<p> </p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong></p><h1><strong> </strong></h1><p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of the study was to describe factors of nurse’s experiences when they give NIV treatment to patients with acute respiratory failure in a lung department. Semi structured interview questions about how nurses experience to give NIV treatment on a ordinary lung department was done on 10 nurses, who work in a lung department were NIV treatment is given. Data were analyzed with content analysis. In the result there was shown two themes. The two themes were knowledge and cooperation during NIV treatment and time and support accomplish NIV treatment easier to give. The first themes were knowledge and cooperation during NIV treatment. The theme was created by four categories: “specific knowledge about NIV treatment”, “cooperation with doctors” ”documentation about the treatment”, and ”teamwork between nurses”.  The theme time and support accomplish NIV treatment easier to give, was also created by four categories:” support for next of kin” satisfaction when the treatment is helping, “the patients need of support” and “time for the patient”. NIV treatment is a treatment that is god but in need of development, according to the nurses on the lung department, but there is a lot around the treatment that could be better. For example: getting more time with the patient and further educate doctors and nurses, so that NIV treatment can be given under assured requirements and to more patients.<strong> </strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: nurses, experiences, NIV treatment, COPD patients, technological equipment</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva allmänsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ge noninvasiv ventilation (NIV) behandling till patienter med akut andningssvikt på en lungavdelning.<strong> </strong>Halvstrukturerade intervjufrågor ställdes till tio allmänsjuksköterskor som arbetade på en lungavdelning där NIV behandling bedrivs. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom två teman: ”Kunskap och samarbete underlättar NIV behandling” och ”Tid och stöd till patienten underlättar NIV behandling”. Det första temat ”kunskap och samarbete underlättar NIV behandling” bildades av fyra kategorier; ”specifika kunskaper om NIV behandling”, ”samarbete med läkare”, ”dokumentation om behandlingen” och ”teamarbete mellan sjuksköterskor”. Temat ”tid och stöd till patienten underlättar genomförandet av NIV behandling” bildades också av fyra kategorier; ”anhörigstöd till patienten”, ” tillfredsställelse när behandlingen hjälper”, ”patientens behov av stöd” och ”tid för patienten”. NIV behandling är en behandling som är bra men behöver utvecklas enligt sjuksköterskorna på avdelningen, mycket runt om kring behandlingen behövde bli bättre t.ex. att få mer tid till patienten och mer utbildning för både läkare och sjuksköterskor så att behandlingen kan ges under tryggare förutsättningar och till fler patienter.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Nyckelord</strong>: sjuksköterskor, upplevelser, NIV behandling, KOL patienter, teknologisk utrustning</p><h1><strong> </strong></h1>

Abstract The aim of the study was to describe factors of nurse’s experiences when they give NIV treatment to patients with acute respiratory failure in a lung department. Semi structured interview questions about how nurses experience to give NIV treatment on a ordinary lung department was done on 10 nurses, who work in a lung department were NIV treatment is given. Data were analyzed with content analysis. In the result there was shown two themes. The two themes were knowledge and cooperation during NIV treatment and time and support accomplish NIV treatment easier to give. The first themes were knowledge and cooperation during NIV treatment. The theme was created by four categories: “specific knowledge about NIV treatment”, “cooperation with doctors” ”documentation about the treatment”, and ”teamwork between nurses”.  The theme time and support accomplish NIV treatment easier to give, was also created by four categories:” support for next of kin” satisfaction when the treatment is helping, “the patients need of support” and “time for the patient”. NIV treatment is a treatment that is god but in need of development, according to the nurses on the lung department, but there is a lot around the treatment that could be better. For example: getting more time with the patient and further educate doctors and nurses, so that NIV treatment can be given under assured requirements and to more patients.   Key words: nurses, experiences, NIV treatment, COPD patients, technological equipment / Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att beskriva allmänsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att ge noninvasiv ventilation (NIV) behandling till patienter med akut andningssvikt på en lungavdelning. Halvstrukturerade intervjufrågor ställdes till tio allmänsjuksköterskor som arbetade på en lungavdelning där NIV behandling bedrivs. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I resultatet framkom två teman: ”Kunskap och samarbete underlättar NIV behandling” och ”Tid och stöd till patienten underlättar NIV behandling”. Det första temat ”kunskap och samarbete underlättar NIV behandling” bildades av fyra kategorier; ”specifika kunskaper om NIV behandling”, ”samarbete med läkare”, ”dokumentation om behandlingen” och ”teamarbete mellan sjuksköterskor”. Temat ”tid och stöd till patienten underlättar genomförandet av NIV behandling” bildades också av fyra kategorier; ”anhörigstöd till patienten”, ” tillfredsställelse när behandlingen hjälper”, ”patientens behov av stöd” och ”tid för patienten”. NIV behandling är en behandling som är bra men behöver utvecklas enligt sjuksköterskorna på avdelningen, mycket runt om kring behandlingen behövde bli bättre t.ex. att få mer tid till patienten och mer utbildning för både läkare och sjuksköterskor så att behandlingen kan ges under tryggare förutsättningar och till fler patienter.   Nyckelord: sjuksköterskor, upplevelser, NIV behandling, KOL patienter, teknologisk utrustning

