Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1872774 bytes, checksum: cfad5d7593ecbe90fb9fa2cb98560aca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work describes the physical-chemical, oxidative and fluid dynamics properties of Licuri palm nuts biodiesel (Syagrus coronata), in order to make this oleaginous plant an alternative source for biofuel production in the semi-arid climate in the northeastern region of Brazil. It also aims the analysis of blends of soy biodiesel methyl and licuri (BSLx) as a correction of the oxidative stability properties. The methyl transesterification of Licuri and soy oils was produced by basic catalysis, on molar ratio of 1:4,5 and of 1:5,5 respectively, temperature of 40°C (after adding methoxide, the bain-marie was turned off), 1,5% concentration of KOH catalyst. The percentage rate of conversion into methyl esters according to the stoichiometry resulted from the transesterification was 96,65 for the licuri biodiesel methyl and of 94,91 for the soy biodiesel methyl. The samples were later characterized by infrared spectroscopy and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results from CG-EM confirmed the presence of 51, 43% of methyl linoleate and 37, 40% of methyl laurate in the soy biodiesel methyl and licuri biodiesel, as main components, respectively. The increase of the amount of BML in the blend led to a decrease in kinematic viscosity, in the the dropping point and an increase in oxidative stability. All of the blends stayed within the limits of the ANP, in relation to their physical-chemical and fluid dynamics properties. The engine fuel consumption (L/h) presented the following order: BML<BSL50<BMS, the same order was observed in the mixtures of diesel. / Este trabalho relata as propriedades físico-químicas, fluidodinâmicas e oxidativas do biodiesel de licuri (Syagrus coronata), visando tornar esta oleaginosa uma fonte alternativa de biocombustível no semi-árido nordestino. Objetiva também as análises das blendas de biodiesel metílico de soja e licuri (BSLX) quanto à correção das propriedades de estabilidade oxidativa. A transesterificação metílica dos óleos de licuri e soja ocorreu por catálise básica, na razão molar 1:4,5 e 1:5,5 respectivamente, temperatura 40°C (após a adição do metóxido o banho foi desligado) e concentração 1,5% de catalisador KOH. A taxa percentual de conversão em ésteres metílicos de acordo com a estequiometria da reação de transesterificação foi de 96,65 para o biodiesel metílico de licuri e de 94,91 para o biodiesel metílico de soja. As amostras dos biodieseis foram posteriormente caracterizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho e por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa. Os resultados de CG-EM confirmaram a presença de 51,43% do linoleato de metila e 37,40% do laurato de metila para o biodiesel metílico de soja e licuri, como componentes majoritários, respectivamente. O aumento do teor de BML na blenda levou a uma diminuição na viscosidade cinemática, no ponto de fluidez e aumento na estabilidade oxidativa.Todas as blendas se enquadraram dentro dos limites da ANP, em relação às propriedades físico-químicas e fluidodinâmicas. O consumo (L/h) de combustível no motor apresentou a seguinte ordem: BML < BSL50 < BMS, o mesmo comportamento foi observado nas misturas com diesel.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Visto a importÃncia econÃmica das amÃndoas da castanha de caju para o estado do Cearà e o elevado percentual de amÃndoas quebradas que diminui a ampliaÃÃo de lucro desse setor, faz-se necessÃria a busca por novas alternativas de aproveitamento desta matÃria-prima como forma de agregaÃÃo de valor a mesma. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa objetivou desenvolver uma bebida prebiÃtica a partir do extrato hidrossolÃvel da amÃndoa da castanha de caju quebrada (EHA) e suco de maracujà com adiÃÃo de frutoligossacarÃdeo (FOS), utilizando a metodologia de superfÃcie de resposta para avaliaÃÃo dos atributos sensoriais. Avaliou-se o efeito da adiÃÃo de suco de maracujà e FOS ao EHA atravÃs de um planejamento experimental do tipo composto central rotacional, na aceitaÃÃo dos atributos de cor, aroma, sabor, doÃura, corpo e impressÃo global. A formulaÃÃo mais aceita foi caracterizada quanto ao teor de umidade, proteÃnas, lipÃdios, carboidratos e cinzas. O estudo da estabilidade desta bebida, sob refrigeraÃÃo, foi realizado durante um perÃodo de 28 dias atravÃs das anÃlises de