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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Synthesis and characterization of silicon and boron -based nitride nanocomposites as catalytic mesoporous supports for energy applications / Synthèse et caractérisation de nanocomposites à base de nitrure de silicium et de bore comme support catalytique mesoporeux pour applications énergétiques

Lale, Abhijeet 04 October 2017 (has links)
La présente thèse s’inscrit dans un projet collaboratif de type CEFIPRA entre l’Inde (Dr. Ravi Kumar, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai) et la France (Dr. Samuel Bernard, Institut Européen des Membranes, CNRS, Montpellier). Les travaux de thèses se sont consacrés à la synthèse de céramiques de type non-oxyde autour de systèmes binaires (nitrure de silicium et nitrure de bore) et ternaires (Si-M-N, B-M-N (M=Ti, Zr, Hf)) à partir de précurseurs moléculaires et polymères, i.e., la voie polymères précéramiques ou PDCs. L’idée principale de ce travail est de former des structures nanocomposites à partir des systèmes ternaires dans lesquelles des nanocristaux de nitrures métalliques (M=Ti, Zr, Hf) se développent pendant la synthèse du nitrure de silicium et du nitrure de bore. Une caractérisation complète allant des polymères aux matériaux finaux a été conduite. Ces matériaux ont ensuite été préparés sous forme de composés mésoporeux (monolithes) en couplant la voie des polymères précéramiques à une approche de nanomoulage. Ces monolithes à haute surface spécifique et mésoporosité interconnectée ont alors été appliqués comme support de nanoparticules de platine pour l’hydrolyse du borohydrure de sodium pour générer de l’hydrogène. Les performances en tant que support de catalyseur ont été évaluées en termes de volume d’hydrogène libéré et de reproductibilité. Nous avons montré que les nanocomposites TiN/Si3N4 de surface spécifique très élevée présentent les meilleures performances grâce à l’activité catalytique du Si3N4 amorphe, de la présence de TiN nanométrique et de l’effet synergétique entre les nanoparticules Pt, le TiN nanostructuré et le Si3N4 amorphe. En preuve de concept, nous avons montré que ces structures nanocomposites étaient multifonctionnelles: elles peuvent être appliquées en tant que supports d’électro-catalyseurs et matériaux d’électrodes dans les piles à combustibles et les super-condensateurs, en particulier pour ceux contenant des matériaux lamellaires 2D et du carbone libre. / The thesis has been funded by a collaborative research partnership between Indian (Dr. Ravi Kumar, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai) and French institutes (Dr. Samuel Bernard, European Membrane Institute, CNRS, Montpellier), IFCPRA/CEFIPRA. It is focused on the synthesis, and characterization of binary (silicon nitride and boron nitride) and ternary (Si-M-N, B-M-N (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)) ceramics which are prepared through a precursor approach based on the Polymer-Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route. The idea behind the preparation of the ternary systems is to form nanocomposite structures in which metal nitrides (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) nanocrystals grow during the synthesis of silicon nitride and boron nitride. A complete characterization from the polymer to the final material is done. Then, these materials have been prepared as mesoporous monoliths coupling the PDCs route with a nanocasting approach to be applied as supports of platinum nanoparticles for the hydrolysis of liquid hydrogen carriers such as sodium borohydride. The performance as catalyst supports has been evaluated in terms of volume of hydrogen released and reproducibility. We showed that the very high specific surface area TiN/Si3N4 nanocomposites displayed the best performance because of the catalytic activity of amorphous Si3N4, the presence of nanoscaled TiN and the synergetic effect between Pt nanoparticles, nanoscaled TiN and amorphous Si3N4. Interesting, these materials are multi-functional as demonstrated as a proof of concept: they can be applied as electrocatalyst supports, electrode materials for fuel cells and supercapacitors, in particular those containing 2D layered materials and free carbon.
172

Starch nanocrystals : preparation and application to bio-based flexible packaging / Starch nanoparticules for ecoefficient flexible barrier paper packaging