Le virus Nipah (NiV) est un Paramyxovirus zoonotique hautement pathogène, porté par les chauves-souris frugivores, qui a émergé en 1998 en Malaisie. Les épidémies liées à ce virus encéphalitogène continuent de se succéder en Inde et au Bangladesh avec une mortalité pouvant dépasser les 90%. Devant l’absence de traitement et de vaccin, le NiV a été placé parmi les pathogènes de classe 4 requérant le plus haut niveau de biosécurité pour sa manipulation. L’étude des interactions entre le virus et les cellules du sang nous a permis de montrer que le NiV utilise les héparanes sulfates présents sur les leucocytes pour s’accrocher et se disséminer dans l’organisme et atteindre les cellules endothéliales. L’héparine inhibe ce processus ainsi que l’infection in vitro et in vivo mettant en avant une perspective de traitement applicable dans les pays émergents. Par ailleurs, l’analyse transcriptomique des cellules endothéliales infectées par le NiV a révélé l’implication de chimiokines dans la pathogenèse. CXCL10 apparaît en effet comme un marqueur voir une cible dans le cadre du développement de l’encéphalite virale, et l’interféron type 1 comme l’un des facteurs essentiels de la résistance des souris au NiV. Enfin, j’ai montré que la protéine non structurale C du NiV joue un rôle essentiel dans sa virulence, en atténuant la réponse interféron, en perturbant la réponse chimiokine lors de l’infection et en intervenant dans le maintien de la balance génome / antigénome lors du cycle réplicatif viral. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension de la pathogenèse du NiV et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de traitement contre ce virus zoonotique très dangereux pour l’homme / Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic Paramyxovirus that emerged in 1998 in Malaysia from frugivorous bats. The outbreaks of this encephalitic virus still occur annually in India and Bangladesh with the mortality rate reaching up to 90%. The lack of an effective vaccine or treatment limits experimentation with live virus to specially equipped BioSafety Level 4 laboratories. Studies of the interaction between the virus and blood cells revealed that NiV uses Heparan sulfates to stick on the surface of leukocytes for its dissemination within the host and reach endothelial cells. Heparin provided de possibility to inhibit this mechanism of transinfection, such as the infection in vitro and in vivo, opening new perspectives of low cost treatment for emerging countries. Then, transcriptomic analysis of NiV infected endothelial cells revealed the importance of cytokine in the pathogenesis. While CXCL10 appears as a good marker of encephalitis, interferon type 1 explains why mice are resistant to the infection with NiV. Finally, we show the essential role of the non structural C protein of NiV in its virulence, by limiting the interferon response, unbalancing the chemokine response during the infection and through the regulation of the genomic/antigenomic balance during the viral replication cycle. These results shed new light on NiV related pathogenesis and open new perspectives of treatment against this highly lethal zoonotic virus

The emergence of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, especially those such as Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) that are zoonotic, highlighted the severity of disease that could be caused by infection with viruses belonging to this family. In addition to causing disease outbreaks, several newly discovered paramyxoviruses were found to have unique genetic features, which provoked renewed interest in the study of previously unclassified or uncharacterised viruses in this family. J-virus (JPV) was isolated from wild mice, in Queensland, Australia, in 1972, and has been suggested to be a natural respiratory pathogen of mice. Beilong virus (BeiPV), another paramyxovirus, was first isolated from human mesangial cells in Beijing, China, in 2003, and was subsequently detected in rat mesangial cells. Following initial characterisation, the genomes of JPV and BeiPV were found to contain two genes, SH and TM, not common to other paramyxoviruses, as well as an extended attachment protein gene. BeiPV has the largest genome in the family Paramyxoviridae, which is, in fact, larger than that of any other virus within the order Mononegavirales. The genetic material of paramyxoviruses is not amenable to manipulation via classical genetics; a reverse genetics approach was therefore employed to study the evolution and classification of JPV and BeiPV. Minireplicon systems utilising green fluorescent protein as a reporter were established for JPV, BeiPV and NiV, and were used to better assess the taxonomic status of JPV and BeiPV, and to determine the relationship between these viruses and henipaviruses, which also have exceptionally large genomes. These studies indicate that JPV and BeiPV are closely related and should be classified in the same genus and their replication and transcription machinery is different from that of the henipaviruses. / To gain an understanding of the biology of JPV and