BACKGROUND:Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a congenital muscle disease associated with weakness and the presence of nemaline bodies (rods) in muscle fibers. Mutations in seven genes have been associated with NM, but the most commonly mutated gene is nebulin (NEB), which is thought to account for roughly 50% of cases.RESULTS:We describe two siblings with severe NM, arthrogryposis and neonatal death caused by two novel NEB mutations: a point mutation in intron 13 and a frameshift mutation in exon 81. Levels of detectable nebulin protein were significantly lower than those in normal control muscle biopsies or those from patients with less severe NM due to deletion of NEB exon 55. Mechanical studies of skinned myofibers revealed marked impairment of force development, with an increase in tension cost.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings demonstrate that the mechanical phenotype of severe NM is the consequence of mutations that severely reduce nebulin protein levels and suggest that the level of nebulin expression may correlate with the severity of disease.

No description available.

Nemaline myopathy is a subtype of congenital myopathy that is clinically characterized by muscle weakness and early hypotonia of variable severity. Pathologically, nemaline myopathy is characterized by the presence of nemaline rods that stain purple in modified Gӧmӧri trichrome dye in patient biopsies under a microscope. Affected individuals experience skeletal muscle weakness and feeding difficulties, but most individuals will also experience respiratory muscle weakness that is disproportional to the weakness in skeletal muscles. Currently, 6 different subtypes of nemaline myopathy have been identified, each caused by mutations in ACTA1, NEB, TPM2, TPM3, TNNT1, KBTBD13, CFL2, KLHL40, KLHL41, or LMOD3, which are genes that encode either thin filament proteins or Kelch-like proteins. Of these genes, mutations in NEB and ACTA1 account for the majority of nemaline myopathy cases. Due to the genetic heterogeneity of nemaline myopathy, it is imperative to discover therapeutic targets and treatments that can universally treat nemaline myopathy patients. Preliminary data from our lab has demonstrated that proteasome complexes are downregulated in nemaline myopathy patients. Further, proteasomal activators improved motor function in neb zebrafish models, demonstrating the potential for proteasome activators to be therapeutics for nemaline myopathy patients. To extend these studies, the effect of proteasome activators, betulinic acid and Rolipram, was evaluated on the motor function in neb zebrafish models. However, in our experimental trials with betulinic acid and Rolipram, no positive effect on motor function in neb zebrafish was observed. In order to confirm our findings for both betulinic acid and Rolipram, additional trials will need to be conducted. / 2019-10-31T00:00:00Z

BACKGROUND: Nemaline myopathy (NM), the most common non-dystrophic congenital myopathy, is characterized by generalized skeletal muscle weakness, often from birth. To date, no therapy exists that enhances the contractile strength of muscles of NM patients. Mutations in NEB, encoding the giant protein nebulin, are the most common cause of NM. The pathophysiology of muscle weakness in NM patients with NEB mutations (NEB-NM) includes a lower calcium-sensitivity of force generation. We propose that the lower calcium-sensitivity of force generation in NEB-NM offers a therapeutic target. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer that is approved for use in humans and has been developed to target cardiac muscle fibers. It exerts its effect through binding to slow skeletal/cardiac troponin C. As slow skeletal/cardiac troponin C is also the dominant troponin C isoform in slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, we hypothesized that levosimendan improves slow-twitch muscle fiber strength at submaximal levels of activation in patients with NEB-NM. METHODS: To test whether levosimendan affects force production, permeabilized slow-twitch muscle fibers isolated from biopsies of NEB-NM patients and controls were exposed to levosimendan and the force response was measured. RESULTS: No effect of levosimendan on muscle fiber force in NEB-NM and control skeletal muscle fibers was found, both at a submaximal calcium level using incremental levosimendan concentrations, and at incremental calcium concentrations in the presence of levosimendan. In contrast, levosimendan did significantly increase the calcium-sensitivity of force in human single cardiomyocytes. Protein analysis confirmed that the slow skeletal/cardiac troponin C isoform was present in the skeletal muscle fibers tested. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that levosimendan does not improve the contractility in human skeletal muscle fibers, and do not provide rationale for using levosimendan as a therapeutic to restore muscle weakness in NEB-NM patients. We stress the importance of searching for compounds that improve the calcium-sensitivity of force generation of slow-twitch muscle fibers. Such compounds provide an appealing approach to restore muscle force in patients with NEB-NM, and also in patients with other neuromuscular disorders.