pH, acidez, aceitaÃÃo dos atributos sensoriais de cor, aroma, sabor, corpo e impressÃo global, determinaÃÃo de Coliformes a 35ÂC e 45ÂC (UFC/mL), Salmonella sp./25mL e bactÃrias mesÃfilas (UFC/mL). Avaliou-se tambÃm a aceitaÃÃo desta bebida frente a bebida de soja sabor maracujà comercial usando os testes de escala hedÃnica, atitude de compra e consumo e a preferÃncia atravÃs do teste de comparaÃÃo pareada. A expectativa dos consumidores foi avaliada considerando as alegaÃÃes prebiÃticas da bebida. A formulaÃÃo da bebida prebiÃtica mais aceita e de maior vantagem econÃmica foi a que continha 50% de suco de maracujÃ, 50% de EHA, 14% de FOS e 3% de aÃÃcar a qual possui em sua composiÃÃo 79,42% de umidade, 15,94% de carboidratos, 3,1% de lipÃdios, 1,36% de proteÃnas e 0,18% de cinzas. Baseando-se nos parÃmetros microbiolÃgicos e sensoriais o produto poderà ser comercializado por um perÃodo de 28 dias sob condiÃÃes de refrigeraÃÃo. A bebida prebiÃtica desenvolvida mostrou desempenho similar em relaÃÃo à aceitaÃÃo e preferÃncia sensoriais quando comparada a bebida de soja. As alegaÃÃes prebiÃticas sobre o produto causou uma expectativa positiva nos consumidores, aumentando a aceitaÃÃo. Diante do exposto, pode-se concluir que a bebida prebiÃtica desenvolvida possui qualidade nutricional e funcional, com aceitabilidade satisfatÃria junto aos consumidores, mostrando potencial para comercializaÃÃo. / In function of the economic importance of cashew nuts to the state of CearÃ, the largest producer and benefactor of the country, and the high percentage of broken kernels which decreases the profit expansion of this sector, it is necessary to search for new alternatives for use this product as a way of adding value to it. Thus, this research aimed to develop a prebiotic drink from the hidrossoluble extract of almond broken cashew nuts and passion fruit juice with added fructo-oligosaccharides, using response surface methodology for optimizing sensory attributes. Was evaluated the combined effect of the addition of passion fruit juice and fructo-oligosaccharides through an experimental design of the central composite rotational type, in the acceptance of the attributes of color, aroma, flavor, sweetness, viscosity and overall impression. The formulation more acceptable was characterized as to the moisture content, protein, lipids, carbohydrates and ash. The study of the stability of the beverage in refrigerated storage, was conducted over a period of 28 days through the analysis of pH, acidity, acceptance of the sensory attributes of color, aroma, flavor, viscosity and overall impression, determination of Coliforms at 35ÂC and 45ÂC, Salmonella sp. and mesophilic bacteria. Was also evaluated the acceptance of this drink in the face of commercial soy taste like passion fruit using the Hedonic Scale, Attitude Scale Purchase and Consumption, and preference through the paired comparison test. The consumer expectations was assessed by considering the claims of prebiotic drink. The most acepted prebiotic formulation of the drink contained 50% of passion fruit juice and 14% fructo-oligosaccharides, which has in its composition 79.42% moisture, 15.94% carbohydrate, 3.1% lipids, 1.36% protein and 0.18% ash. Based on the microbiological and sensory parameters the product can be marketed for a period of 28 days under refrigeration. The prebiotic drink almond cashew nuts and passion fruit juice showed similar performance in relation to sensory acceptance and preference when compared to commercial soy beverage. The prebiotic claims about the product caused a positive expectation on consumers, increasing acceptance. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that the prebiotic drink developed possesses nutritional composition and functional proper adequate, with satisfactory acceptability, showing potential for commercialization.