BeiPV, viral surface proteins from JPV were expressed and evaluated. Chimeric JPV virions containing recombinant surface proteins were generated and electron microscopy was used to determine the localisation of the proteins encoded by those JPV genes which are uncommon in other paramyxoviruses. Analysis of the attachment protein gene of JPV indicated that the virus was able to assemble an exceptionally large protein (156 kDa) into the virion structure, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that JPV and BeiPV may represent an ancient lineage of viruses within the family Paramyxoviridae. In order to determine tissue tropism of JPV during experimental infection and to aid future work with a full-length JPV infectious clone, a real-time PCR assay for JPV was developed and assessed on tissues collected from mice infected with JPV. A multiplex microsphere assay for JPV and BeiPV was developed and used to analyse the seroprevalence of these viruses in Australian and Malaysian rodents. Although there is currently no evidence for disease caused by JPV or BeiPV, this does not preclude the emergence of a zoonotic rodent paramyxovirus related to these viruses. If this were to occur, the tools for virus detection and serological monitoring are now established.

Persone con broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva (BPCO) possono avere diversi atteggiamenti verso la ventilazione non invasiva (NIV), inclusi il rifiuto o l’utilizzo inappropriato. Questo costituisce uno spreco di risorse pubbliche, comportando costi significativi per l'assistenza sanitaria. Lo studio mirava ad analizzare l'impatto di un breve intervento di supporto psicologico sull'aderenza alla NIV in pazienti con BPCO. E’stato condotto uno studio clinico controllato e randomizzato a due rami su 84 pazienti con BPCO e con indicazione per NIV. Il gruppo sperimentale ha ricevuto un breve supporto psicologico, che include colloqui clinici, esercizi di rilassamento e di mindfulness. I controlli hanno ricevuto cure standard e hanno guardato video educativi relativi alla gestione della malattia. Il percorso era strutturato in 4-8 sessioni in ospedale, a casa e/o in telemedicina. Sono stati valutati valori, credenze ed esperienze di NIV attraverso interviste semi-strutturate e colloqui clinici. L'intervento psicologico è risultato correlato a miglioramenti della qualità della vita e dell'aderenza. Ha permesso di delineare un modello teorico del processo di adattamento alla NIV in pazienti con BPCO. I risultati suggeriscono che questo intervento psicologico può incrementare l'accettazione e l'aderenza alla NIV nella BPCO nella pratica clinica e sottolinea l'importanza di determinare le ragioni sottostanti l’uso della NIV. / People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may have different attitudes toward non-invasive ventilation (NIV), including rejection and misuse. That is a waste of public resources and results in significant health care costs. The study aimed to analyze the impact of a brief psychological intervention on adherence to NIV among COPD patients. A two-branch randomized controlled trial was conducted with 84 COPD patients using NIV. The experimental group received psychological support, including counseling, relaxation and mindfulness-based exercises. Controls received standard care and were exposed to educational videos. The intervention was structured over 4 to 8 meetings at the hospital, at home and/or via telemedicine. Values, beliefs and experiences of NIV were assessed with semi-structured interviews. The psychological intervention was related to improvements in both adherence and quality of life. A theoretical model of the adaptation’s process to NIV in COPD patients emerged. The findings suggest that this psychological intervention could increase acceptance and adherence to NIV in COPD in clinical practice.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-29T15:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Livia Gusmao.pdf: 1628245 bytes, checksum: 42849e5f87bd042f59660a228ded7164 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-29T15:10:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Livia Gusmao.pdf: 1628245 bytes, checksum: 42849e5f87bd042f59660a228ded7164 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T15:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Livia Gusmao.pdf: 1628245 bytes, checksum: 42849e5f87bd042f59660a228ded7164 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Hospital Icaraí / O líquen escleroso vulvar está envolvido em uma das vias da carcinogênse da vulva ligada à neoplasia intraepitelial vulvar diferenciada. A metilação da região promotora do DNA é a principal alteração epigenética pela qual um gene é inativado em seres humanos. A metilação do gene P16INK4a, que é um supressor de tumor e atua como inibidor da cinase dependente da ciclina, tem sido descrita como um evento precoce na carcinogênese vulvar. A metilação do gene TIMP-2, que atua como regulador de metaloproteinases, tem sido descrito como marcador de matriz extracelular. