To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

UAB „Langma“ gamina įvairią produkciją iš medienos, taip pat atlieka montavimo darbus. Darbe aprašoma įmonė dirba pelningai ir turi pakankamai klientų darbui be prastovų užtikrinti. Nuo 2012 metų įmonė planuoja padidinti gamybos apimtis, tačiau nėra atlikta jokia analizė kuri patvirtintų ar paneigtų įmonės vadovų optimistines prognozes. Gamyba įmonėje vykdoma naudojant senus įrengimus, tačiau manoma , kad turimų gamybinių pajėgumų užteks. Darbe apskaičiuoti įmonės ilgalaikio materialaus turto panaudojimo efektyvumo rodikliai. Apskaičiuota galima investicijų į naujus gamybinius įrengimus nauda. Apskaičiuoti investicinio projekto pinigų srautai. Įvertinta galima rizika ir jos padariniai projekto grynajai dabartinei vertei. / Bachelor's thesis examined the company's investment in a new long-term tangible assets reasonableness. The paper describes the company is operating profitably and has enough clients to work without downtime. Since 2012, the company plans to increase production. Analysis is required to confirm or deny the company executives optimistic forecasts. Production company based on the use of old equipment, but company managers think they have enough production capacity. The paper calculate the company long-term tangible assets using performance indicators. Estimated to be investment in new production equipment benefit. Paper describes the investment project cash flows. It is also possible to assess the risks and consequences of the project net present value.

Today, a large proportion of the world's plenteous offshore natural gas resource are stranded, flared or re-injected due to constraints pertaining to its utilisation. The major constraint in the utilisation of this resource is linked to its properties, which makes it difficult to transport or store. Although the resource presents an excellent opportunity for the Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology (process for converting natural gas into high energy liquid fuels with qualities that surpass the most stringent current and future clean-fuel requirements), the further processing of this resource is still impeded by high cost of transportation. However, it is believed that the emerging Floating GTL concept could offer superb opportunities to bring such offshore stranded natural gas reserves to markets by converting the gas into high quality liquid fuels, at the production sites, before it is transported using conventional oil tankers or vessels. But the question is: can this venture be profitable or economically viable? In response, an Economic Model (the EV Model) to review the economic viability of the Floating GTL option was developed. Analyses on technical and economical aspects of the floating GTL application offshore are presented with case studies on Syntroleum's and Statoil's floating GTL designs. Profitability analyses were conducted using the EV model to evaluate economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP), Profitability index (PI), Break-Even Analysis (BEA) and Scale Economies for some assumed case scenarios involving both designs. In addition, sensitivity analyses were also carried out to find the most sensitive parameters which affect the viability of the floating GTL option. The economic analyses revealed that, a modest feedstock cost (~0 - $3/MSCF), high crude oil price (that stays above $30 per barrel) and reduction trend in capital expenditure (for stand alone Floating GTL plant) up to $20,00O/BPD or lower in the next few years, will open windows for the floating GTL concept. Finally, the energy policy needed to achieve the capitalisation of the plenteous offshore stranded gas resource via floating GTL is also discussed. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

Abstract The removal of overlying waste rock in open pit mines to dumps is conventionally undertaken by draglines or by trucks and shovels, or by a combination of these. Waste rock dumps are the largest remnant structures of open cut mining operations and can absorb a large proportion of the mine operating costs. If the dumps are not properly developed they can be excessively expensive and can become a major safety risk and environmental hazard. There are many examples worldwide where poor design and construction of waste rock dumps have resulted in failures causing considerable loss of life and widespread damage, or have resulted in erosion and seepage that have led to severe environmental pollution. The proper design and scheduling of waste rock dumps and haul routes can significantly reduce costs, minimise the possibility of failures, and avoid harming the environment. This Thesis is limited to the consideration of trucks and shovels for waste rock haulage in open cut mining operations. It describes the development and application of a waste rock dump scheduling model using the Operations Research technique of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming, implemented in the mathematical modelling language AMPL. The model focuses on minimising the haulage cost for each block of waste rock taken from the open pit and placed in the dump. Allowance is made for the selective placement of benign and reactive waste rock, based on an open pit block model that delineates benign and reactive waste rock. The formulation requires input data including the xyz-coordinates of the block model for the open pit, information on whether the waste rock blocks are benign or reactive, the proposed time scheduling of waste rock haulage from the open pit, unit haulage costs, and the geometry of the waste rock dump, including the delineation of the zones that are benign and those that are reactive. The model was successfully tested by using both simple test data and actual mine site data. The application of the model to a simple case confirmed that it produces results that meet the Objective Function in producing an optimal haulage time and cost, and meets the various Constraints imposed. This model for scheduling the removal of waste rock from open cut mining operations with trucks and shovels will require further research and testing and, because the results are generated in a numerical format, there will also be a need to convert them to a graphical format to facilitate their interpretation. Ultimately, it will have the potential to provide a relatively low-cost scheduling tool that meets operators’ economic, safety and environmental goals.