Le Corre, Déborah 27 October 2011 (has links)
Ce travail examine la potentielle mise à l'échelle industrielle des procédés de préparation des nanocristaux d'amidon (SNCs). Une caractérisation approfondie (morphologie, viscosité, stabilité thermique et propriétés en nanocomposites) de 5 SNCs différents montre une faible influence de la source botanique, contrairement aux nanocristaux de cellulose. L'analyse du procédé de préparation actuel des SNCs a conduit à 3 nouvelles stratégies d'optimisation et à la définition d'une nouvelle génération de SNCs. Une nouvelle application des SNCs, en emballage multicouche, montre également que les SNCs peuvent être utilisés en couchage et contribuer à diminuer la perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau de certains biopolymères. Une analyse du cycle de vie des SNCs dans ce type d'application est également proposée. Cette étude contribue donc à l'avancée de cette thématique et propose des perspectives prometteuses. / The present work investigates the potential of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) for industrial scaled-up preparation and use. An extensive characterization (morphology, viscosity, thermal stability and properties in nanocomposite) of 5 different SNCs shows, contrary to nanocrystalline cellulose, the limited influence of the botanic source. The analysis of the current preparation process led to three optimization strategies, and to the definition of a new generation of SNCs with smaller dimensions and more homogeneous. A new application of SNCs is presented (multilayer packaging); and showed that SNCs can effectively reduce water vapor permeability of some biopolymers coatings. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of SNCs in this application is also proposed. This study contributes greatly to the advance of the field and offers perspectives for the industrialization of SNCs.
173

Elaboration de matériaux à base de carbure de silicium et à porosité contrôlée / SiC based materials elaboration with controlled porosity