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a presença da metilação dos genes P16INK4a e TIMP-2 no líquen escleroso vulvar e avaliar a associação das variáveis idade, doença de tireóide, tabagismo, uso de hormônio e prurido vulvar com a metilação dos referidos genes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, onde foram analisadas 32 amostras obtidas por biópsia de pacientes com líquen escleroso vulvar. As amostras foram submetidas à extração do DNA por meio da técnica do fenol:clorofórmio e à avaliação da metilação dos genes P16INK4a e TIMP-2 pela modificação química do DNA pelo método do bissulfito. O DNA modificado foi submetido à PCR e a visualização do produto pelo gel de poliacrilamida. O estudo da associação de cada uma das variáveis com a metilação de ambos genes não mostrou significado estatístico. Notou-se que 39% (11/28) das amostras exibiram metilação somente para o gene TIMP-2, e nenhuma para o gene P16INK4a isoladamente, enquanto 32% (9/28) apresentaram metilação em ambos genes de forma simultânea. A análise da associação da metilação entre ambos genes mostrou significado estatístico (p=0,0292). Esses resultados sugerem que a associação da metilação entre os genes P16INK4a e TIMP-2 possa promover instabilidade genômica, podendo funcionar como marcador na evolução da doença. Estudos futuros sobre alterações moleculares da matriz extracelular, que por precederem as alterações morfológicas, talvez possam funcionar como sinalizador, individualizando as pacientes com maior risco de evolução do líquen escleroso vulvar para a NIV diferenciada e/ou câncer de vulva / The vulvar lichen sclerosus is involved in one of the pathways of vulvar carcinogenesis linked to differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. The methylation of the promoter region of the DNA is the main epigenetic modification in humans in which a gene is inactivated. Methylation of P16INK4a gene, which is a tumor suppressor and acts as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase, has been described as an early event in carcinogenesis vulva. Methylation of TIMP-2 gene, which acts as a regulator of metalloproteinases, has been described as a marker of extracellular matrix. This research aims to study the presence of methylation of the P16INK4a gene and TIMP-2 in vulvar lichen sclerosus and evaluate the association of age, thyroid disease, smoking, hormone use and vulvar itching with methylation of these genes. It is a cross-sectional study, which analyzed 32 samples obtained by biopsy from patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction by using the technique of phenol: chloroform and evaluation of methylation of the p16INK4a gene and TIMP-2 by chemical modification of DNA by the method of bisulfite. The modified DNA was subjected to PCR and visualization of the product by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The association of each variable in the methylation of both genes showed no statistical significance. It was noted that 39% (11/28) samples showed methylation only to TIMP-2 gene, and none only for the P16INK4a gene, while 32% (9/28) exhibited methylation on both genes simultaneously. The analysis of the association between methylation of both genes showed statistical significance (p = 0.0292). These results suggest that the association between methylation of the P16INK4a gene and TIMP-2 can promote genomic instability, which can act as a marker in the evolution of the disease. Future studies on the molecular alterations of the extracellular matrix, which precede morphological changes, maybe they can function as a signal, separating the patients with higher risk of evolution of vulvar lichen sclerosus to differentiated VIN and / or cancer of the vulva

La fusariosi della spiga è tra le malattie del grano più distruttive e diffuse al mondo. Alcune specie responsabili di questa malattia sono micotossigene. Ci sono state segnalazioni della presenza di nivalenolo (NIV) e tossine T-2 e HT-2 nel nord Italia, micotossine prodotte da Fusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides e F. langsethiae. I limiti massimi di T-2 e HT-2 ammessi nei cereali non trasformati e nei prodotti a base di cereali non sono ancora stati individuati (Regolamento CE 856/2005). Il programma di dottorato del candidato è inserito in questa linea di ricerca. Sono stati condotti studi in vitro sulla biologia ed ecologia dei funghi produttori di NIV, T-2 e HT-2, considerando quattro isolati di F. poae, due di F. sporotrichioides e due di F. langsethiae. Le prove hanno riguardato la crescita delle colonie, la produzione di spore, la loro germinazione e la produzione di micotossine. La gravità dell'infezione, l'invasione (quantità di DNA nelle spighe), la resa in granella e la produzione di tossine sono state misurate a diversi tempi, temperature (in planta) e stadi fenologici (in campo) dopo l'inoculazione artificiale. Al fine di verificare l'attendibilità dei dati, tutti gli esperimenti in planta e in campo sono stati ripetuti per due anni. / The Fusarium head blight is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in different parts of the world. Some of the species responsible for Fusarium head blight are potentially mycotoxigenic. There are reports of nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin and HT-2 in northern Italy. These are metabolites produced by F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, and F. langsethiae. The maximum limits of T-2 and HT-2 permitted in unprocessed cereals and cereal-based products, included in EC Regulation 856/2005 has not been identified. The PhD program of the candidate is placed in this line of the research. In vitro studies conducted on the biological and ecological of pathogenic fungi producer NIV, T-2 and HT-2 including four isolates of F. poae, two of F. sporotrichioides and two isolate of F. langsethiae. Tests were carried out to investigate the conidia germination, colony growth, spore production and mycotoxins production. The infection severity, invasion (amount of DNA in spikes), grain yield and toxin production were measured at different temperatures, different time (in planta) and different growth stages (in field) after artificial inoculation.

