonsstudie og dybdeintervju av ni mottaksansatte er det hentet inn empiri omkring temaet, og dette er analysert og sammenført med teoristoff fra sosialt arbeid. Videre er grunnlagsdokumenter for Nav-etableringa og lovverk trukket inn for å komplettere bildet. Sosialarbeiderne synes i praksis å trekke sterke veksler på sosialt arbeids teori, men denne koblingen er mindre tydelig når de selv skal si noe om hvorvidt sosialt arbeid er relevant for dem. Problematikk omkring hvordan Nav-systemet fungerer i et mottaksperspektiv tas opp, og bekymring omkring rommet for godt sosialt arbeid likeså. Oppgaven går inn på rammer for mottaksarbeidet, og viser at det gis utydelige signaler til de som sitter i første linje og skal utøve arbeidet. Denne tvetydigheten påvirker mottaksarbeide-rens yrkesutøvelse og, ikke minst, yrkesfølelse. Samtidig synes det klart at det foregår sosial-faglig arbeid både i et avgrenset prosessorientert faseperspektiv, og mer overordnet på bak-grunn av kunnskap, ferdigheter og holdninger hentet fra sosialt arbeids teoritilfang. / The Nav-reform has changed social services in Norway. In the city of Trondheim, they have chosen to integrate only a small part of the social services in Nav (a so called minimum solu-tion). The social workers who were transferred to Nav, ended up in the front line service of the office. This thesis is about this front line service and its tasks, seen in a social work perspective. Nav as an organization, social work theory and the experiences of the front line employees (FLE) are seen in connection to explore social work and its potential position in the front line service of the Nav-office. The intention is to explore whether the field of social work is relevant in this front line service. The empirical data is collected through qualitative methods; an observation study, and inter-views with 9 FLE’s. The results are analyzed and discussed in light of social work theory. Founding documents, laws and regulations regarding Nav are drawn in to supplement the pic-ture. The social worker seems to be leaning heavily on social work theory regarding how they per-form their work, but this connection seems less obvious when they present their views upon whether social work is relevant for them. Problems regarding how the Nav-system functions in a front-line-focus are addressed, as well as worries about the space available for doing a good job. The thesis discusses the constraints of front line service in Nav, and shows how the signals given the FLE’s are obscured by the many stakeholders involved. This ambiguity influences the FLE’s practice and their vocational esteem. At the same time, it seems obvious that social work is being performed, with a clear phase-perspective, but also more generally on grounds of knowledge, skills and attitudes familiar to the theoretical field of social work.

Dual asset markets are unique to real estate. When the assets are held by a real estate investment trust (REIT), properties trade in property markets while claims on cash flows from these assets trade in a public equity market. If the two parallel markets are in disagreement regarding the total market value of underlying assets, then REIT managers are faced with inter-market arbitrage opportunities. If a REIT’s shares trade at premium in the stock market relative to the net asset value (NAV) of the underlying assets, the arbitrage opportunity can be exploited by issuing new equity in the stock market and purchasing assets in the property market with the proceeds from new equity. If a REIT’s shares trade at a discount to NAV, the arbitrage opportunity is achieved by selling assets in the local property market and repurchasing shares of common equity. In this dissertation, I investigate whether REIT managers attempt to exploit such opportunities. Specifically, I identify whether share price premiums or discounts to NAV influence the propensity of REIT managers to purchase versus sell assets in the property market. In addition, I investigate whether the market-wide premiums to NAV influence the relative transaction prices paid for the property while carefully controlling for the sample selection issue in the analyses. Further, since this information is feasible to evaluate by analysts, I investigate how investors in the stock market react when REIT managers issue new equity during periods of premiums to NAV. The analyses use property level transaction data for commercial real estate asset values and stock price data for REITs.

A síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral, na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Há entretanto características de doença neuropática que justificam investigações nesse sentido. O objetivo desse estudo foi mensurar a expressão gênica dos receptores de canais de sódio, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 e Nav 1.9, nos pacientes portadores de SAB. A casuística foi composta por dois grupos sendo o grupo de estudo composto por 12 pacientes portadores de SAB, selecionados através do critério estabelecido pela International Headache Society, em 2013 e o grupo controle composto por 4 pacientes não portadores de SAB. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas do dorso lingual, por meio de biópsia realizada com punch de 3 mm e profundidade de 3 mm, estas foram submetidas ao método de análise RT-PCR em tempo real. A expressividade dos genes de canais de sódio foi avaliada nos indivíduos portadores de SAB em relação aos do grupo controle, sendo esta calculada a partir da normalização dos dados da quantificação destes com os da expressão do gene constitutivo (GAPDH), pelo método de Cicle Threshold comparativo e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste estatístico Mann-Whitnney. Observou-se o aumento da expressão gênica do Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) e diminuição da expressão gênica do Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), porém sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos analisados. O gene Nav 1.8 não foi expresso em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. O Nav 1.7 expressa-se tanto em neurônios nociceptivos quanto no sistema nervoso autônomo e mutações no Nav 1.9 tem sido associada a perda de percepção dolorosa. Os resultados obtidos embora não estatisticamente significativos são compatíveis com as características da doença, justificando a extensão dos estudos na linha expressão de genes codificadores dos canais de sódio em pacientes com SAB. / Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by symptoms of burning in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown and so far, it has no effective treatment. It is important to mention that BMS exhibits some traits of a neuropathic disease, what justifies a thorough investigation of this subject.The objective of this study was to measure the gene expression of the sodium channel receptors, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9, in patients with BMS.The sample was composed of two groups, being the study group formed by 12 patients with SAB, selected according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013, while the compound control group had 4 patients without SAB. The analyzed samples were collected from the tongue, by the biopsy technique with a 3 mm punch and 3mm depth. These samples were processed in real time, following the guidelines set forth by the RT-PCR method. The expressiveness of the sodium channels was evaluated in the individuals with BMS in relation to control group, which was calculated from the normalization of these data with the quantification of the expression of a constitutive gene (GAPDH) by the Cycle Threshold comparative methods and statistically compared by Man-Whitnney test. We observed an increased gene expression of Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) and a decreased gene expression of Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), but no statistically significant differences between the groups. Nav 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples. Nav 1.7 is expressed in both nociceptive neurons as the autonomic nervous system and changes in Nav 1.9 has been associated with loss of pain perception. The results although not statistically significant are consistent with the disease characteristics, justifying the extension line of the studies on the expression of genes encoding the sodium channel in patients with SAB.

A síndrome de ardência bucal (SAB) é uma condição caracterizada pelo sintoma de ardência na mucosa oral, na ausência de qualquer sinal clínico. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e, até o momento, não dispõe de tratamento efetivo. Há entretanto características de doença neuropática que justificam investigações nesse sentido. O objetivo desse estudo foi mensurar a expressão gênica dos receptores de canais de sódio, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 e Nav 1.9, nos pacientes portadores de SAB. A casuística foi composta por dois grupos sendo o grupo de estudo composto por 12 pacientes portadores de SAB, selecionados através do critério estabelecido pela International Headache Society, em 2013 e o grupo controle composto por 4 pacientes não portadores de SAB. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas do dorso lingual, por meio de biópsia realizada com punch de 3 mm e profundidade de 3 mm, estas foram submetidas ao método de análise RT-PCR em tempo real. A expressividade dos genes de canais de sódio foi avaliada nos indivíduos portadores de SAB em relação aos do grupo controle, sendo esta calculada a partir da normalização dos dados da quantificação destes com os da expressão do gene constitutivo (GAPDH), pelo método de Cicle Threshold comparativo e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste estatístico Mann-Whitnney. Observou-se o aumento da expressão gênica do Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) e diminuição da expressão gênica do Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), porém sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos analisados. O gene Nav 1.8 não foi expresso em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. O Nav 1.7 expressa-se tanto em neurônios nociceptivos quanto no sistema nervoso autônomo e mutações no Nav 1.9 tem sido associada a perda de percepção dolorosa. Os resultados obtidos embora não estatisticamente significativos são compatíveis com as características da doença, justificando a extensão dos estudos na linha expressão de genes codificadores dos canais de sódio em pacientes com SAB. / Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a condition characterized by symptoms of burning in the oral mucosa, in the absence of any clinical signs. Its etiology is unknown and so far, it has no effective treatment. It is important to mention that BMS exhibits some traits of a neuropathic disease, what justifies a thorough investigation of this subject.The objective of this study was to measure the gene expression of the sodium channel receptors, Nav 1.7, Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9, in patients with BMS.The sample was composed of two groups, being the study group formed by 12 patients with SAB, selected according to the criteria established by the International Headache Society in 2013, while the compound control group had 4 patients without SAB. The analyzed samples were collected from the tongue, by the biopsy technique with a 3 mm punch and 3mm depth. These samples were processed in real time, following the guidelines set forth by the RT-PCR method. The expressiveness of the sodium channels was evaluated in the individuals with BMS in relation to control group, which was calculated from the normalization of these data with the quantification of the expression of a constitutive gene (GAPDH) by the Cycle Threshold comparative methods and statistically compared by Man-Whitnney test. We observed an increased gene expression of Nav 1.7 (fold-change = 38.70) and a decreased gene expression of Nav 1.9 (fold-change = 0.89), but no statistically significant differences between the groups. Nav 1.8 gene was not expressed in any of the samples. Nav 1.7 is expressed in both nociceptive neurons as the autonomic nervous system and changes in Nav 1.9 has been associated with loss of pain perception. The results although not statistically significant are consistent with the disease characteristics, justifying the extension line of the studies on the expression of genes encoding the sodium channel in patients with SAB.

