This diploma thesis deals with the development of payments instruments, contactless technologies and instruments of contactless payments. This thesis describes intentions of card associations VISA and MasterCard in area contactless payments. It also contains a questionnaire survey, on the basis of which was carried out an evaluation and comparison with intentions associations. At the same was recommend of development for a provider of services in the area.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) have the potential to greatly affect every part of industrial and people’s lifestyle. For this reason, iPack VINN Excellence Center contributes to wireless tracking platform for fresh food and lifestyle. Every new idea or technology is attempted to integrate to the WSN for more efficient, better user experience and lower power consumption. Meanwhile Near Field Communication (NFC), a short-range wireless connectivity technology, which can make communication easily,safety and intuitively arousing iPack interest. So this master thesis focus on integrating NFC technology into existing systems to build a NFC-enable Wireless Sensor Network system. And with thissystem, only one simple touch, data from sensor node can be transmitted to mobile phone or tablet. Furthermore parameters of sensor node also can be configured easily by using above devices. So basically the NFC peer-to-peer communication protocol is mainly used. To implement and test the functions of the demonstration, a sets of hardware is needed to chosen and bought. How to design the system without changing old WSN is very tricky. To design a NFC adapter which can connect existing WSN with NFC part is thesolution of this thesis. So the main task was designing a NFC adapter which could be connected with either mobile phone/tablet or sensor node. It was the NFC adapter that makes mobile phone/tablet or sensor node NFC enabled. For the connection method, the high speed UART interface was chosen to connect with sensor node. The architecture of NFC adapter includes two main parts, A NFC chip (PN532) from NXP and a MCU(VNC2) from FTDI. The PN532 uses its antenna to send or receive data with different NFC protocols. The VNC2 is used to store sensor collected data and sends command though UART to control the PN532. Learning to use the PN532 was a tough task during the thesis work. Both official manuals and demo application are helpful for understanding the PN532 controlling. In addition, We analysed the sniffer data from demo application and code from NXP software design kit (SDK). which helped us to know the process of the PN532 peer-to-peer communication. After learning from official application, user manual and monitoring software/hardware design kid applications, we began to design our own hardware suitable SDK for the NFC adapter. At first we connected the hardware parts. When hardware connection was ready, we wrote and tested the firmware for VNC2 platform. Then due to the reason that Windows is more stable than our build VNC2 platform system at that moment, we wrote our own software design kid for NFC adapter under Windows OS first. The basic idea of software design kid is easy to use, modify and integrate into any other platforms. At the end of the thesis project, we integrated our own SDK into VNC2. When integration was done, a lot of stability and performance validation were done. Based on the result of testing, we optimized and modified our SDK and tested it again. This thesis project basically handles out a new ideal of integrating NFC to existing wireless sensor network to make WSN NFC enable. To prove the idea, we made a demo to show the enhanced sensor node and the results are satisfied. However there still has a lot of works and a lot of improvement should can be done in the future.

Introduction This study aims to investigate the possibility of driving multiple NFC antennas with a single NFC-controller by using a multiplexer. An artifact was developed and experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the design choice and in addition, to observe the impact of a multiplexer in an NFC system with respect to the number of successful tag detections, bit error rate (BER), the utilization of automatic antenna tuning (AAT) and the physical distance to the NFC tag. Data collected from the experiments was analyzed, and the results were discussed. The purpose of the thesis was concretized by formulating three research questions: [RQ1] How can the design proposed in the problem statement be implemented? [RQ2] How does the multiplexer impact the system’s ability to detect an NFC tag and read its contents at different distances? [RQ3] To which degree does the AAT-technology compensate for the issues caused by the multiplexer? Method This research has been conducted according to the design science research (DSR) methodology. DSR is a well-established methodology and suits the nature of this research, therefore it is used to answer the research questions. Findings The thesis demonstrates a viable solution using a multiplexer in NFC systems, with reduced detection distance as a factor to consider. The impact of AAT remains inconclusive, requiring further research. Implications This study shows that using a multiplexer in NFC systems can save costs and space, leading to more affordable and compact devices. It enables scalable, advanced NFC devices for diverse applications, encouraging wider adoption. However, developers must consider the impact of a multiplexer on detection distance when designing NFC-based applications Limitations This study has certain limitations. It focuses on a particular multiplexer and NFC antenna type, and specific testing conditions. It does not delve into the potential profitability, diverse applications, security or encryption concerns, compatibility with other devices, compliance with regulations, or hands-on verification of part connectivity.