Introduction: La ventilation non invasive (VNI) est un outil utilisé en soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP) pour soutenir la détresse respiratoire aigüe. Un échec survient dans près de 25% des cas et une mauvaise synchronisation patient-ventilateur est un des facteurs impliqués. Le mode de ventilation NAVA (neurally adjusted ventilatory assist) est asservi à la demande ventilatoire du patient. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la faisabilité et la tolérance des enfants à la VNI NAVA et l’impact de son usage sur la synchronie et la demande respiratoire. Méthode: Étude prospective, physiologique, croisée incluant 13 patients nécessitant une VNI dans les SIP de l’hôpital Ste-Justine entre octobre 2011 et mai 2013. Les patients ont été ventilés successivement en VNI conventionnelle (30 minutes), en VNI NAVA (60 minutes) et en VNI conventionnelle (30 minutes). L’activité électrique du diaphragme (AEdi) et la pression des voies aériennes supérieures ont été enregistrées pour évaluer la synchronie. Résultats: La VNI NAVA est faisable et bien tolérée chez tous les enfants. Un adolescent a demandé l’arrêt précoce de l’étude en raison d’anxiété reliée au masque sans fuite. Les délais inspiratoires et expiratoires étaient significativement plus courts en VNI NAVA comparativement aux périodes de VNI conventionnelle (p< 0.05). Les efforts inefficaces étaient moindres en VNI NAVA (résultats présentés en médiane et interquartiles) : 0% (0 - 0) en VNI NAVA vs 12% (4 - 20) en VNI conventionnelle initiale et 6% (2 - 22) en VNI conventionnelle finale (p< 0.01). Globalement, le temps passé en asynchronie a été réduit à 8% (6 - 10) en VNI NAVA, versus 27% (19 - 56) et 32% (21 - 38) en périodes de VNI conventionnelle initiale et finale, respectivement (p= 0.05). Aucune différence en termes de demande respiratoire n’a été observée. Conclusion: La VNI NAVA est faisable et bien tolérée chez les enfants avec détresse respiratoire aigüe et permet une meilleure synchronisation patient-ventilateur. De plus larges études sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’impact clinique de ces résultats. / Introduction: The need for intubation after noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure is frequent in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One reason is patient-ventilator asynchrony during NIV. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a mode of ventilation controlled by the patient’s neural respiratory drive. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and tolerance of NIV-NAVA in children and to evaluate its impact on synchrony and respiratory effort. Methods: This prospective, physiologic, crossover study included 13 patients requiring NIV in the PICU of Sainte-Justine’s Hospital from October 2011 to May 2013. Patients were successively ventilated in conventional NIV as prescribed by the physician in charge (30 minutes), in NIV-NAVA (60 minutes), and again in conventional NIV (30 minutes). Electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) and airway pressure were simultaneously recorded to assess patient-ventilator synchrony. Results: NIV-NAVA was feasible and well tolerated in all patients. One patient asked to stop the study early because of anxiety related to the leak-free facial mask. Inspiratory trigger dys-synchrony and cycling-off dys-synchrony were significantly shorter in NIV-NAVA versus initial and final conventional NIV periods (both p< 0.05). Wasted efforts were also decreased in NIV-NAVA (all values expressed as median and interquartile values): 0 (0 - 0) in NIV-NAVA versus 12% (4 - 20) and 6% (2 - 22) in initial and final conventional NIV, respectively (p< 0.01). As a whole, total time spent in asynchrony was reduced to 8% (6 - 10) in NIV-NAVA, versus 27% (19 - 56) and 32% (21 - 38) in initial and final conventional NIV, respectively (p= 0.05). No difference in term of respiratory effort was noted. Conclusion: NIV-NAVA is feasible and well tolerated in PICU patients and allows improved patient-ventilator synchronization. Larger controlled studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical impact of these findings.