Skeletal muscle consists of an extremely regular organization of myofibers that are specialized in contraction. Development and maintenance of skeletal muscle function depends on the precise organization of sarcomeric contractile proteins that consist the myofibrils. Impaired or delayed myofibrillogenesis has been identified as the primary pathological mechanism of many skeletal muscle myopathies. Several members of the Kelch family of proteins have been implicated in skeletal muscle development and diseases, and mutations in these proteins have resulted in perturbations in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which is the primary means of proteasomal degradation in eukaryotes. In particular, KLHL41 of the BTB-BACK Kelch family is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle and has been identified as a regulator of the skeletal muscle differentiation process that results in the normal development and functioning of mature skeletal muscles. KLHL41 acts as a substrate-specific adaptor for Cullin 3 (Cul3) E3 ubiquitin ligase, implicating the role/s of KLHL41 in proteasomal ubiquitination processes in skeletal muscle. Recent studies have determined that the degradation of nebulin-related anchoring protein (NRAP), which was found to interact with KLHL41, is a critical process in skeletal myofibril maturation that is caused by KLHL41-mediated ubiquitination of the NRAP protein. Through this study, it was further confirmed that KLHL41 changes in localization as maturation occurs, which may provide insight into the mechanism of its functions in myofibril maturation. In addition, the study found that KLHL41 promotes the critical process of nebulin-related anchoring protein (NRAP) degradation. Lastly, mutations in the KLHL41, which are known to cause Nemaline Myopathy (NM) in patients, were modeled in murine C2C12 myoblasts to gain a greater understanding of how KLHL41 mutations may affect protein stability and Cul3 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Overall, the findings of this thesis support the critical role of KLHL41 in the formation of mature myofibrils, and provides insight into how deficiency of KLHL41 contributes to a disease state through regulation of the CUL3 protein complex. / 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

Congenital myopathies are a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases. They are primarily characterised by skeletal muscle weakness and disease-specific pathological features. They harshly limit ordinary life and in severe cases, these myopathies are associated with early death of the affected individuals. The congenital myopathies investigated in this thesis are nemaline myopathy and myofibrillar myopathy. These diseases are usually caused by missense mutations in genes encoding myofibrillar proteins, but the exact mechanisms by which the point mutations in these proteins cause the overall weakness remain mysterious. Hence, in this thesis two different nemaline myopathy-causing actin mutations and one myofibrillar myopathy-causing myosin-mutation found in both human patients and mouse models were used to investigate the cascades of molecular and cellular events leading to weakness. I performed a broad range of functional and structural experiments including skinned muscle fibre mechanics, small-angle X-ray scattering as well as immunoblotting and histochemical techniques. Interestingly, according to my results, point mutations in myosin and actin differently modify myosin binding to actin, cross-bridge formation and muscle fibre force production revealing divergent mechanisms, that is, gain versus loss of function (papers I, II and IV). In addition, one point mutation in actin appears to have muscle-specific effects.  The presence of that mutant protein in respiratory muscles, i.e. diaphragm, has indeed more damaging consequences on myofibrillar structure than in limb muscles complexifying the pathophysiological mechanisms (paper II). As numerous atrophic muscle fibres can be seen in congenital myopathies, I also considered this phenomenon as a contributing factor to weakness and characterised the underlying causes in presence of one actin mutation. My results highlighted a direct muscle-specific up-regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (paper III). All together, my research work demonstrates that mutation- and muscle-specific mechanisms trigger the muscle weakness in congenital myopathies. This gives important insights into the pathophysiology of congenital myopathies and will undoubtedly help in designing future therapies.