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-30T12:28:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO MARCOS ALVES_.pdf: 2097379 bytes, checksum: f4cd33a52ef54f387fff8437a89207e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T12:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO MARCOS ALVES_.pdf: 2097379 bytes, checksum: f4cd33a52ef54f387fff8437a89207e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A Internet das Coisas (IoT) permite a interconexão de objetos inteligentes, tais como smartphones, tablets, televisores e sensores sem fio, com os seres humanos, usando diferentes protocolos de comunicação através do desenvolvimento de uma rede heterogênea multimodal dinâmica. Neste sentido a convergência da tecnologia de IoT com o conceito de redes sociais fez surgir um paradigma chamado Internet das Coisas Sociais (SIoT). Na SIoT, os objetos imitam comportamentos de seres humanos e criam seus próprios relacionamentos baseado em regras estabelecidas pelos seus proprietários. Nesse âmbito, este trabalho propõe a disponibilização de uma rede social que explore os conceitos de SIoT utilizando a tecnologia Near Field Communication (NFC). O modelo proposto define uma plataforma para lidar com a comunicação de objetos inteligentes em um campus universitário para benefício dos estudantes, professores e demais participantes da comunidade acadêmica. Neste modelo, a definição de objetos inteligentes é a de objetos que oferecem funcionalidades para interação com os seres humanos, tais como smartphones, tablets, refrigeradores e televisores. Como contribuição científica, este trabalho propõe uma rede social para objetos inteligentes com aplicação em um ambiente universitário, baseada na abordagem de SIoT. O modelo, denominado SIoTCampus, foca no uso dos inúmeros objetos existentes em um campus universitário, propondo um relacionamento entre estes com a finalidade de ser uma nova ferramenta para disseminar informações entre os membros que compõem a comunidade universitária, tais como professores, funcionários, alunos e visitantes. Dentre os cenários existentes de aplicações exclusivas para SIoT não foi observado uma aplicação para este tipo de relacionamento focada para um campus universitário. Desta forma, a proposta do modelo SIoTCampus é a de uma rede social exclusiva para objetos inteligentes em um ambiente acadêmico em que as informações de contexto, como localização, agenda, etc são usadas como critérios para estabelecer relacionamentos entre os dispositivos inteligentes. Configurações iniciais sobre preferências dos proprietários são informadas neste modelo em um aplicativo móvel desenvolvido para esta função. Assim, informações específicas sobre determinados assuntos, eventos publicados, notícias relevantes a determinados temas em um campus universitário, que forem capturados por estes objetos são enviadas a um servidor e analisadas de forma que estas informações possam ser ou não usadas para estabelecer relações entre estes objetos. Os resultados obtidos com a realização deste trabalho apresentaram uma arquitetura de comunicação que buscou lidar com os possíveis relacionamentos entre os objetos inteligentes presentes na universidade. A avaliação deste trabalho foi feita através da utilização de cenários visando explorar a ideia principal aqui descrita que é o relacionamento entre os objetos inteligentes. Alguns cenários para esta avaliação foram executados e aplicados a um grupo de estudantes do curso de Ciência da Computação da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Dentre os resultados alcançados cabe destacar que para 80% dos usuários que participaram desta avaliação o modelo pode se tornar uma importante ferramenta de integração entre os componentes do campus acadêmico. Outro ponto importante destacado para o perfil de participantes desta avaliação foi que o emprego da tecnologia NFC amplia as possibilidades de uso do modelo. Isto se justifica devido às novas formas de interação entre os dispositivos de usuários que poderiam ser atendidas pelo emprego desta tecnologia. / The Internet of Things (IoT) allows the interconnection of smart objects, such as smartphones, tablets, televisions and wireless sensors, with humans, using different communication protocols through the development of a heterogeneous multi-modal dynamic network. In this sense the convergence of IoT technology with the concept of social networks has given rise to a paradigm called Internet of Things Social (SIoT). In SIoT objects mimic behaviors of humans and create their own relationships based on rules established by its owners. In this context, this paper proposes