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T17:59:26Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T17:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O interesse na utilização de fibras naturais com matrizes poliméricas para a preparação de compósitos espalhou-se rapidamente ao longo dos últimos anos. No entanto, a adesão interfacial entre a fibra e a matriz tem ainda de ser aperfeiçoada. Para melhorar a adesão entre os constituintes e, consequentemente as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas dos materiais, duas abordagens foram investigadas: a irradiação por feixe de elétrons e a mercerização. Este trabalho descreve a fabricação e caracterização de biocompósitos de polietileno de alta densidade e fibra do ouriço da castanha do Brasil que foram preparadas por duas metodologias diferentes: a primeira foi irradiar o compósito com 150 kGy e a segunda foi irradiar a matriz com 15 kGy e então produzir o compósito. Para ambas as metodologias foram utilizadas fibras naturais mercerizadas e não mercerizadas. O efeito dos tratamentos estudados para melhorar a adesão entre a fibra e a matriz polimérica foi avaliado através de caracterizações mecânica, química, térmica e morfológica. Com base neste estudo, observou-se que a fibra do ouriço da castanha do Brasil é um material tecnicamente viável para uso como reforço em compósitos poliméricos. Observou-se que o processo de irradiação da matriz seguida da produção dos compósitos é um método eficaz para melhorar as propriedades térmicas e mecânicas dos compósitos biopoliméricos e que, quando comparado com o processo de mercerização, esse método pode ser considerado mais ambientalmente correto (sem produtos químicos e sem geração de resíduo), mais barato e mais simples. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T09:33:51Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cap. 1,2,3.pdf: 911101 bytes, checksum: 93f47817f4b8ce45a3dea6547a7253f6 (MD5) Cap. 4 - Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Cap. 5,6.pdf: 719498 bytes, checksum: ac49b8fcaaa5144d794ae983c75fe30e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T09:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cap. 1,2,3.pdf: 911101 bytes, checksum: 93f47817f4b8ce45a3dea6547a7253f6 (MD5) Cap. 4 - Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Cap. 5,6.pdf: 719498 bytes, checksum: ac49b8fcaaa5144d794ae983c75fe30e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T09:34:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cap. 1,2,3.pdf: 911101 bytes, checksum: 93f47817f4b8ce45a3dea6547a7253f6 (MD5) Cap. 4 - Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Cap. 5,6.pdf: 719498 bytes, checksum: ac49b8fcaaa5144d794ae983c75fe30e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T09:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cap. 1,2,3.pdf: 911101 bytes, checksum: 93f47817f4b8ce45a3dea6547a7253f6 (MD5) Cap. 4 - Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Cap. 5,6.pdf: 719498 bytes, checksum: ac49b8fcaaa5144d794ae983c75fe30e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The plant species Bertholletia excelsa HBK popularly known as “castanha-do-Brazil” is widely used by popular cuisine of the Amazon due to its pleasant taste and its nutritional value. Among its main chemical constituents stand out selenium. Pharmacological studies with almonds this species showed antioxidant activities. To facilitate the integration of castanha- do- Brazil in the brazilian diet is necessary to establish technological improvements. This paper refers to the development and technological characterization of granular materials by spraying from aqueous extraction solution of Bertholletia excelsa HBK almonds. The plant material of Bertholletia excelsa HBK was collected in different Manaus processing plants and different vintages. The dried products were produced using a 22 factorial design type, having as independent variables the type of glidant (maltodextrin and gum arabic) and dependent variables technological and organoleptic characteristics of the obtained dry extract and the ratio of adjuvants used, as well as the chemical composition and analysis of the shelf life of products with higher yields. Among the technological parameters evaluated in the post stand out from the operating income, residual moisture and water activity. In addition, the antioxidant activity was evaluated and the selenium content of the products obtained. The results of this research allowed to observe that the studied parameters are within the limits recommended by the National Health Surveillance Agency. However, all other evaluated parameters showed statistically significant quantitative differences between samples studied suggesting that soil and climatic conditions alter the physical and chemical characteristics of this species and therefore may influence the quality, efficacy and safety of the final product proposed. / A espécie vegetal Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K conhecida popularmente como “castanha- dobrasil” é largamente utilizada pela culinária popular da Amazônia devido seu sabor agradável e