Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-07T12:42:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissERH.pdf: 3261996 bytes, checksum: f894b11b7e7dfd323e43c52322b1d206 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T13:59:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissERH.pdf: 3261996 bytes, checksum: f894b11b7e7dfd323e43c52322b1d206 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T13:59:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissERH.pdf: 3261996 bytes, checksum: f894b11b7e7dfd323e43c52322b1d206 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T14:04:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissERH.pdf: 3261996 bytes, checksum: f894b11b7e7dfd323e43c52322b1d206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / Não recebi financiamento / This research work aims at giving thought to the authorship concept when applied to a computational system – NELL (Never-Ending Language Learner) - that was designed to read the WEB in order to automatically build a consistent knowledge repository to be digitally stored. The internet is the primary input source for the system, and using a so called “neverending” reading process, the computer program is capable of accessing and fetching the whole internet content. Following the idea of exploring the relations and interactions among concepts, contexts and facts stated over the internet, the computer system will generate its own knowledge base, which will allow it to immediately answer questions on any domain. Considering the promising initial results obtained so far, studying and investigating theoretical approaches proposed by researchers from de authorship over de internet, having NELL as co-reference, is the main goal of the scientific research described in this document. This work is guided, basically, by the theoretical presupposition, as well as by the position and opinion of the following researchers: Michel Foucault, in its work: “O que é um Autor?”; Dominique Maingueneau: “Doze Conceitos em Análise do Discurso”, “Cenas da Enunciação” and “Discurso Literário”; Sírio Possenti: “Indícios de Autoria”; the Roger Chartier approach based on Michel Foucault work “O que é um Autor? Revisão de uma genealogia”; and Eni P. Orlandi: Interpretação; Autoria, leitura e efeitos do trabalho simbólico. Which are works that explore the target research topic. Based on the performed studies and analyses, our initial conclusions reveal that NELL’s authorship happens as in a polyphonic game of different voices. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa faz uma reflexão sobre o funcionamento da autoria em um sistema computacional - NELL – (Never Ending Language Learning), que tem como fundamento específico ler e interpretar informações na WEB com a finalidade de formar um pertinente acervo de conhecimentos, armazenando-o em um espaço digital. Sua fonte de coleta de dados é a Internet e por meio de um processo de leitura contínua, o programa se abastece de todo o conteúdo (em forma de texto) nela inserido. Obedecendo a um método de relações, interações e releituras entre as informações recebidas, busca formar uma base de conhecimentos própria, sintetizada, constituindo e pondo à disposição, com isso, respostas imediatas e objetivas sobre qualquer assunto que lhe for proposto, que tenha sido ventilado no ambiente do seu foco. Discernir, procurando identificar, tendo como sustentáculo um conhecimento de causa sob a égide dos princípios já relatados por estudiosos desta matéria, indícios que proporcionem, com alguma clareza, a compreensão sobre o funcionamento da autoria na rede eletrônica de comunicação, utilizando como correferência a NELL, é do que trata este trabalho. O presente estudo está ancorado, basicamente, nos pressupostos teóricos dos pesquisadores: Michel Foucault, em sua obra: “O que é um Autor?”; Dominique Maingueneau: “Doze Conceitos em Análise do Discurso”, “Cenas da Enunciação” e “Discurso Literário”; Sírio Possenti: “Indícios de Autoria”; a abordagem de Roger Chartier sobre o trabalho de Michel Foucault: “O que é um Autor? Revisão de uma genealogia”; e Eni P. Orlandi: “Interpretação; autoria, leitura e efeitos do trabalho simbólico”. Obras que versam sobre o tema pesquisado. Nossas primeiras conclusões, a partir das análises efetivadas, mostram que a autoria da NELL se dá num jogo polifônica de diferentes vozes.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-132). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4650.pdf: 1170921 bytes, checksum: a9b0c215ae5f2804a8bbdd8bd2267ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / NELL (Never Ending Language Learning) is a system that seeks to learn in an infinite way, extracting structured information from unstructured web pages using the semi-supervised learning paradigm as one of its basic principles. The Read the Web (RTW) project is the project where the NELL system is contained, actually it consists of 5 modules, all of them working independently where one of the modules is called Rule Learner (RL). The RL is responsible for inducing first order rules, which are used by the system to identify patterns in the knowledge generated by the other four components of the system. These rules are induced and then represented in a syntax that has Horn clauses as base. These rules can present contradictions, and in this context this paper proposes investigate, develop and implement methods to detect and solve these contradictions so that the system can learn in a more efficient way / O NELL (Never Ending Language Learning) é um sistema que busca aprender de uma maneira contínua, extraindo informação estruturada de páginas web desestruturadas utilizando o paradigma de aprendizagem semissupervisionado como um de seus princípios básicos. O Read the Web (RTW) é o projeto no qual o sistema NELL se insere. Atualmente o NELL possui cinco módulos, todos eles trabalhando independentemente onde um desses módulos é chamado Rule Learner (RL). O RL é responsável por induzir regras de primeira ordem, as quais são utilizadas pelo sistema para identificar padrões presentes no conhecimento gerado pelos outros quatro componentes do sistema. Estas regras são induzidas e, na sequência, representadas através de uma sintaxe que tem cláusulas de Horn como base. Tais regras podem apresentar contradições, e neste contexto o presente trabalho propõe a investigação, desenvolvimento e implementação de métodos para detectar e resolver estas contradições de maneira a fazer a aprendizagem mais eficiente.

