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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Ocular Iontophoresis of Nanocarriers for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Eye

Chopra, Poonam January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
22

Engineering Extracellular Vesicles as Nano-Carriers for Targeted Payload Delivery andCell Reprogramming Applications

Ortega-Pineda, Lilibeth January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
23

Developing Photo-responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks towards Controlled Drug Delivery

Epley, Charity Cherie 14 July 2017 (has links)
The development of therapeutic drugs or drug systems that enhance a cancer patient's quality of life during treatment is a primary goal for many researchers across a wide range of disciplines. Many investigators turn to nanoparticles (~50-200 nm in size) that tend to accumulate in tumor tissues in order to deliver active drug compounds to specific sites in the body. This targeted delivery approach would reduce the total body effects of current cancer drugs that result in unwanted (sometimes painful and even fatal) side effects. One of the main obstacles however, is ensuring that drugs incorporated into the nanoparticles are anchored such that premature drug release is prohibited. Also, while it is important to ensure strong drug-nanocarrier interactions, the nanocarrier must be able to release the drug when it has reached its biological target. We have developed a nanocarrier that provides a platform for drug systems that could achieve this drug release via the use of a light "trigger". Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a relatively new class of often highly porous materials that act as "sponges" for the absorption of various small molecules. MOFs are so named because they consist of metal clusters that are linked by organic compounds to form networked solids that are easily tuned based on the choice of metal and organic "linker". We have developed a MOF nanocarrier incorporating benign zirconium (IV) metal clusters bridged by an organic component that changes shape when illuminated with a light source. The resulting material is therefore not stable upon irradiation due to the organic linker shape change that disturbs the MOF structure and causes it to degrade. When loaded with drugs, this photo-enhanced degradation results in the release of the cargo thereby, providing a handle on controlling drug release with the use of a light trigger. We have demonstrated that in the presence of the MOF nanocarrier incorporating 5-fluorouracil (a clinically available cancer drug), very low toxicity to human breast cancer cells is observed in the dark, however, cell death occurs in the presence of a light source. These reports offer a model MOF nanocarrier system that could be used to incorporate various drugs and therefore tune the system to an individual patient's needs. Furthermore, we also developed a material that is capable of providing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast by changing the metal to manganese (II). MRI contrast agents are compounds that serve to either darken or brighten an MRI image based on the agent used and therefore they aid in clinical diagnosis by making internal abnormalities easier to spot. Currently gadolinium (III) complexes are the most widely used contrast agents; however, the toxicity of gadolinium (III) has been shown to be responsible for the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in some patients. This manganese material has also shown useful for the attachment of fluorescent dyes that can aid in the benchtop optical diagnosis of biopsies. These reports provide a basis for developing ways to offer controlled drug delivery in cancer patients and to aid in cancer diagnosis using MOF materials, in an effort to reach the goals of comfortable cancer treatment. / Ph. D.
24

Nanopartí­culas hí­bridas polimérico-lipí­dicas para veiculação de siRNA na terapia antisense de doenças cutâneas / Hybrid Lipid-Polyethylenimine (PEI) nanocarriers for delivery topical siRNA for antisense therapy of skin diseases