seu valor nutricional. Dentre os seus principais constituintes químicos destacam-se o selênio. Estudos farmacológicos realizados com as amêndoas desta espécie demonstraram atividades antioxidantes. Para promover a incorporação da castanha- do- brasil na dieta do brasileiro é necessário estabelecer melhorias tecnológicas. O presente trabalho refere-se ao desenvolvimento e caracterização tecnológica de produtos secos por aspersão a partir de solução extrativa aquosa das amêndoas da Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. O material vegetal de Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K foi coletado em diferentes usinas de beneficiamento de Manaus e diferentes safras. Os produtos secos foram produzidos através de um delineamento fatorial do tipo 22, tendo como variável independente o tipo de adjuvante de secagem (maltodextrina e goma arábica) e como variáveis dependentes as características tecnológicas e organolepticas dos extratos secos obtidos e a proporção dos adjuvantes utilizados, bem como a composição centesimal e análise do tempo de vida de prateleira dos produtos com melhor rendimento. Dentre os parâmetros tecnológicos avaliados nos pós destacam-se o rendimento operacional, umidade residual e atividade de água. Além disso, foram avaliados o potencial antioxidante e o teor de selênio dos produtos obtidos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa permitiram observar que os parâmetros estudados estão dentro dos limites preconizados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. No entanto, todos os demais parâmetros avaliados evidenciaram diferenças quantitativas estatisticamente significantes entre as amostras estudadas sugerindo que as condições edafoclimáticas alteram as características físico-químicas desta espécie e, portanto, podem influenciar na qualidade, eficácia e segurança do produto final proposto.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T09:12:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Midiana Gusmão dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 7686250 bytes, checksum: 6f9cdf0c78f828c4dad082acfc67f6c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T08:39:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Midiana Gusmão dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 7686250 bytes, checksum: 6f9cdf0c78f828c4dad082acfc67f6c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T08:39:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Midiana Gusmão dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 7686250 bytes, checksum: 6f9cdf0c78f828c4dad082acfc67f6c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The fresh almond is the main form of consumption of the Brazil nut, however, co-products such as water-soluble extract can be exploited commercially. Aqueous extracts are beverages from plant origin, which have nutritional commercial appeal in the health aspects, as no animal fats and high mineral contents. Thus, we aimed to determine water-soluble extract formulations, by technological processes in pilot scale, of the Brazil nut, to realize proximate, microbiological, sensory and rheological characterization, of the drinks obtained, and evaluate the physical and chemical stability, physical and microbiological of the extracts in the presence and absence of light. The Brazil nuts extracts had total solids, protein, fat and minerals, high, and can be considered products with high nutritional value. The Brazil nut extracts showed a pseudoplastic fluid non-Newtonian behavior. The extracts developed with preservatives had useful life of at least twenty-one days. Was unable to establish a relationship between the stability of the Brazil nut extract and the light incidence. The research of the water-soluble extract of Brazil nut can contribute with information to the use of this product in human meal. / A amêndoa in natura é a principal forma de consumo da castanha-do-Brasil, entretanto, coprodutos como o extrato hidrossolúvel podem ser explorados comercialmente. Extratos hidrossolúveis são bebidas de origem vegetal, que possuem apelo comercial nutricional, quanto aos aspectos de saúde, como ausência de gorduras animais e altos teores de minerais Desta forma, objetivou-se determinar formulações de extrato hidrossolúvel, mediante processamento tecnológico em escala piloto, de castanha-do-Brasil, realizar a caracterização centesimal, microbiológica, sensorial e reológica das bebidas obtidas e avaliar a estabilidade físico-química, física