A wise Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "Freedom is never given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed (King 1)." For as long as men and women have shared the planet, sexism has been a universal issue in civilization. In a social justice context, American society has found ways to oppress people for centuries. The Oxford Dictionary defines sexism as a "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex ("sexism")." Voting rights in America were established in 1790, but it took years of petitioning at various women's rights conventions before the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution stating "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" was passed in 1920 ("Nineteenth Amendment"). Traditionally, men were supposed to be the strong, decisive, driven, courageous, money-making breed, while women were expected to be the nurturing, affectionate, weak subordinates. Today, we find men and women working in careers previously linked with sexism; men as nurses and teachers, women as CEOs and factory workers. Statistics show that today there are an increasing number of women providing the financial support in their families. As with sexism, people also have been oppressed by racism for centuries. According to The Oxford Dictionary, racism is defined as a "prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior ("racism")." It has been argued that African Americans have been one of the most oppressed groups in America. Even after they were emancipated in 1865, it was nearly one hundred years later that their rights were protected with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Before the act's passing, African Americans were denied equal education, employment, housing property, and a political voice. My interest in this topic was peaked right around the same time I became interested in performing on the musical theatre stage. I got my start in local community theatres, and up until college, was the only African American cast in the productions. I started playing multiple ensemble roles per show, and throughout the years advanced myself to "supporting character" but never the lead. Admittedly, there were times when I wasn't as talented as the women who snagged the leading roles, but many a time when I was just as talented or more qualified for the role, it went to another woman - most times of Caucasian descent. What did they have that I didn’t have? When I got accepted into The University of Central Florida as a BFA Musical Theatre student, I auditioned for the plays and musicals every semester, and each season I began to see the same patterns of who was cast for each show. Roles I thought I would get often went to White actors. I felt victimized in this modern-day example of racism. But racism goes beyond black and White. Internal racism between the light-skinned and dark-skinned African American women I was competing with became a factor as well. There were many times when an audition notice called for an African American woman; however, an unsettling trend became very apparent to me; if the casting description was for a maid, or something of that nature, larger, dark-skinned women would get the majority of the callbacks, which would lead to them getting cast. On the flip side, if an audition notice called for an African American ingénue type, more of the slimmer, lighter-skinned women were called back and later cast. Has American society cast a racial stigma for African American beauty?

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-03T12:49:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMCD.pdf: 1564245 bytes, checksum: fbb9eb1099a1b38351371c97e8e49bb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-16T16:47:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMCD.pdf: 1564245 bytes, checksum: fbb9eb1099a1b38351371c97e8e49bb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-16T16:47:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMCD.pdf: 1564245 bytes, checksum: fbb9eb1099a1b38351371c97e8e49bb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T16:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMCD.pdf: 1564245 bytes, checksum: fbb9eb1099a1b38351371c97e8e49bb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-04 / Não recebi financiamento / NELL is a computer system that has the goal of learn to learn 24 hours per day, continuously and learn more an better than the last day, to perform the knowledge base (KB). NELL is running since January 12 of 2010. Furthermore, NELL goals is have hight precision to be able to continue the learning. NELL is developed in macro-reading context, because this NELL needs very much redundancy to run. The first step to run NELL is to have an big (all-pairs-data). An all-pairs-data is a preprocessed base using Natural Language Processing (NLP), that base has all sufficient statistics about a corpus of web pages. The proposal of this project was to create a instance of NELL (currently in English) in Portuguese. For this, the first goal was the developing an all-pairs-data in Portuguese. The second step was to create a new version of Portuguese NELL. And finally, the third goal was to develop a coreference resolution hybrid method focused in features semantics and morphologics. This method is not dependent of a specific language, it is can be applied for another languages with the same alphabet of Portuguese language. The NELL in Portuguese was developed, but the all-pairs-data is not big enough. Because it Portuguese NELL is not running for ever, like the English version. Even so, this project present the steps about how to develop a NELL in other language and some ideas about how to improve the all-pairs-data. By the way, this project present a coreference resolution hybrid method with good results to NELL. / A NELL é um sistema de computador que possui o objetivo de executar 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, sem parar. A versão atual da NELL foi iniciada em 12 de Janeiro de 2010 e continua ativa. Seu objetivo é aprender cada vez mais fatos da web para popular sua base de conhecimento (Knowlegde Base - KB). Além de aprender cada vez mais, a NELL também objetiva alcançar alta confiança no aprendizado para garantir a continuidade do aprendizado. A NELL foi desenvolvida e atua no contexto da macroleitura, no qual é necessária uma grande quantidade e redundância de dados. Para que o sistema possa aprender, o primeiro passo é criar uma base preprocessada (all-pairs-data) a partir do uso de técnicas linguísticas. O all-pairs-data deve possuir todas as estatísticas suficientes para a execução da NELL e também deve ser de um tamanho suficientemente grande para que o aprendizado possa ocorrer. Neste projeto, foi proposta a criação de uma nova instância da NELL em português. Inicialmente foi proposta a criação de um all-pairs-data e, em seguida, a criação de uma abordagem híbrida para a resolução de correferências independente de língua por base em características semânticas e morfológicas. A proposta híbrida objetivou aperfeiçoar o processo atual de tratamento de correferências na NELL, melhorando assim a confiabilidade no aprendizado. Todas as propostas foram desenvolvidas e a NELL em português obteve bons resultados. Tais resultados evidenciam que a leitura da web em português poderá se tornar um sistema de aprendizado sem-fim. Para que isso ocorra são também apresentadas as futuras abordagens e propostas. Além disso, este projeto apresenta a metodologia de criação da instância da NELL em português, uma proposta de resolução de correferência que explora atributos linguisticos,bem como a ontologia da NELL, além de apontar trabalhos futuros, nos quais inclui-se processos de adição de outras línguas na NELL, principalmente para aquelas que possuem poucas páginas web disponíveis para o aprendizado.

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