Introdução: As miopatias congênitas são doenças musculares genéticas caracterizadas por hipotonia e fraqueza muscular de início precoce na infância. Histologicamente são caracterizadas por alterações estruturais no músculo esquelético (corpos nemalínicos, cores ou centralização nuclear), no entanto, existem casos com alterações leves e inespecíficas, alterações mínimas, tais como, desproporção no tamanho das fibras e desarranjo na arquitetura interna das fibras (falhas focais na atividade oxidativa). Quanto ao aspecto molecular, vários genes já foram identificados em associação com os diversos subtipos, porém com grande sobreposição de achados histológicos e clínicos. Objetivo: Caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes Brasileiros com miopatia nemalínica e com miopatia congênita com achados histológicos mínimos. Métodos: Avaliação clínica e histológica (revisão dos achados das biopsias musculares) de pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia congênita nemalínica e com alterações mínimas, provenientes de dois centros de investigação em doenças neuromusculares da cidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP e UNIFESP). O estudo molecular foi realizado através de sequenciamento Sanger para os genes ACTA1, TPM3, MYH7 e SEPN1 e/ou sequenciamento de nova geração para painel de genes musculares e/ou exoma. Resultados: Foram avaliados 23 pacientes com miopatia nemalínica (20 famílias) e 22 pacientes com alterações mínimas (20 famílias). O diagnóstico molecular foi concluído em sete famílias com miopatia nemalínica, sendo quatro com variantes missense, em heterozigose, no gene ACTA1 já associadas previamente a miopatia nemalínica, e três famílias, com variantes não conhecidas, em heterozigose, no gene NEB com alta predição de patogenicidade. Na coorte de miopatias congênitas com alterações mínimas o diagnóstico molecular foi concluído em nove famílias, sendo uma com variante conhecida no gene CHRNE, descrita em miastenia congênita; duas famílias com variantes no gene TPM3, sendo uma inédita, em homozigose, e outra, em heterozigose, já conhecida; duas famílias com variantes novas, em heterozigose, no RYR1, uma no gene TTN e três famílias com variantes já conhecidas no gene no MYH7 com fenótipo de miopatia distal de Laing. A despeito da realização de sequenciamento de exoma, sete famílias ainda permanecem sem gene candidato. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos, histológicos e moleculares dos pacientes da coorte de miopatia nemalínica seguem aos padrões descritos da literatura. O estudo dos pacientes com miopatia congênita com alterações mínimas se revelou complexo e variável, tanto no fenótipo quanto no genótipo. As mutações novas no gene NEB, RYR1, TTN, TPM3 e MYH7 confirmam a importância e patogenicidade destes genes nas miopatias congênitas e ampliam o seu espectro de alterações. Diante da quantidade de genes candidatos e do tamanho de alguns genes envolvidos com essas miopatias, técnicas de sequenciamento de nova geração são de grande valor / Introduction: Congenital myopathy are a group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by hypotonia and weakness in early childhood. They are characterized by structural abnormalities in muscle biopsy (nemaline bodies, central-cores or nuclear centralization). However, it can present within mild and unspecific findings like fiber type disproportion and abnormalities on oxidative staining (minimal changes). Regarding the molecular aspects, there are many genes associated with the congenital myopathies with an important overlapping between the histological and phenotypical findings. Objectives: Clinical, histological and molecular characterization of Brazilian patients with nemaline myopathy and congenital myopathy with minimal changes. Methods: Clinical and histological evaluation (review of muscle biopsy) of patients with nemaline myopathy and congenital myopathy with minimal changes from two centers of neuromuscular diseases (HC-FMUSP e UNIFESP). The molecular study was performed using Sanger sequencing for ACTA1, TPM3, SEPN1 and MYH7 genes and/or neuromuscular panel and/or exome. Results: Twenty-three patients with nemaline myopathy (20 families) and 22 patients with congenital myopathy with minimal changes (20 families) were evaluated. The molecular diagnose were concluded in seven families with nemaline myopathy, with four families having missense, heterozygous and pathogenic ACTA1 variants and three families having unknown heterozygous and pathogenic variants in NEB gene. In the congenital myopathy with minimal findings group, the diagnose was concluded in 9 families. One presenting with a pathogenic variant in CHRNE gene previously described in congenital myasthenia, two families with pathogenic variants in TPM3, one novel homozygous and one heterozygous previously reported. Two families presented with novel and pathogenic RYR1 variants, one with novel and pathogenic TTN variants and 3 families presented with heterozygous variants in MYH7 myopathy with Laing distal myopathy phenotype. Despite the NGS realization, 7 families remain without a gene candidate. Conclusions: The clinical, histological and molecular findings of nemaline myopathy cohort follow the literature pattern. In contrast, the study for minimal change patients appear complex and variable, either on phenotype or on genotype. The new gene mutations for NEB, RYR1, TTN, TPM3 and MYH7 reinforce relevance and pathogenicity of these genes in the congenital myopathies and expand the mutation spectrum. In light of diversity of candidate genes and the size of some genes involved with these myopathies, next generation sequencing techniques have been proved essential