e microbiológica dos extratos na presença e na ausência de luz. Os extratos de castanha-do-Brasil apresentaram teores de sólidos totais, proteínas, lipídeos e minerais elevados podendo ser considerados produtos de alto valor nutricional. Os extratos de castanha-do-Brasil apresentaram comportamento de um fluido não-newtoniano pseudoplástico. Os extratos elaborados com conservantes tiveram vida útil de, no mínimo, vinte e um dias. Não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre a estabilidade do extrato de castanha-do-Brasil e a incidência de luz. O estudo do extrato hidrossolúvel de castanha-do- Brasil pode contribuir com informações para a utilização deste produto na alimentação humana.

This thesis examines the effects of an increase of minimum wage level on unemployment, employment, disposable income and risk of poverty. We contribute to the existing literature by directly comparing results resulting from two similar datasets, one working with national, one with regional data. We use different sets of explanatory variables to see whether they affect the results of the estimation. On national level, our results confirm positive effect of minimum wages on employment of adults and on disposable income - but these findings were not confirmed on regional level. With respect to the regional perspective, the results are however subject to substantial uncertainty and are prone to substantial sensitivity to empirical specification. We attribute this uncertainty mainly to the quality of the data - small number of observations together with large heterogeneity. JEL Classification E02, E24, J08, J30 Keywords minimum wages, employment effect, disposable income, risk of poverty, panel data, NUTS 2 regions, comparison Author's e-mail majkovat@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail jaromir.baxa@fsv.cuni.cz

The endangered Western Leopard Toad (Amietophrynus pantherinus) is endemic to the winter-rainfall parts of the Western Cape, areas which are also favoured for human settlement. Residents in the Noordhoek area witnessed many toads being killed on roads during their annual migration to breeding ponds. Concerned citizens mobilised a volunteer group to mitigate this threat to the species. Toad NUTS (Noordhoek Unpaid Toad Savers), a well-established and successful citizen science group is explored as a case study of how environmental citizenship emerges in a citizen science group. This research has three research goals. Firstly to probe the enabling and constraining factors shaping the Toad NUTS practices, secondly to investigate the learning dynamics in the citizen science group and thirdly to understand how participation in citizen science develops environmental citizenship. Practice architectures theory (Kemmis & Grootenboer, 2008) was used to explore how cultural-discursive, economic-material and social-political arrangements shape the practices of the Toad NUTS group. The Toad NUTS group was identified as a community of practice, therefore Lave and Wenger’s (1991) communities of practice theory was used to better understand the social learning processes within the group. The Global Citizenship Education international policy document was used to capture the aims of citizenship education as it relates to environmental issues and identifies the competencies that citizenship education initiatives should develop. The practices of the Toad NUTS group were investigated for evidence of the goals and competencies identified in the Global Citizenship Education policy documents of environmental citizenship. Data was generated through documentary research, surveys, a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and observations. The data was stored, organised and analysed using NVivo data management software in three phases corresponding to the three research goals. With respect to Goal 1, the evidence suggested that there are various shaping arrangements of cultural-discursive, material-economic and social-political configurations which influence Toad NUTS practices. Volunteers must learn to navigate these arrangements in order to successfully implement conservation strategies. The shaping features identified were the WhatsApp group communication system used by volunteers; public awareness and education strategies; equipment, material and funding required for implementing the group’s practices; power balances and exchanges between stakeholders in the conservation field; bureaucratic processes and scientist-lay person