Araujo, Margarete Moreno de 16 November 2017 (has links)
A terapia gênica por RNA de interferência (RNAi) trata-se de um processo de silenciamento pós-transcricional capaz de suprimir a expressão de um determinado gene. No entanto, para se tornar eficaz, a terapia gênica utilizando siRNA (small interfering RNA - siRNA) é dependente de uma eficiente liberação e expressão do acido nucléico nas células-alvo dentro dos tecidos ou órgãos. A literatura atual mostra algumas propostas de sistemas de liberação tópica de siRNA, entretanto, o uso de nanopartículas híbridas polimérico-lipídicas para complexação e liberação de siRNA na pele para o tratamento tópico de doenças cutâneas, ainda é pouco explorado, o que configura a inovação deste trabalho. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma nanopartícula hibrida lipídica associada a um polímero catiônico (NLS-PEI) como sistema de liberação tópica para siRNA, visando a terapia gênica como nova abordagem no tratamento de patologias cutâneas. Primeiramente a composição e o método de produção das NLS-PEI foram otimizados. Como polímero catiônico, utilizou-se a polietilenoimina (PEI). As NLS-PEIs otimizadas, compostas pelo lipídeo Compritol® 888 ATO (2,0%), Poloxamer 188 (1,5%) e PEI (0,15 e 0,25%), apresentaram-se esféricas com superfície lisa e um tamanho médio de 165 nm, potencial zeta médio de +20 mV, concentração de partículas de 1013/mL e com alta estabilidade (90 dias a 4°C). Foi demonstrado, por DSC, que a PEI interage tanto com o tensoativo na superficie das nanoparticulas como também com o lipídeo. A avaliação de comportamento e ação in vitro das NLS-PEIs foi estudada em queratinócitos e fibroblastos, evidenciando que o tratamento não diminuiu a viabilidade celular e houve alta captação verificada por citometria de fluxo (acima de 80% de células transfectadas) e por microscopia confocal. No estudo in vitro de penetração das NLS-PEI complexado com siRNA-FAM em pele de orelha de porco, foi demonstrado a penetração cutânea aumentada de siRNA-FAM a partir das NLS-PEIs. Ensaio in vivo em modelo de inflamação cutânea aguda e crônica mostrou a eficácia das NLS-PEIs contendo siTNF-?, reduzindo a espessura da epiderme em comparação ao grupo controle, reduzindo o rubor, a descamação e os níveis da citocina pró-inflamatória TNF-? e seu RNAm correspondente. A NLS-PEI também promoveu a penetração cutânea das moléculas de siRNA nas camadas mais profunda da pele, in vivo. Diante dos resultados obtidos, podese concluir que as formulações desenvolvidas são sistemas de liberação promissores para administração tópica de siRNA para o tratamento de patologias cutâneas na terapia gênica. / Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has a high application potential for therapeutic silencing of pathologic or drug-resistance genes. Nonetheless, free siRNA molecules are known to have poor transfection efficiency and biological stability, so a carrier use is necessary. Lipid-polymeric nanocarriers are the new generation of nanoparticulate that have been used as siRNA carrier system and are attracting attention as novel colloidal drug carrier for topical use. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop of hybrid lipidpolyethylenimine nanocarriers (SLN-PEI) as topical delivery systems for siRNA. First, the SLN-PEI composition and production method were optimized. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as cationic polymer. The optimized SLN-PEIs, composed of the lipid Compritol® 888 ATO (2.0%), Poloxamer 188 (1.5%) and PEI (0.15 and 0.25%), were spherical with a smooth surface and average size of 200 nm, mean zeta potential of +20 mV, mean number of particles per mL in the 1013 frame and remained stable for 90 days at 4 °C. It has been demonstrated by DSC that PEI interacts with both the surface surfactant of the nanoparticles and with the lipid. The evaluation SLN-PEI\'s behavior and in vitro action was studied in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, evidencing that the nanoparticles did not decrease cell viability and there was high cellular uptake evidenced by flow cytometry (above 80% of transfected cells) and by confocal microscopy. In the permeation in vitro study, it was demonstrated that SLN-PEI increased cutaneous penetration of siRNA-FAM. In vivo assay, in model of acute and chronic skin inflammation, demonstrated the efficacy of SLN-PEIs carrying siTNF-?, reducing epidermal thickness compared to control group, reducing redness, desquamation and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF- ? and its corresponding mRNA. SLN-PEI also promoted penetration of the siRNA molecules in the deeper layers of the skin, in vivo. In view of the results obtained, we can conclude that the formulations developed are promising delivery systems for topical administration of siRNA for the treatment of cutaneous pathologies in gene therapy.
25

Estudo de sistemas nanocarreadores para o ácido 5-aminolevulínico com aplicação na terapia fotodinâmica / Study of nanocarriers systems to 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy use