Introdução: As miopatias congênitas são doenças musculares genéticas caracterizadas por hipotonia e fraqueza muscular de início precoce na infância. Histologicamente são caracterizadas por alterações estruturais no músculo esquelético (corpos nemalínicos, cores ou centralização nuclear), no entanto, existem casos com alterações leves e inespecíficas, alterações mínimas, tais como, desproporção no tamanho das fibras e desarranjo na arquitetura interna das fibras (falhas focais na atividade oxidativa). Quanto ao aspecto molecular, vários genes já foram identificados em associação com os diversos subtipos, porém com grande sobreposição de achados histológicos e clínicos. Objetivo: Caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes Brasileiros com miopatia nemalínica e com miopatia congênita com achados histológicos mínimos. Métodos: Avaliação clínica e histológica (revisão dos achados das biopsias musculares) de pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia congênita nemalínica e com alterações mínimas, provenientes de dois centros de investigação em doenças neuromusculares da cidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP e UNIFESP). O estudo molecular foi realizado através de sequenciamento Sanger para os genes ACTA1, TPM3, MYH7 e SEPN1 e/ou sequenciamento de nova geração para painel de genes musculares e/ou exoma. Resultados: Foram avaliados 23 pacientes com miopatia nemalínica (20 famílias) e 22 pacientes com alterações mínimas (20 famílias). O diagnóstico molecular foi concluído em sete famílias com miopatia nemalínica, sendo quatro com variantes missense, em heterozigose, no gene ACTA1 já associadas previamente a miopatia nemalínica, e três famílias, com variantes não conhecidas, em heterozigose, no gene NEB com alta predição de patogenicidade. Na coorte de miopatias congênitas com alterações mínimas o diagnóstico molecular foi concluído em nove famílias, sendo uma com variante conhecida no gene CHRNE, descrita em miastenia congênita; duas famílias com variantes no gene TPM3, sendo uma inédita, em homozigose, e outra, em heterozigose, já conhecida; duas famílias com variantes novas, em heterozigose, no RYR1, uma no gene TTN e três famílias com variantes já conhecidas no gene no MYH7 com fenótipo de miopatia distal de Laing. A despeito da realização de sequenciamento de exoma, sete famílias ainda permanecem sem gene candidato. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos, histológicos e moleculares dos pacientes da coorte de miopatia nemalínica seguem aos padrões descritos da literatura. O estudo dos pacientes com miopatia congênita com alterações mínimas se revelou complexo e variável, tanto no fenótipo quanto no genótipo. As mutações novas no gene NEB, RYR1, TTN, TPM3 e MYH7 confirmam a importância e patogenicidade destes genes nas miopatias congênitas e ampliam o seu espectro de alterações. Diante da quantidade de genes candidatos e do tamanho de alguns genes envolvidos com essas miopatias, técnicas de sequenciamento de nova geração são de grande valor / Introduction: Congenital myopathy are a group of genetic muscle diseases characterized by hypotonia and weakness in early childhood. They are characterized by structural abnormalities in muscle biopsy (nemaline bodies, central-cores or nuclear centralization). However, it can present within mild and unspecific findings like fiber type disproportion and abnormalities on oxidative staining (minimal changes). Regarding the molecular aspects, there are many genes associated with the congenital myopathies with an important overlapping between the histological and phenotypical findings. Objectives: Clinical, histological and molecular characterization of Brazilian patients with nemaline myopathy and congenital myopathy with minimal changes. Methods: Clinical and histological evaluation (review of muscle biopsy) of patients with nemaline myopathy and congenital myopathy with minimal changes from two centers of neuromuscular diseases (HC-FMUSP e UNIFESP). The molecular study was performed using Sanger sequencing for ACTA1, TPM3, SEPN1 and MYH7 genes and/or neuromuscular panel and/or exome. Results: Twenty-three patients with nemaline myopathy (20 families) and 22 patients with congenital myopathy with minimal changes (20 families) were evaluated. The molecular diagnose were concluded in seven families with nemaline myopathy, with four families having missense, heterozygous and pathogenic ACTA1 variants and three families having unknown heterozygous and pathogenic variants in NEB gene. In the congenital myopathy with minimal findings group, the diagnose was concluded in 9 families. One presenting with a pathogenic variant in CHRNE gene previously described in congenital myasthenia, two families with pathogenic variants in TPM3, one novel homozygous and one heterozygous previously reported. Two families presented with novel and pathogenic RYR1 variants, one with novel and pathogenic TTN variants and 3 families presented with heterozygous variants in MYH7 myopathy with Laing distal myopathy phenotype. Despite the NGS realization, 7 families remain without a gene candidate. Conclusions: The clinical, histological and molecular findings of nemaline myopathy cohort follow the literature pattern. In contrast, the study for minimal change patients appear complex and variable, either on phenotype or on genotype. The new gene mutations for NEB, RYR1, TTN, TPM3 and MYH7 reinforce relevance and pathogenicity of these genes in the congenital myopathies and expand the mutation spectrum. In light of diversity of candidate genes and the size of some genes involved with these myopathies, next generation sequencing techniques have been proved essential