the provision of a social network that explore the concepts of SIoT using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. The proposed model defines a platform to handle communication of smart objects on a college campus for the benefit of students, teachers and other participants from the academic community. In this model, the definition of the smart objects are objects that provide functionality for interacting with humans, such as smartphones, tablet, refrigerators and televisions. As a scientific contribution this paper proposes a social network for smart objects with application in a university setting, based on the approach of SIoT. The model, called SIoTCampus, focuses on the use of several existing objects on a college campus, suggesting a relationship between these in order to be a new tool to disseminate information among the members of the university community, including faculty, staff, students and visitors. Among the existing scenarios of unique applications for SIoT, it was not observed an application for this kind of focused relationship to a college campus. Thus the proposal of SIoTCampus model is an exclusive social network for smart objects in an academic environment in which context information such as location, calendar, etc. are used as criteria for establishing relationships between intelligent devices. Initial settings on preferences of owners are informed in this model in a mobile application developed for this function. So specific information about certain subjects, published events, relevant news certain topics on a college campus, which are captured by these objects are sent to a server and analyzed so that this information may or may not be used to establish relationships between these objects. The results of this work showed a communications architecture that sought to deal with the possible relationships between intelligent objects present at the university. The assessment of this work was done through the use of scenarios to explore the main idea here is that described the relationship between Smart Objects. Some scenarios for this assessment were implemented and applied to a group of students of Computer Science Course of the Universidad do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Among the results we highlight that for 80% of users who participated in this evaluation found that the model can become an important integration tool among members of the academic campus. Another important point highlighted to the participants profile of this evaluation was that the use of NFC technology expands the model of using possibilities. This is justified due to new forms of interaction between devices of users that could be met by the use of this technology.

Dans les systèmes répartis asynchrones, l'horloge logique et le vecteur d'horloges sont deux outils fondamentaux pour gérer la communication et le partage de données entre les entités constitutives de ces systèmes. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'exploiter ces outils avec une perspective d'implantation. Dans une première partie, nous nous concentrons sur la communication de données et contribuons au domaine de la diffusion uniforme à ordre total. Nous proposons le protocole des trains : des jetons (appelés trains) circulent en parallèle entre les processus participants répartis sur un anneau virtuel. Chaque train est équipé d'une horloge logique utilisée pour retrouver les train(s) perdu(s) en cas de défaillance de processus. Nous prouvons que le protocole des trains est un protocole de diffusion uniforme à ordre total. Puis, nous créons une nouvelle métrique : le rendement en termes de débit. Cette métrique nous permet de montrer que le protocole des trains a un rendement supérieur au meilleur, en termes de débit, des protocoles présentés dans la littérature. Par ailleurs, cette métrique fournit une limite théorique du débit maximum atteignable en implantant un protocole de diffusion donné. Il est ainsi possible d'évaluer la qualité d'une implantation de protocole. Les performances en termes de débit du protocole des trains, notamment pour les messages de petites tailles, en font un candidat remarquable pour le partage de données entre coeurs d'un même processeur. De plus, sa sobriété en termes de surcoût réseau en font un candidat privilégié pour la réplication de données entre serveurs dans le cloud. Une partie de ces travaux a été implantée dans un système de contrôle-commande et de supervision déployé sur plusieurs dizaines de sites industriels. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous concentrons sur le partage de données et contribuons au domaine de la RFID. Nous proposons une mémoire répartie partagée basée sur des étiquettes RFID. Cette mémoire permet de s'affranchir d'un réseau informatique global. Pour ce faire, elle s'appuie sur des vecteurs d'horloges et exploite le réseau formé par les utilisateurs mobiles de l'application répartie. Ainsi, ces derniers peuvent lire le contenu d'étiquettes RFID distantes. Notre mémoire répartie partagée à base de RFID apporte une alternative aux trois architectures à base de RFID disponibles dans la littérature. Notre mémoire répartie partagée a été implantée dans un jeu pervasif qui a été expérimenté par un millier de personnes.