Cerize, Natália Neto Pereira 03 May 2012 (has links)
O ácido 5-aminolevulínico (5-ALA) é empregado como pró-fármaco, precursor de um agente fotossensibilizador na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD). Após a aplicação de 5-ALA topicamente, a incidência de luz visível de comprimento de onda apropriado induz a formação de uma substância altamente fluorescente e fotodinamicamente ativa, a Protoporfirina IX (PpIX).Todavia,devido a sua característica hidrofílica o 5-ALA apresenta reduzida penetração na epiderme e derme, limitando sua aplicação tópica. O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de sistemas de veiculação nanoestruturados para o 5-ALA, visando maior penetração na pele e aumento da eficácia fotodinâmica. Além do 5-ALA, foram testados outros fármacos hidrofílicos, incluindo um anti-inflamatório, uma vitamina e um anti-microbiano, para validação do sistema de liberação controlada e ação sítio-específica. Foi realizado um estudo de desenvolvimento de formulação e processo para obtenção dos nanocarreadores placebo e posterior incorporação dos fámacos, além da caracterização completa dos sistemas obtidos, resultando no depósito de uma patente dos novos sistemas: Nanocarreadores Poliméricos Coloidais. Como principais resultados deste trabalho destaca-se a obtenção de sistemas em escala nanométrica, com alta eficiência de encapsulação e perfil de liberação controlado, além dos nanocarreadores proporcionarem o aumento da permeação cutânea e ação sítio específica dos fármacos, seja na célula cancerígena ou mesmo na lesão causada por microorganismos. A relevância deste trabalho baseou-se na necessidade de um tratamento prático, altamente seletivo e moderno, que seja otimizado mediante a administração do pró-farmaco 5-ALA em sistemas de liberação apropriados, pois a barreira epidérmica do tecido canceroso constitui ainda uma limitação para a TFD tópica. / The 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a pro-drug, precursor of a photossensitizer agent employed in the photodynamic therapy (PDT). The topical application of ALA combined with the visible light irradiation in an appropiate wavelenght, promove the yielding of a highly fluorescent and photodynamically active agent, the protophoriryn IX (PpIX). However, due to its hydrophilic propertie 5-ALA has reduced penetration of the epidermis and dermis, limiting its topical application. This work presents the development of a nanostructured drug delivery system for ALA aiming to increase the skin permeation and the photodynamic efficacy. Beyond 5-ALA, other hydrophilic drugs were tested, including an anti-inflammatory, a vitamin and an anti-microbial drug to validate the controlled release and site-specific action. A study was performed to develop the composition and the process of preparation of the unload-nanocarriers and subsequent incorporation of drugs, besides a complete characterization of the nanocarriers, resulting in a patent application of the new systems: Colloidal Polymeric Nanocarriers. As the main results of this study can be highlighted the achievement of nanometer-scale system with high efficiency of encapsulation and controlled release profile, in addition to providing increased permeation and site-specific action of drugs, whether in the cancer cell or even in the lesion caused by microorganisms. The relevancy of this work is based on the necessity of a practical, sophisticated and selective treatment through the administration of the prodrug ALA using a suitable drug delivery system, because the epidermal barrier of the cancerous tissue is still a main limitation for topical PDT.
26

Nanoparticules organiques fluorescentes à base de lipides : intégrité et relargage de principes actifs in vitro et in vivo / Lipid-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles : integrity and release of active molecules in vitro and in vivo

Bouchaala, Redouane 18 September 2017 (has links)
Pour une application optimale des nanovecteurs comme système de délivrance de médicaments, il est nécessaire de caractériser pleinement leur intégrité, et leurs propriétés d’encapsulation et de libération de leur contenue. Mon projet de doctorat consiste à développer des méthodes basées sur la fluorescence pour caractériser l'intégrité de ces nanovecteurs lipidiques et la libération des molécules actives in vitro et in vivo. Premièrement, en utilisant le FRET entre deux fluorochromes infrarouges spécialement conçus, l'intégrité des nanovecteurs lipidiques dans le sang et la tumeur cible a été évaluée et quantifiée par imagerie ratiométrique dans le proche infrarouge chez les souris vivantes. Deuxièmement, nous avons développé un test rapide et simple basé sur la FCS pour la quantification in situ de la libération du contenu des différents nanovecteurs. Troisièmement, en utilisant le blanchiment du Nil Rouge par le dithionite de sodium, nous avons établi une approche originale pour étudier l'état physique des nanovecteurs et le niveau d'encapsulation des fluorochromes. En conclusion, nous avons montré que les nanovecteurs lipidiques encapsulant des fluorochromes apparaissent comme un outil prospectif pour la libération contrôlée par la lumière de molécules actives in vitro et in vivo. / For effective application of nanocarriers as drug delivery system, it is necessary to fully characterize their integrity, encapsulation, and release properties. The aim of my PhD project is to develop fluorescence-based methods for characterizing integrity of lipid nanocarriers and the release of active molecules in vitr o and in vivo. First, using FRET between specially designed near-infrared dyes the integrity of lipid nanocarriers in bloodstream and tumor was assessed and quantified by near-infrared ratiometric imaging in living mice. Second, we have developed fast and simple FCS-based assay for in situ quantification of release from different NCs. Third, using Nile Red bleaching by sodium dithionite, we established an original approach to study the physical state of the nanocarriers and the level of dye encapsulation. Finally, we showed that dye-loaded lipid nanocarriers appear as a prospective tool for light-controlled release of active molecules in vitro and in vivo.
27