Os modelos de crescimento econômico mostram que a única forma de promover o crescimento sustentado da economia é por meio do progresso tecnológico. Porém, a manutenção de um fluxo crescente de inovações tecnológicas requer uma forte estrutura de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), o que implica em uma série de gastos por parte de ambos os setores, público e privado. Conseqüentemente, as instituições de pesquisa são crescentemente cobradas quanto aos resultados dos recursos nelas investidos, o que torna interessante a realização de estudos que procurem avaliar os retornos de tais investimentos e determinar quão proveitosos estes vêm-se revelando para a sociedade. Encontram-se na literatura diversos estudos objetivando medir os retornos econômicos provenientes dos investimentos em P&D na agricultura em geral, porém, existem poucos trabalhos para setores específicos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como principal objetivo medir o retorno econômico dos investimentos em pesquisa na citricultura paulista. A justificativa para a escolha do setor analisado é que o Brasil, além de representar sozinho cerca de 80% do total de suco de laranja concentrado e congelado comercializado no mercado internacional, responde por 28% da produção mundial de laranja. O Estado de São Paulo, por sua vez, responde por cerca de 80% da produção nacional de laranja e 98% das exportações brasileiras de suco concentrado. A relevância econômica dessa atividade no Estado tem estimulado inúmeras pesquisas, especialmente em relação aos aspectos fitossanitários, uma vez que a citricultura paulista é fortemente atacada por uma série de pragas e doenças, desde o seu surgimento. A metodologia utilizada para a estimativa do retorno aos investimentos na pesquisa citrícola foi o cálculo da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF), através do Índice de Tornqüist, para posterior comparação com os gastos em pesquisa. Além disso, utilizou-se o método do valor presente líquido (VPL) para comparação entre diferentes cenários com relação à contaminação dos pomares, de modo a estimar o dano econômico evitado pela descoberta e pelo controle das doenças. Dentre os principais resultados encontrados verificou-se que para cada R$1,00 investido na pesquisa citrícola obtém-se um aumento de R$ 13,67 no valor da produção de laranja no Estado de São Paulo. Com relação às perdas de produtividade evitadas graças ao controle das principais doenças, verificou-se que se o cancro cítrico não fosse rigorosamente controlado através da erradicação, o prejuízo teria sido ao redor de R$ 2 bilhões nos últimos 35 anos. Finalmente, a partir da simulação de diferentes níveis de contaminação pelo greening os resultados sugeriram que o prejuízo causado pela possível disseminação desta doença nos pomares paulistas seria bastante significativo nos próximos 20 anos, especialmente se estiverem associados a um cenário de manejo integrado do cancro cítrico, ao invés da erradicação. Em outras palavras, os resultados do estudo corroboram a importância dos investimentos em P&D na citricultura paulista. / The economic growth models show that the only way to promote a sustained growth of the economy is through technological progress. However, keeping a growing technological innovation flow requires a strong research and development - R&D structure, demanding expenses from both public and private sectors. Consequently, the research institutions have been increasingly charged about the outcomes from applied funds, which turn necessary to conceptualize and evaluate such R&D investment returns, as well as to highlight what benefits they can reveal to society. There are several studies aiming to assess the whole agriculture R&D investments returns, whereas only few studies has been doing towards to specific sectors. Thus, the general objective of this study is to assess the economic return from R&D investments in São Paulo State's citrus sector over the last 35 years. Brazil represents 80% of the total frozen concentrated orange juice - FCOJ commercialized in the international market, and 28% of the world orange production. São Paulo State is responsible by 80% of national orange production and 98% of Brazilian FCOJ exportation. The economic importance of this industry has been stimulating several research activities, especially related to plant disease aspects, given that São Paulo's citrus sector is strongly threatened by pests and diseases. It was used the Tornqüist Index Method to estimate the citrus industry total productivity of factors - TPF, in order to compare the outcomes with citrus R&D investments. In addition, the net present value - NPV method was used to compare different scenarios, in relation to citrus canker and greening outbreak in São Paulo's groves, to estimate the economic losses avoided due to diseases control. For every R$1 invested in the citrus industry R&D, it was found that R$13,67 is risen on the São Paulo State orange production value. In relation to avoided economic losses due to diseases control, if the citrus canker had not been controlled through tree eradication, the economic losses would have been approximately R$2 billion throughout the past 35 years. Finally, from different levels of citrus greening outbreak simulation, the results suggest that the damage caused by the possible citrus greening outbreak in São Paulo's orchards would be quite significant for the next 20 years, especially if the levels are associated with canker integrated management, regardless of eradication program. Summarizing, the results achieved from this work reinforces the remarkable importance of São Paulo's citrus sector R&D investments.