The development of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique has turned out to be an efficient way to physically modify the surface properties of different materials, for example to improve the adhesive interactions between fibers in paper. The main objective of the work described in this thesis was to obtain fundamental data concerning the adhesive properties of wood biopolymers and LbL films, including the mechanical properties of the thin films, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the adhesion between these materials. LbLs constructed from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), starch containing LbL films, and LbL films containing nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were studied with respect to their adhesive and mechanical properties. The LbL formation was studied using a combination of stagnation point adsorption reflectometry (SPAR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and the adhesive properties of the different LbL films were studied in water using atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe measurements and under ambient conditions using the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) approach. Finally the mechanical properties were investigated by mechanical buckling and the recently developed SIEBIMM technique (strain-induced elastic buckling instability for mechanical measurements). From colloidal probe AFM measurements of the wet adhesive properties of surfaces treated with PAH/PAA it was concluded that the development of strong adhesive joints is very dependent on the mobility of the polyelectrolytes and interdiffusion across the interface between the LbL treated surfaces to allow for polymer entanglements. Starch is a renewable, cost-efficient biopolymer that is already widely used in papermaking which makes it an interesting candidate for the formation of LbL films in practical systems. It was shown, using SPAR and QCM-D, that LbL films can be successfully constructed from cationic and anionic starches on silicon dioxide and on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Colloidal probe AFM measurements showed that starch LbL treatment have potential for increasing the adhesive interaction between solid substrates to levels beyond those that can be reached by a single layer of cationic starch. Furthermore, it was shown by SIEBIMM measurements that the elastic properties of starch-containing LbL films can be tailored using different nanoparticles in combination with starch. LbL films containing cellulose I nanofibrils were constructed using anionic NFC in combination with cationic NFC and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) respectively. These NFC films were used as cellulose model surfaces and colloidal probe AFM was used to measure the adhesive interactions in water. Furthermore, PDMS caps were successfully coated by LbL films containing NFC which enabled the first known JKR adhesion measurements between cellulose/cellulose, cellulose/lignin and cellulose/glucomannan. The measured adhesion and adhesion hysteresis were similar for all three systems indicating that there are no profound differences in the interaction between different wood biopolymers. Finally, the elastic properties of PEI/NFC LbL films were investigated using SIEBIMM and it was shown that the stiffness of the films was highly dependent on the relative humidity. / <p>QC 20110923</p>

Ces travaux présentent une synthèse de mon activité de recherche et d'encadrement depuis mon intégration au CNRS. Cette activité s'articule autour de deux axes principaux : le test de circuits et systèmes intégrés analogiques et mixtes et la conception de circuits intégrés pour applications médicales. L'objectif du premier axe de recherche consiste à s'assurer de la qualité des circuits après fabrication en développant des techniques de test permettant de détecter toute défaillance potentielle tout pour un surcoût minimal. Ces travaux se sont principalement axés sur les circuits analogiques, mixtes (analogiques et numériques) et plus généralement les systèmes hétérogènes. L'idée directrice consiste à développer des solutions (test intégré, test indirect, test niveau système,...) en rupture avec les techniques de test de production traditionnelles. Après la fabrication et le test de production, le circuit est inséré dans son application finale. Les travaux présentés recherchent aussi des solutions permettant de tester ce circuit dans son environnement d'utilisation. L'objectif n'est plus alors uniquement la détection des défaillances mais aussi la correction automatique du circuit. Le deuxième axe de recherche a pour objectif principal le développement de systèmes de Stimulation Electrique Fonctionnelle (SEF) implantables dans le corps humain. La SEF consiste à stimuler électriquement des nerfs ou muscles pour déclencher les phénomènes naturels de communication neurale ou de contraction musculaire. Ces techniques permettent dans certains cas de palier une partie des déficiences sensori-motrices survenues suite à une maladie ou à un accident. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à développer des circuits performants, fiables et à faible consommation, pour la génération de signaux électriques artificiels de stimulation et pour le recueil du signal neural naturel.

L'avènement des communications en champ proche pour les transactions entre objets portables téléalimentés de type RFID pose un problème de sécurité. En effet, ces communications supportent non seulement la fonction de transfert d'information, mais aussi celle de transfert de puissance d'alimentation et d'horloge vers l'objet nomade. La sécurité des communications repose sur l'authentification des parties, l'intégrité des données et leur confidentialité. En général ces objets téléalimentés sont dits à ressources rares : c'est-à-dire que leur puissance de calcul et leurs possibilités pour se protéger sont limitées Ces caractéristiques font peser des menaces importantes sur la sécurité du lien sans contact et sur la protection des données personnelles parmi lesquelles quatre sont essentielles : 1) L'espionnage de la communication. 2) L'attaque en relais : L'intégrité de la communication peut être mise en danger par l'utilisation d'un système pouvant relayer à grande distance les commandes d'un lecteur RFID à une carte RFID. Les messages peuvent alors être écoutés, voire modifiés. La détection de la présence de tels dispositifs devient primordiale. 3) L'activation à distance d'une carte RFID. 4) Le déni de service. L'objectif de cette thèse sera de trouver des contre-mesures impliquant la couche physique et évitant la modification des normes actuelles à la fois dans les dispositifs de type étiquettes électroniques RFID et dans les téléphones portables de type NFC.