Quantitative Aspects of Nanodelivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier : Exemplified with the Opioid Peptide DAMGO

Lindqvist, Annika January 2015 (has links)
The use of nanocarriers is an intriguing approach in the development of efficacious treatment for brain disorders. The aim of the conducted research was to evaluate and quantify the impact of a liposomal nanocarrier formulation on the brain drug delivery. A novel approach for investigating the blood-brain barrier transport of liposomal DAMGO is presented, including in vivo microdialysis in rat, a high quality LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method and pharmacokinetic model analysis of the data. Factors limiting the brain distribution of the free peptide DAMGO were also investigated. Microdialysis, in combination with plasma sampling, made it possible to separate the released drug from the encapsulated and to quantify the active substance in both blood and brain interstitial fluid over time. The opioid peptide DAMGO entered the brain to a limited extent, with a clearance out of the brain 13 times higher than the clearance into the brain. The brain to blood ratio of unbound drug was not affected when the efflux transporter inhibitors cyclosporine A and elacridar were co-administered with DAMGO. Nor was the transport affected in the in vitro Caco-2 assay using the same inhibitors. This indicates that DAMGO is not transported by P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or breast cancer resistant protein (Bcrp). The blood-brain barrier transport was significantly increased for DAMGO when formulated in liposomes, resulting in 2-3 fold higher brain to blood ratio of unbound DAMGO. The increased brain delivery was seen both for glutathione tagged PEGylated liposomes, as well as for PEGyalted liposomes without specific brain targeting. The improvement in brain delivery was observed only when DAMGO was encapsulated into the liposomes, thus excluding any effect of the liposomes themselves on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Modeling of the data provided additional mechanistic understanding of the brain uptake, showing that endocytosis or transcytosis of intact liposomes across the endothelial cell membranes were unlikely. A model describing fusion of the liposomes with the luminal membrane described the experimental data the best. In conclusion, the studies presented in this thesis all contribute to an increased understanding of how to evaluate and improve brain delivery of CNS active drugs and contribute with important insights to the nanocarrier field.
28

Atividade antiproliferativa de extrato de araucaria angustifolia em células tumorais de laringe HEp-2