Affärssystem är idag mer aktuellt än någonsin. Behovet av snabbare och mer uppdaterad informationsdelning för att stödja integrationen i ett företag har visat sig vara en av de främsta anledningarna till att efterfrågan på affärssystem ökar. Ett affärssystem kan förbättra ett företags förmåga att känna av marknadsförändringar. Även om affärssystem ökar inom detaljhandeln är forskning om affärssystem i detta sammanhang begränsat. Arbetet inleddes med datainsamling. Därefter gjordes empiriska iakttagelser. Genom fallstudien undersöktes vilka krav som företag i modebranschen har på ett affärssystem jämfört med andra företag i andra branscher. Sedan undersöktes vilka problem som finns med affärssystemen hos företagen samt vad dessa problem beror på. Syftet var att ta reda på vilka specifika krav företag i modebranschen har på ett affärssystem och vilka eventuella problem som finns med systemen samt att hitta möjliga orsaker till att dessa problem uppstår. Fallstudierna utfördes genom intervjuer med nyckelanvändare av affärssystem eller med personer som är väl insatta i affärssystemet. Intervjuerna gjordes via telefon och på plats hos företagen. Svaren från intervjuerna sammanställdes, analyserades och ställdes mot varandra och mot teorin. Klädföretag har tio specifika krav på ett affärssystem som bland annat innefattar varianthantering, hantering av överinleveranser och underinleveranser, hantering av PDM-funktion samt sortiment och packhantering. Resultatet visade att de affärssystem och systemlösningar som de intervjuade företagen har uppfyller de specifika krav som klädföretag har på ett affärssystem. Dock finns det flera problem med affärssystemen och systemlösningarna som inte är specifika för branschen. Problemen handlar framförallt om integration, komplexitet, utveckling och anpassning samt implementeringen.

Various ion channels are expressed in human cancers where they are intimately involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, migration and invasion. Expression of functional voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels is implicated in the metastatic potential of breast, prostate, colon, cervical and lung cancer cells. However, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Nav channel expression in cancer remain largely unknown. Growth factors are attractive candidates; they not only play crucial roles in cancer progression but are also key regulators of ion channel expression and activity in non-cancerous cells. Here, the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling and Nav channels in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines have been examined. It is shown that functional expression of Nav1.7 promotes invasion in strongly metastatic H460 NSCLC cells. However, in non-invasive A549 NSCLC cells, Nav1.7 is completely absent. Inhibition of Nav1.7 either pharmacologically by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or genetically by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduces H460 cell invasion by up to 50%. Whilst EGFR signalling enhances proliferation, migration and invasion of H460 cells, EGFR-mediated upregulation of Nav1.7 specifically, is required to promote invasive behaviour in these cells. Examination of Nav1.7 expression at the mRNA, protein and functional levels further reveals that EGFR signalling via the ERK1/2 pathway controls transcriptional regulation of Nav1.7 expression to promote cellular invasion in NSCLC. The role of Nav channels in promoting cancer cell invasion is also unclear. Therefore, the effect of Nav channel activity on two likely downstream contributors to cellular invasion, intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, and intracellular pH, pHi, have been examined. It is shown that functional expression of Nav1.7 likely drives H460 NSCLC cell invasion via H+ efflux from the cell in an uncharacterised mechanism potentially involving NHE1, resulting in extracellular acidification of the perimembrane space. However, much more work is needed to understand this Na+-dependent invasive mechanism. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of patient biopsies confirms the clinical relevance of Nav1.7 expression in NSCLC. Thus, Nav1.7 has significant potential as a novel target for therapeutic intervention, possibly in conjunction with existing EGFR inhibitors, and/or as a diagnostic/prognostic marker in NSCLC.