nÃo hà / Nesta dissertaÃÃo abordamos questÃes concernentes a MatemÃtica Financeira a partir de dois enfoques, o teÃrico metodolÃgico e o uso da tecnologia da mÃquina calculadora HP 12C. Nesse sentido, nosso objetivo foi de contribuir com o uso da calculadora HP 12C para os ensino fundamental, mÃdio e superior, proporcionando a esses alunos mais interesse e motivaÃÃo para compreender melhor um assunto tÃo importante para sua vida humana e profissional. Para tanto elaboramos um tutorial com operaÃÃes elementares sob o contexto da MatemÃtica Financeira proporcionando uma aprendizagem consistente para resolver situaÃÃes prÃticas e ter o discernimento entre comprar à vista e à prazo. Dessa forma o uso adequado do tutorial facilita um avanÃo na aprendizagem do contexto da MatemÃtica Financeira, auxiliando em uma avaliaÃÃo ou orÃamento financeiro sob o ponto de vista de prevà resultados de investimentos em um negÃcio. Abordamos tambÃm nesse contexto os sistemas de amortizaÃÃes de financiamentos atualmente em uso, capitalizaÃÃo simples e composta, fluxo de caixa, valor presente lÃquido, taxa interna de retorno e fundo de pensÃo. / The Financial Mathematics treated in this issue presents two points of view, the methodological theoretical and the use of the machine technology. Its purpose is to contribute with the use of the calculator HP 12C in the elementary, secondary and higher education, providing for the students more interest and motivation to learn subject like this in their professional lives. So, we elaborate a tutorial with elementary operations about the structure of Financial Mathematics that help to solve practice situations and obtain the discernment between buying the spot or forward. The adequate use of this tutorial, help to solve practice situations and understand how to work the Financial Mathematics and allowing to foresee the results of investments in business. We also treat in this tutorial the amortization of financing systems currently in use, simple and compound capitalization, cash flow, net present value, internal rate of return and pension fund.

The diploma thesis deals with ranking of financial performance ranking of companies in period from 2011 to 2015. The main goal is to propose ones own ranking, which compares companies on the basis of indicators of financial analysis. Ranking contains seven models and indicators, which comprehensively evaluates important economical spheres of company and its environment. Signatures of assessment are given bankrupt and solvency models, absolute and relative economic value added, net present value. Partial goal is to compile seven independent rankings, which with the help of method of simple sum of ranking and method of distance from fictive object create final propose of ranking.