Branco, Cátia dos Santos 02 December 2016 (has links)
Os produtos naturais constituem uma das fontes mais promissoras para o descobrimento de novos ativos na terapêutica do câncer. O carcinoma de laringe é um dos mais comuns tipos de câncer envolvendo as áreas de cabeça e pescoço, e apresenta elevada taxa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com estágio avançado. Terapias alternativas e/ou adjuvantes para o tratamento deste tipo de câncer representam uma necessidade emergente. Uma das alternativas mais promissoras é o desenvolvimento de nanocarreadores contendo ativos antitumorais. Araucaria angustifolia (Bert. O Kuntze) pertence à família Araucariaceae e é uma planta reconhecidamente medicinal. Seus estróbilos femininos dão origem a pinha, constituída por pinhões (sementes verdadeiras) e brácteas (sementes não desenvolvidas). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antiproliferativo do extrato aquoso de brácteas de A. angustifolia (EAA) em células tumorais de laringe HEp-2 e seus mecanismos de ação. Além disso, a possibilidade de associar o EAA a nanoesferas (NE) a fim de potencializar seu efeito antitumoral também foi investigado. A análise química por meio de Espectrometria de Massas de Alta Resolução evidenciou a presença majoritária de polifenóis no EAA. Os resultados mostraram que o EAA induziu citotoxicidade nas células tumorais HEp-2 através de dois diferentes ensaios de viabilidade celular (ensaio de MTT e de exclusão do corante Trypan blue). No entanto, o mesmo não foi capaz de induzir citotoxicidade significativa em células normais HEK-293, utilizadas como controle, indicando um efeito diferencial seletivo do EAA sobre as células tumorais. As células HEp-2 tratadas com EAA apresentaram níveis aumentados de peroxidação lipídica, danos oxidativos a proteínas e aumento da produção de ON, juntamente com depleção das defesas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (Sod) e catalase (Cat). Além disso, o EAA induziu danos ao DNA, juntamente com fragmentação nuclear e condensação da cromatina nestas células. Alterações nos marcadores epigenéticos, como hipometilação do DNA e redução da atividade de DNMT1 foram também observadas. A exposição das células tumorais ao extrato aumentou a expressão de proteínas apoptóticas de via intrínseca mitocondrial, mediada pela ativação da proteína Bax, liberação de AIF e foi independente da ativação de p53. O EAA modificou o metabolismo energético das células tumorais, elevando os níveis de piruvato desidrogenase (PDH) e estimulando a fosforilação oxidativa mitocondrial. Embora tenha ativado a mitocôndria destas células, o mesmo causou falhas no potencial de membrana mitocondrial (ΔΨm), juntamente com diminuição dos níveis de proteínas dos complexos I e III da CTE, inibição da atividade do complexo I, produção de ERO e depleção de ATP. A associação do EAA à NE permitiu a obtenção de sistemas com tamanho de partícula inferior a 200 nm, índice de polidispersibilidade abaixo de 1, potencial zeta negativo e pH estável pelo período de 30 dias, na condição testada. No entanto, a taxa de associação obtida foi baixa (19%), indicando a necessidade de futuros estudos a fim de aumentar a eficiência de incorporação do extrato. As NE per se demonstaram capacidade de reduzir a viabilidade de células tumorais e induzir alterações redox, sensibilizando estas células, demonstrando ser um possível carreador para a vetorização de ativos antitumorais. O conjunto de dados deste estudo demonstra a potencialidade dos compostos presentes nas brácteas de A. angustifolia para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégicas terapêuticas para o câncer. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-12-19T15:24:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cátia dos Santos Branco.pdf: 11116932 bytes, checksum: 02a668c3fc8a7376e3031fe7b838d152 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T15:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cátia dos Santos Branco.pdf: 11116932 bytes, checksum: 02a668c3fc8a7376e3031fe7b838d152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / Natural products are among one of the most promising fields in finding new active substances in cancer therapy. Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers affecting the head and neck regions, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality in patients with the advanced stage. Alternative and/or complementary therapies for treating this cancer represents an emerging need. One of the most promising alternatives is the development of nanocarriers containing antitumor substances. Araucaria angustifolia (Bert. O Kuntze) belongs to Araucariaceae family and it is recognized as medicinal plant. Female strobilus originates the pinecone, which contains seeds and undeveloped seeds, commonly known as bracts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of A. angustifolia bracts aqueous extract (AAE) in HEp-2 cancer cells and its action mechanisms. Moreover, the possibility to associate AAE in nanospheres (NS) to improve its antitumor effect was also investigated. Chemical analysis using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) revealed the major presence of polyphenols in AAE. The results showed that AAE induced cytotoxicity in HEp-2 cells, by using two differents approaches (MTT and Trypan blue assays). However, the extract was not able to induce significant cytotoxicity in HEK-293 normal cells used as control, indicating a selective differential effect of AEE in tumor cells. HEp-2 treated cells presented high levels of lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage to proteins and increment on NO production, along with depletion on antioxidante defenses superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat). In addition, AAE induced DNA damage, nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation in these cells. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA hypomethylation and DNMT1 activity were also observed. Cell exposition to the AAE increased expression of proteins of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway, via Baxtriggered, along with AIF release, and it is independent of p53 incitement. AAE changed energetic metabolism of cancer cells, increasing levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and stimulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Although it enabled the mitochondria of these cells, the extract caused loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reduction on protein expression levels of complex I and III, inhibition of complex I activity, ROS generation and ATP depletion. The association of EAA to NS allowed obtaining systems with particle size lower than 200 nm, polydispersity index less than 1, negative zeta potential and pH stable for the period of 30 days, under tested condition. However, the association rate obtained was low (19%); therefore, further studies are needed to improve AAE encapsulation. The NS per se demonstrated ability to reduce the viability of tumor cells and induce redox stress, sensitizing these cells, proving to be a possible carrier for delivery of antitumor substances. The data set of this study demonstrates the potentiality of the compounds present in the A. angustifolia bracts for the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer.
29