Les récepteurs nucléaires PPAR sont régulés par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3), dont l’acide docosahexaènoïque (DHA, 22:6n-3) qui inhibe la croissance des lignées de cellules cancéreuses mammaires. Des siRNA et des ligands pharmacologiques des PPAR (α, β et γ) ont permis de montrer que PPARβ régule cet effet inhibiteur du DHA. Dans un modèle murin de tumeur mammaire, la supplémentation en AGPI n-3 diminue l’expression de PPARβ et les tumeurs qui régressent le plus, sous chimiothérapie, sont celles qui expriment le moins PPARβ. L’invasivité des cellules cancéreuses mammaires et l’activité du canal sodique NaV1.5, qui promeut l’invasivité, sont inhibées par le DHA. Des antagonistes de PPARβ, comme l’inhibition de son expression, diminuent l’invasivité, le courant NaV1.5 et l’activité de son partenaire, l’échangeur Na+/H+ de type 1 (NHE-1). Les activités NaV1.5 et NHE-1 sont aussi diminuées dans les cellules qui n'expriment plus PPARβ. Cette étude montrant un lien mécanistique entre DHA, PPARβ, NaV1.5 et NHE-1, indique que l’inhibition de PPARβ par des AGPI n-3 à longue chaîne pourrait compléter les traitements actuels du cancer du sein. / Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are nuclear receptors for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) which inhibits breast cancer cell growth. Using siRNA and pharmacological ligands of PPAR (α, β or γ) in breast cancer cell lines, we showed that PPARβ regulated DHA-induced inhibition of cell growth. In a rat mammary tumor model supplemented with n-3 PUFA, PPARβ expression diminished and tumors that regressed most, under docetaxel treatment, displayed the lowest PPARβ expression. Breast cancer cells invasiveness and activity of NaV1.5 voltage-gated sodium channel, known to promote invasiveness, were both inhibited by DHA. Antagonizing PPARβ, or inhibiting its expression, reduced invasiveness and NaV1.5 current as well as its accompanying Na+/H+ exchanger type 1 (NHE-1) activity. NaV1.5 and NHE-1 activities were also reduced in cells knocked-down for PPARβ. This study shows a mechanistic link between DHA, PPARβ, NaV1.5 current and NHE-1 pro-invasive activities, advocating for the inhibition of PPARβ with long chain n-3 PUFA to complement current breast cancer therapies.

<p>Sedan 1990-talet har antalet regionala handelsavtal ökat kraftigt och världshandeln präglas</p><p>inte av den globala frihandel som WTO eftersträvar, utan snarare av handelssammanslutningar</p><p>med en stor aktör i centrum. Genom den så kallade Barcelonaprocessen har EU, ett</p><p>av de största naven i världshandeln, knutit bilaterala avtal med sina grannländer kring</p><p>Medelhavet och på så sätt gett upphov till ett struktur som kallas hub-and-spoke, nav-ocheker.</p><p>I denna uppsats utreds detta begrepp och de effekter som strukturen har på handel och</p><p>flödet av utländska direktinvesteringar. Vi ser tecken på att dessa flöden har ökat för Marocko</p><p>och Tunisien under de senaste åren och finner det troligt att effekterna blir ännu större i övriga Medelhavsländer</p>

Sedan 1990-talet har antalet regionala handelsavtal ökat kraftigt och världshandeln präglas inte av den globala frihandel som WTO eftersträvar, utan snarare av handelssammanslutningar med en stor aktör i centrum. Genom den så kallade Barcelonaprocessen har EU, ett av de största naven i världshandeln, knutit bilaterala avtal med sina grannländer kring Medelhavet och på så sätt gett upphov till ett struktur som kallas hub-and-spoke, nav-ocheker. I denna uppsats utreds detta begrepp och de effekter som strukturen har på handel och flödet av utländska direktinvesteringar. Vi ser tecken på att dessa flöden har ökat för Marocko och Tunisien under de senaste åren och finner det troligt att effekterna blir ännu större i övriga Medelhavsländer

Le neurone est une cellule hautement spécialisée qui permet, par des impulsions électriques appelées potentiel d’action (PA) d’assurer la communication neuronale de manière rapide et efficace vers les autres neurones du cerveau. L’axone occupe une place privilégiée dans la genèse du PA. En effet, une région spécialisée de l’axone appelé segment initial de l’axone (SIA) concentre les protéines canaux qui sont à l’origine du PA, les canaux sodium.Le sujet de cette thèse a pour objet d’identifier les facteurs géométriques et électriques contrôlant le seuil du PA. Par une approche essentiellement électrophysiologique couplée à la modélisation, nous identifions ici pour la première fois l’importance de la résistance axiale de l’axone, des canaux sodium et de certains canaux potassium dans le seuil du PA mesuré au corps cellulaire. Cette étude devrait permettre d’affiner et de valider les modèles de seuil du PA en apportant une meilleure compréhension de l’excitabilité neuronale. / The neuron is a highly specialized cell which permits, thanks to electrical impulsion called action potential (AP), to ensure the neuronal communication in a quick and efficient manner towards the other neurons of the brain. The axon takes a privileged place in AP genesis. Indeed, a specified region of the axon, called the axon initial segment (AIS) concentrates channel proteins that are at the origin of the AP, the sodium channels.The subject of this thesis aims to identify the geometrical and electrical factors controlling the threshold of AP. Essentially using an electrophysiological approach coupled with modeling, we identify for the first time here the importance of the axial resistance of the axon, the sodium channels, and some of the potassium channels in the threshold of AP measured in the cell body. This study should permit to refine and validate models of AP threshold by bringing a better understanding of neuronal excitability.