exchanges. Very important for facilitating social-political connections to various stakeholders, is the membership Toad NUTS enjoys on the Western Leopard Toad Conservation Committee. With respect to Goal 2, four interconnected components of learning were investigated. These were: learning as belonging, learning as doing, learning as meaning-making experience and learning as becoming. Members learn by doing things together like training, patrolling and deliberating problems in the field. They learn by exploring what is collectively known from past and unfolding experiences. Evidence showed that learning deepens as Toad NUTS members perceive their praxis as meaningful and their identities evolve as their knowledge and experience grows. This strengthens members’ sense of belonging and identification with the Toad NUTS group. In time the group develops a reputation and the wider community acknowledges the expertise and knowledge that resides with the group. With respect to Goal 3, it was found that volunteers who have a predisposition for environmental citizenship are more likely to join a citizen science group. Although volunteers care about nature and want to make a difference, it is after gaining access to the embedded knowledge and knowledge processes of the citizen science group that they realise meaningful sustainable solutions to the issue(s) that the project is concerned with. It was found that knowledge paired with reasoned practice enables the agency of volunteers to bring about positive and meaningful change in the local environment. If facilitated carefully, citizen science can make positive contributions to the field, in this instance, conservation, while allowing volunteers to exercise environmental citizenship engaging in participative governance with regard to the project.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula.pdf: 363107 bytes, checksum: 601834cdd96b79cb93649ec50dc159ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-28 / This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation effects of flaxseed oil and Brazil nuts oil on lipid parameters, liver enzymes, weight, and body fat deposit of male and female rats with obesity induced by cafeteria diet. Were studied 64 rats divided into 4 groups (8 males and 8 females): Control group: fed with commercial feed; Group DPH: cafeteria or palatable hyperlipidic diet (PHD), Group DPH+Li: PHD and supplemented with flaxseed oil; Group DPH+ Ca: PHD and supplemented with Brazil nut oil. The animals were weighed weekly, and in weeks 5 and 12 were assessed measures of body length and girth. After 12 weeks blood was collected for determination of total cholesterol and fractions (HDL and LDL), triglycerides, enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), collection and weighing the retroperitoneal fat. It was noted that different effects were observed in males and females supplemented with oils. The Brazil nut oil supplementation in males promoted higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, while in female LDL values were lower than those of PHD and DPH+Li groups and similar to the control, with an increase in HDL males and females. In addition, this oil delayed weight gain and abdominal fat deposition, only in males. Supplementation with flaxseed oil in males promoted lower levels of LDL, while LDL in females was greater than the control and PHD+Ca groups. Delay in weight gain in males and females was observed, as well as less abdominal fat accumulation in females. It is concluded that in the supplementation with flaxseed oil and Brazil nut oil, in rats submitted to PHD, it is important to consider the genre. The Brazil nut oil improves the lipid profile but provides gain weight faster and higher accumulation of abdominal fat in females, while worsening the lipid profile and reduces weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation in males. In both genders, the nut-Para was favorable on HDL. In contrast, the linseed oil produced opposite effects, with improved lipid profile in males and worsens in females, retardation of weight gain in both genders, and increased accumulation of abdominal fat than the Brazil nut oil in males. It should be consider the benefits and possible effects that these supplements produce in males and females, before starting supplementation with oils rich in PUFA / Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dos óleos de linhaça e de castanha-do-Pará sobre os parâmetros lipídicos, enzimas