NANOCÁPSULAS CONTENDO ÁCIDO ALL-TRANS-RETINOICO: EFEITO ANTITUMORAL VIA DIFERENCIAÇÃO CELULAR E ATIVAÇÃO APOPTÓTICA INTRÍNSECA EM CÉLULAS DE LEUCEMIA PROMIELOCÍTICA AGUDA

Homrich, Shayenne Scheffer 28 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T19:27:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ShayenneSchefferHomrich.pdf: 1706469 bytes, checksum: 48ab5f162c893018778d1ac573ca031d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ShayenneSchefferHomrich.pdf: 1706469 bytes, checksum: 48ab5f162c893018778d1ac573ca031d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / The Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), firstly described in 1957, is the most malignant type of acute leukemia. Currently, the knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanism at molecular levels became possible the development of efficient therapies making APL the most curable leukemia type. In this sense, APL is also used as a model on cancer advances, being the molecular treatment performed with all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) that presents high efficiency at its control. However, several patients develop differentiation syndrome, as a side effect of this drug. In these terms, compared to another drugs, the cytotoxic antineoplastic agents present particular problems, as poor specificity, high toxicity and resistance susceptibility. An alternative strategy to decrease the ATRA cytotoxicity is the incorporation of this drug in polymer nanocapsules with oily core. In this work nanocapsules with lipid core containing ATRA (NA) were evaluated as their potential to inhibit cellular grow, to induce apoptosis, to interfere the cell cycle, and at APL cellular differentiation using NB4 cell line. Results showed that NA was able to overcome the cellular resistance to AL treatment, decreasing cell viability, inducing apoptosis, through BAX/BCL-2 gene expression, cell cycle arresting at G1 phase and cellular differentiation under 1.5 and 2.0 μM. Additionally, theses systems can contribute to increase the efficacy and reduce the toxicity due to the potential accumulation of nanoparticles at the tumor region due to increased vascular permeability of tumor vases. The ATRA incorporation in lipid nanocarriers is a interesting alternative to make possible its intravenous administration. Moreover, these systems present potential to drug accumulation at tumor tissue through a passive targeting called effect of permeability and increased retention. / A Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda (LPA), primeiramente descrita em 1957 é a forma mais maligna de leucemia aguda. Atualmente, o conhecimento dos seus mecanismos fisiopatológicos em nível molecular possibilitou o desenvolvimento de terapias eficazes fazendo com que a LPA seja a forma mais curável de leucemia. Por este motivo a LPA é também utilizada como modelo para os avanços no tratamento do câncer, sendo o tratamento molecular com ácido all-trans-retinoico (ATRA) o que apresenta alta eficiência no seu controle. Entretanto, inúmeros pacientes adquirem a Síndrome de Diferenciação, como efeito adverso a este medicamento. Diante disto, em comparação com outros fármacos, os antineoplásicos citotóxicos apresentam problemas únicos, como pobre especificidade, elevada toxicidade e susceptibilidade para induzir resistência. Uma estratégia para diminuir a citotoxicidade do ATRA é a incorporação do mesmo em nanocápsulas poliméricas com núcleo oleoso. Neste trabalho nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico contendo ATRA (NA) foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de inibir o crescimento, induzir a apoptose e interferir com o ciclo celular e na diferenciação de células de LPA, linhagem NB4. Os resultados demonstraram que a NA foi capaz de superar a resistência celular ao tratamento com AL, reduzindo a viabilidade celular, induzindo apoptose, pela expressão dos genes BAX/BCL-2, parada do ciclo celular em G1 e diferenciação celular nas concentrações de 1,5 e 2,0 μM. Adicionalmente, estes sistemas podem contribuir para o aumento da eficácia e redução da toxicidade devido ao potencial para acúmulo das nanopartículas na região tumoral graças à permeabilidade vascular aumentada dos vasos tumorais. A incorporação de ATRA em nanocarreadores lipídicos constitui uma alternativa interessante para viabilizar sua administração intravenosa. Além disso, estes sistemas apresentam potencial para acúmulo do fármaco na região tumoral, por meio de um direcionamento passivo chamado de efeito de permeabilidade e retenção aumentada.
30