Abstract Context: Advancement in mobile technology is truth of this Century. Mobile phone is used mainly for calling and Short Message Service, but Smartphone are advanced form of mobile phone which have multiple features. Smartphone can have Global Positioning System, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Near Field Communication like features. These Smartphone devices are designed considering general public and can be difficult to use by people with limited cognition. But proper use of Smartphone features while developing applications to support people with cognitive disabilities is vital. The interfaces and structure of information can have impact on the success of application. Although, some special systems exist to support these people but they create a distinction among functional and non-functional population. Smartphone with Near Field Communication (NFC) technology feature was considered in this research work as a cognitive support for independence in their daily life activities. Objectives: The objectives were the Identification of issues to be considered while providing cognitive support through technology for cognitive disabled persons. And if technology used to support them is Smartphone then to investigate the appropriate structure of information to be displayed on screen to make them able to perform their activities by following instruction provided by application. To know how NFC Smartphone feature can be helpful to start an application designed to provide cognitive support i.e. providing them information of weather and suggesting appropriate clothes to wear. Methods: The systematic literature review was conducted to find the issues which should be considered while supporting cognitive disabled. The survey was used to identify the needs, abilities and disabilities of cognitive disabled persons. Interviews with higher administration involved in support facilities to the cognitive disabled were conducted to get in-depth knowledge from their experience which can be helpful for developing the application. The Participatory design workshop was conducted by involving stakeholders. Appropriate structure of information for weather and clothes scenario was decided. The NFC enabled Smartphone application was implemented and tested in real environment. For validation focus group interviews were conducted. Conclusions: The NFC enabled Smartphone application to assist in deciding clothes to be worn according to outside weather condition was evaluated in real environment. The results of user testing and focus group interviews indicate that Smartphone application through NFC feature can support people with cognitive disabilities. Furthermore, for validation purpose ethnographic methods can be used for validation of proposed NFC enabled Smartphone application.

Humans repeatedly commit the so called “conjunction fallacy”, erroneously judging the probability of two events occurring together as higher than the probability of one of the events. Certain hints have been shown to mitigate this tendency. The present thesis investigated the relations between three psychological factors and performance on conjunction tasks after reading such a hint. The factors represent the understanding of probability and statistics (statistical numeracy), the ability to resist intuitive but incorrect conclusions (cognitive reflection), and the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking (need-for-cognition). Participants (n = 50) answered 30 short conjunction tasks and three psychological scales. A bimodal response distribution motivated dichotomization of performance scores. Need-for-cognition was significantly, positively correlated with performance, while numeracy and cognitive reflection were not. The results suggest that the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking plays an important role for the capacity to avoid the conjunction fallacy after taking a hint. The hint further seems to neutralize differences in performance otherwise predicted by statistical numeracy and cognitive reflection. / Människor begår ofta det så kallade ”konjuktionsfelslutet”, genom att felaktigt bedöma sannolikheten för sammanträffandet av två händelser som större än sannolikheten för en av händelserna. Vissa typer av ledtrådar har visat sig mildra denna tendens. Denna uppsats undersökte relationerna mellan tre psykologiska faktorer och prestation på konjunktionsuppgifter efter att ha läst en sådan ledtråd. Faktorerna motsvarade förståelsen för sannolikhet och statistik (statistisk räknefärdighet, eng., statistical numeracy), förmågan att motstå intuitiva men felaktiga slutsatser, (kognitiv reflektion, eng., cognitive reflection), samt viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande (behov-av-tänkande, eng., need-for-cognition). Deltagare (n = 50) besvarade 30 korta konjunktionsuppgifter och tre psykologiska mätskalor. En bimodal svarsfördelning motiverade dikotomisering av resultaten. Behov-av-tänkande var signifikant, positivt korrelerat med prestation, vilket varken räknefärdighet eller kognitiv reflektion var. Resultaten tyder på att viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande spelar en viktig roll i förmågan att undvika konjunktionsfelslutet efter att ha fått en ledtråd. Ledtråden verkar också neutralisera skillnader i prestation som annars uppstår på grund av räknefärdighet och kognitiv reflektion.