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae), is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat. A ‘Brio’/‘TC 67’ spring wheat population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to FHB, and to study the association of morphological and developmental characteristics with FHB resistance. Interval mapping (IM) detected a major QTL on chromosome 5AL for resistance to disease severity (type II resistance) and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Inconsistent QTL(s) was also detected on chromosome 5BS for disease severity and index using field data. The associations of plant height and number of days to anthesis were negative with disease incidence, severity, index, and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation data under field conditions. However, number of days to anthesis was positively correlated with disease severity (greenhouse) and FDK (field). Awnedness had a negative effect on FHB, namely the presence of awns resulted in less disease in the population. Spike threshability also affected FHB so that the hard threshable genotypes represented lower disease. Phylogenetic relationships of putative F. graminearum isolates from different sources were characterized using Tri101 gene sequencing data. Canadian and Iranian isolates clustered in F. graminearum lineage 7 (=F. graminearum sensu stricto) within the F. graminearum clade while the isolates received from CIMMYT, Mexico were placed in F. graminearum lineage 3 (=Fusarium boothii) within the Fg clade or Fusarium cerealis. The PCR assay based on the Tri12 gene revealed the presence of the NIV, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON chemotypes with 15-ADON being the predominant chemotype. While we did not find the NIV chemotype among the Canadian isolates, it was the predominant chemotype among the Iranian isolates. High variation in aggressiveness was observed among and within Fusarium species tested, with the isolates of F. graminearum sensu stricto being the most aggressive and the NIV chemotype being the least aggressive. The interactions between Fusarium isolates and wheat genotypes from different sources were investigated by inoculating isolates of F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. boothii on wheat genotypes. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes inoculated by single isolates. Results also showed significant interactions between Fusarium isolates and wheat genotypes. The F. boothii isolates from CIMMYT produced low disease symptom and infection on wheat genotypes regardless of the origin of the genotypes while F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates from Canada and Iran resulted in higher FHB scores.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae), is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat. A ‘Brio’/‘TC 67’ spring wheat population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to FHB, and to study the association of morphological and developmental characteristics with FHB resistance. Interval mapping (IM) detected a major QTL on chromosome 5AL for resistance to disease severity (type II resistance) and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Inconsistent QTL(s) was also detected on chromosome 5BS for disease severity and index using field data. The associations of plant height and number of days to anthesis were negative with disease incidence, severity, index, and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation data under field conditions. However, number of days to anthesis was positively correlated with disease severity (greenhouse) and FDK (field). Awnedness had a negative effect on FHB, namely the presence of awns resulted in less disease in the population. Spike threshability also affected FHB so that the hard threshable genotypes represented lower disease. Phylogenetic relationships of putative F. graminearum isolates from different sources were characterized using Tri101 gene sequencing data. Canadian and Iranian isolates clustered in F. graminearum lineage 7 (=F. graminearum sensu stricto) within the F. graminearum clade while the isolates received from CIMMYT, Mexico were placed in F. graminearum lineage 3 (=Fusarium boothii) within the Fg clade or Fusarium cerealis. The PCR assay based on the Tri12 gene revealed the presence of the NIV, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON chemotypes with 15-ADON being the predominant chemotype. While we did not find the NIV chemotype among the Canadian isolates, it was the predominant chemotype among the Iranian isolates. High variation in aggressiveness was observed among and within Fusarium species tested, with the isolates of F. graminearum sensu stricto being the most aggressive and the NIV chemotype being the least aggressive. The interactions between Fusarium isolates and wheat genotypes from different sources were investigated by inoculating isolates of F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. boothii on wheat genotypes. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes inoculated by single isolates. Results also showed significant interactions between Fusarium isolates and wheat genotypes. The F. boothii isolates from CIMMYT produced low disease symptom and infection on wheat genotypes regardless of the origin of the genotypes while F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates from Canada and Iran resulted in higher FHB scores.