Estudo de sistemas nanocarreadores para o ácido 5-aminolevulínico com aplicação na terapia fotodinâmica / Study of nanocarriers systems to 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy use

Natália Neto Pereira Cerize 03 May 2012 (has links)
O ácido 5-aminolevulínico (5-ALA) é empregado como pró-fármaco, precursor de um agente fotossensibilizador na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD). Após a aplicação de 5-ALA topicamente, a incidência de luz visível de comprimento de onda apropriado induz a formação de uma substância altamente fluorescente e fotodinamicamente ativa, a Protoporfirina IX (PpIX).Todavia,devido a sua característica hidrofílica o 5-ALA apresenta reduzida penetração na epiderme e derme, limitando sua aplicação tópica. O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de sistemas de veiculação nanoestruturados para o 5-ALA, visando maior penetração na pele e aumento da eficácia fotodinâmica. Além do 5-ALA, foram testados outros fármacos hidrofílicos, incluindo um anti-inflamatório, uma vitamina e um anti-microbiano, para validação do sistema de liberação controlada e ação sítio-específica. Foi realizado um estudo de desenvolvimento de formulação e processo para obtenção dos nanocarreadores placebo e posterior incorporação dos fámacos, além da caracterização completa dos sistemas obtidos, resultando no depósito de uma patente dos novos sistemas: Nanocarreadores Poliméricos Coloidais. Como principais resultados deste trabalho destaca-se a obtenção de sistemas em escala nanométrica, com alta eficiência de encapsulação e perfil de liberação controlado, além dos nanocarreadores proporcionarem o aumento da permeação cutânea e ação sítio específica dos fármacos, seja na célula cancerígena ou mesmo na lesão causada por microorganismos. A relevância deste trabalho baseou-se na necessidade de um tratamento prático, altamente seletivo e moderno, que seja otimizado mediante a administração do pró-farmaco 5-ALA em sistemas de liberação apropriados, pois a barreira epidérmica do tecido canceroso constitui ainda uma limitação para a TFD tópica. / The 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a pro-drug, precursor of a photossensitizer agent employed in the photodynamic therapy (PDT). The topical application of ALA combined with the visible light irradiation in an appropiate wavelenght, promove the yielding of a highly fluorescent and photodynamically active agent, the protophoriryn IX (PpIX). However, due to its hydrophilic propertie 5-ALA has reduced penetration of the epidermis and dermis, limiting its topical application. This work presents the development of a nanostructured drug delivery system for ALA aiming to increase the skin permeation and the photodynamic efficacy. Beyond 5-ALA, other hydrophilic drugs were tested, including an anti-inflammatory, a vitamin and an anti-microbial drug to validate the controlled release and site-specific action. A study was performed to develop the composition and the process of preparation of the unload-nanocarriers and subsequent incorporation of drugs, besides a complete characterization of the nanocarriers, resulting in a patent application of the new systems: Colloidal Polymeric Nanocarriers. As the main results of this study can be highlighted the achievement of nanometer-scale system with high efficiency of encapsulation and controlled release profile, in addition to providing increased permeation and site-specific action of drugs, whether in the cancer cell or even in the lesion caused by microorganisms. The relevancy of this work is based on the necessity of a practical, sophisticated and selective treatment through the administration of the prodrug ALA using a suitable drug delivery system, because the epidermal barrier of the cancerous tissue is still a main limitation for topical PDT.

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