hepáticas, peso, medidas e depósito de gordura corporal de ratos machos e fêmeas com obesidade induzida por dieta de cafeteria. Foram estudados 64 ratos Wistar, divididos em 4 grupos (8 machos e 8 fêmeas): Grupo Controle: alimentados com ração comercial; Grupo DPH: alimentados com dieta de cafeteria ou palatável hiperlipídica (DPH); Grupo DPH+Li: alimentados com DPH e suplementados com óleo de linhaça; Grupo DPH+Ca: DPH e suplementados com óleo de castanha-do-Pará. Os animais foram pesados a cada 7 dias, e nas semanas 5 e 12 foram aferidas medidas de comprimento e cintura corporais. Após 12 semanas foi realizada coleta de sangue para determinação do colesterol total e frações (HDL e LDL), triglicérides, enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanino aminotransferase (ALT), coleta e pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal. Foi constatado que diferentes efeitos foram observados em machos e fêmeas suplementados com os óleos. A suplementação com óleo de castanha-do-Pará em machos promoveu maiores valores de colesterol total, LDL e HDL, enquanto em fêmeas os valores de LDL foram inferiores aos dos grupos DPH e DPH+Li e similares ao controle, com aumento do HDL em machos e fêmeas. Além disso, retardou o ganho de peso e o depósito de gordura abdominal, apenas nos machos. A suplementação com linhaça em machos promoveu os menores valores de LDL, enquanto em fêmeas o LDL foi superior ao controle e ao DPH+Ca. Promoveu retardo no ganho de peso em machos e fêmeas, bem como menor acúmulo de gordura abdominal em fêmeas. Conclui-se que ao suplementar os óleos de linhaça e castanha-do-Pará em ratos submetidos à DPH, é importante considerar o gênero. O óleo de castanha-do-Pará melhora o perfil lipídico mas proporciona ganho de peso mais rápido e maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal em fêmeas, enquanto piora o perfil lipídico e reduz o ganho de peso e acúmulo de gordura abdominal em machos. Em ambos os gêneros, a castanha-do-Pará foi favorável sobre o HDL. Em contrapartida, o óleo de linhaça produziu efeitos opostos, com melhora do perfil lipídico em machos e piora em fêmeas, retardo do ganho de peso nos dois gêneros, e maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal que a castanha-do-Pará em machos. Deve-se considerar qual o benefício desejado e os possíveis efeitos que estes suplementos produzem em machos e fêmeas, ao dar início à suplementação com óleos ricos em AGPI.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula.pdf: 363107 bytes, checksum: 601834cdd96b79cb93649ec50dc159ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-28 / This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation effects of flaxseed oil and Brazil nuts oil on lipid parameters, liver enzymes, weight, and body fat deposit of male and female rats with obesity induced by cafeteria diet. Were studied 64 rats divided into 4 groups (8 males and 8 females): Control group: fed with commercial feed; Group DPH: cafeteria or palatable hyperlipidic diet (PHD), Group DPH+Li: PHD and supplemented with flaxseed oil; Group DPH+ Ca: PHD and supplemented with Brazil nut oil. The animals were weighed weekly, and in weeks 5 and 12 were assessed measures of body length and girth. After 12 weeks blood was collected for determination of total cholesterol and fractions (HDL and LDL), triglycerides, enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), collection and weighing the retroperitoneal fat. It was noted that different effects were observed in males and females supplemented with oils. The Brazil nut oil supplementation in males promoted higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, while in female LDL values were lower than those of PHD and DPH+Li groups and similar to the control, with an increase in HDL males and females. In addition, this oil delayed weight gain and abdominal fat deposition, only in males. Supplementation with flaxseed oil in males promoted lower levels of LDL, while LDL in females was greater than the control and PHD+Ca groups. Delay in weight gain in males and females was observed, as well as less abdominal fat accumulation in females. It is concluded that in the supplementation with flaxseed oil and Brazil nut oil, in rats submitted to PHD, it is important to consider the genre. The Brazil nut oil improves the lipid profile but provides gain weight faster and higher accumulation of abdominal fat in females, while worsening the lipid profile and reduces weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation in males. In both genders, the nut-Para was favorable on HDL. In contrast, the linseed oil produced opposite effects, with improved lipid profile in males and worsens in females, retardation of weight gain in both genders, and increased accumulation of abdominal fat than the Brazil nut oil in males. It should be consider the benefits and possible effects that these supplements produce in males and females, before starting supplementation with oils rich in PUFA / Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dos óleos de linhaça e de castanha-do-Pará sobre os parâmetros lipídicos, enzimas hepáticas, peso, medidas e depósito de gordura corporal de ratos machos e fêmeas com obesidade induzida por dieta de cafeteria. Foram estudados 64 ratos Wistar, divididos em 4 grupos (8 machos e 8 fêmeas): Grupo Controle: alimentados com ração comercial; Grupo DPH: alimentados com dieta de cafeteria ou palatável hiperlipídica (DPH); Grupo DPH+Li: alimentados com DPH e suplementados com óleo de linhaça; Grupo DPH+Ca: DPH e suplementados com óleo de castanha-do-Pará. Os animais foram pesados a cada 7 dias, e nas semanas 5 e 12 foram aferidas medidas de comprimento e cintura corporais. Após 12 semanas foi realizada coleta de sangue para determinação do colesterol total e frações (HDL e LDL), triglicérides, enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanino aminotransferase (ALT), coleta e pesagem da gordura retroperitoneal. Foi constatado que diferentes efeitos foram observados em machos e fêmeas suplementados com os óleos. A suplementação com óleo de castanha-do-Pará em machos promoveu maiores valores de colesterol total, LDL e HDL, enquanto em fêmeas os valores de LDL foram inferiores aos dos grupos DPH e DPH+Li e similares ao controle, com aumento do HDL em machos e fêmeas. Além disso, retardou o ganho de peso e o depósito de gordura abdominal, apenas nos machos. A suplementação com linhaça em machos promoveu os menores valores de LDL, enquanto em fêmeas o LDL foi superior ao controle e ao DPH+Ca. Promoveu retardo no ganho de peso em machos e fêmeas, bem como menor acúmulo de gordura abdominal em fêmeas. Conclui-se que ao suplementar os óleos de linhaça e castanha-do-Pará em ratos submetidos à DPH, é importante considerar o gênero. O óleo de castanha-do-Pará melhora o perfil lipídico mas proporciona ganho de peso mais rápido e maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal em fêmeas, enquanto piora o perfil lipídico e reduz o ganho de peso e acúmulo de gordura abdominal em machos. Em ambos os gêneros, a castanha-do-Pará foi favorável sobre o HDL. Em contrapartida, o óleo de linhaça produziu efeitos opostos, com melhora do perfil lipídico em machos e piora em fêmeas, retardo do ganho de peso nos dois gêneros, e maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal que a castanha-do-Pará em machos. Deve-se considerar qual o benefício desejado e os possíveis efeitos que estes suplementos produzem em machos e fêmeas, ao dar início à suplementação com óleos ricos em AGPI.

In recent years significant progress has been made in the area of Probabilistic Programming, contributing to a considerably easier workflow for quantitative research in many fields. However, as new Probabilistic Programming Frameworks (PPFs) are continuously being created and developed, there is a need for finding ways of evaluating and benchmarking these frameworks. To this end, this thesis explored the use of a range of evaluation measures to evaluate and better understand the performance of three PPFs: Stan, NumPyro and TensorFlow Probability (TFP). Their respective Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) samplers were benchmarked on three different hierarchical models using both centered and non-centered parametrizations. The results showed that even if the same inference algorithms were used, the PPFs’ samplers still exhibited different behaviours, which consequently lead to non-negligible differences in their statistical efficiency. Furthermore, the sampling behaviour of the PPFs indicated that the observed differences can possibly be attributed to how the warm-up phase used in HMC-sampling is constructed. Finally, this study concludes that the computational speed of the numerical library used, was the primary deciding factor of performance in this benchmark. This was demonstrated by NumPyros superior computational speed, contributing to it yielding up to 10x higher ESSmin/s than Stan and 4x higher ESSmin/s than TFP.