Ballestero, Anthony 13 July 2016 (has links)
Les polymères précéramiques à base de silicium ont été proposés vers la fin des années 50 comme précurseurs de céramiques non oxydes, matériaux que l’on définira plus tard par « Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs)». Comparées aux méthodes de synthèses traditionnelles, la voie dite des polymères précéramiques ou encore PDCs offre de nombreux avantages en terme de composition, structure et texture des céramiques. Grâce à ses propriétés intrinsèques, (thermiques, résistances chimiques et mécaniques, comportement semi-conducteur...) le carbure de silicium (SiC) et ses dérivés azotés (carbonitrure de silicium SiCN) peuvent être considérés comme des matériaux appropriés pour la préparation de nouvelles générations de membranes céramiques dédiées en particulier aux procédés de production de l’hydrogène (à partir du CO2, CH4 ou de la réaction de dissociation de l’eau par exemple). En mettant en oeuvre la voie PDCs, un matériau SiC hydrophobe et amorphe adapté aux procédés de séparation de l’hydrogène, possédant un bon couplage perméance/sélectivité associé à une excellente stabilité thermostructurale au delà de 500°C peut être proposé. Néanmoins, l’utilisation de polymères précéramiques induit un changement dimensionnel important au cours de la pyrolyse permettant la conversion du polymère en céramique. Des contraintes mécaniques résiduelles induites par ce retrait volumique entraînent la formation de défauts, de fissures et parfois l’effondrement de la structure lorsque le polymère précéramique est mis en forme. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous proposons d’élaborer des supports macroporeux ou mousses microcellulaires, des revêtements mésoporeux ainsi que des revêtements microporeux à base de SiC pour, à terme, proposer un matériau à base de SiC et à porosité hiérarchisée pour une utilisation en séparation gazeuse. l’allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS) est utilisé comme précurseur SiC. Après avoir fait un état de l’art dans le chapitre I et décrit les matériaux et méthodes dans le chapitre II, deux stratégies sont mises en œuvre dans les chapitres III et IV pour générer ces différents matériaux avec un meilleur contrôle du changement dimensionnel du polymère. Dans une première stratégie (chapitre III), des charges passives (nanodiamants) et actives (particules de bore) sont introduites dans l’AHPCS pour générer des formulations avec différentes proportions de charges et s’opposer ainsi au retrait volumique du polymère au cours de la pyrolyse et élaborer des matériaux composites. Dans une seconde stratégie qui fait l’objet du chapitre IV, une approche moléculaire à source unique est proposée. Elle consiste à introduire l’élément bore à l’échelle moléculaire dans l’AHPCS pour en augmenter son rendement céramique et donc réduite la perte de masse que subira l’AHPCS modifié au cours de la pyrolyse. Dans ces chapitres III et IV, des structures monolithiques denses sont élaborées pour mieux observer le changement dimensionnel au cours de la conversion polymère-céramique. Les formulations et précurseurs synthétisés et sélectionnés serviront alors de précurseurs de matériaux macroporeux, mésoporeux et microporeux dans le chapitre V. / Preceramic polymers have been proposed in the late fifty’s as non-oxide silicon based ceramic precursors generally called PDCs for “Polymer Derived Ceramics”. Compared to traditional synthesis ways, the PDCs route can offer many advantages in terms of compositions, structures and textures of ceramics. Due to its intrinsic properties (thermal, chemical and mechanical resistance, semi-conductor behavior,...), silicon carbide (SiC) and their derivatives with nitrogen (silicon carbonitride, SiCN) can be considered as one of the best materials for the next generation of ceramic based membranes, in particular in the hydrogen production processes (from CO2, CH4 or through the water gas shift reaction for example). By investigating the PDCs route, a hydrophobic and amorphous SiC material suitable for hydrogen separation process exhibiting good permeability/selectivity ratio, high thermal mechanical and chemical resistance coupled with a good stability under wet atmosphere up to 500°C can be proposed. However, the use of preceramic polymrers induces an important dimensional modification during the pyrolysis allowing the conversion from polymer to ceramic. Residual stresses caused by the volume shrinkage leads to the formation of cracks or even collapses of the structure of shaped preceramic polymers. This study is focused on the elaboration of SiC based macroporous substrates or microcellular foams, mesoporous and microporous coatings in the aim to propose a SiC based material showing a hierarchized porosity dedicated to gaseous separation applications. The AllylHydridoPolycarbosilane (AHPCS) is used as SiC precursor. After the chapters I and II, respectively dedicated to a literature review and the materials and methods used, two strategies are enforced in the chapters III and IV to generate these materials with a better control of the polymer dimensional change. In the first strategy (chapter III), passive (nanodiamonds) and active (boron particles) fillers are introduced in the AHPCS to generate some formulations with different fillers proportions and opposing to the volume shrinkage of the polymer during the pyrolysis and create composite materials. In the second strategy (chapter IV), a single molecular source approach consisting of the introduction of boron at the molecular state in the AHPCS is proposed. This introduction of boron leads to increase the ceramic yield and to reduce the mass loss of the modified AHPCS during the pyrolysis. In the chapters III and IV, monolithic dense structures are developed to better understand the dimensional change occurring during the pyrolysis. Synthetized and selected formulations and polymers will serve as precursors for macroporous, mesoporous and microporous materials in the chapter V.
174

Polimerização em massa para a síntese de nanocompósitos poliméricos usando hidroxissais lamelares (HSLs) / Bulk polymerization to synthetize polymeric nanocomposites using layered hydrxide salts (LHS)

Moraes, Samara Boaventura de, 1989- 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona, Paula Forte de Magalhães Pinheiro Bonassi Machado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_SamaraBoaventurade_M.pdf: 2271450 bytes, checksum: 53f3a25eef4f92dd7e80b68fe8945abd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O interesse pelos nanocompósitos de matriz polimérica tem crescido acentuadamente nos últimos anos, pois estes materiais apresentam melhores propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, entre outras, quando comparados aos materiais convencionais. Entre os diferentes tipos de nanocompósitos de matriz polimérica, aqueles reforçados com compostos lamelares têm sido amplamente estudados. Os hidroxissais lamelares (HSLs) são exemplos de compostos lamelares e o estudo sobre estes materiais é um assunto novo. Trabalhos na literatura que envolvem os HSLs são relativamente escassos e a maioria está relacionada à sua síntese e caracterização estrutural. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados nanocompósitos de poliestireno utilizando hidroxissais lamelares como agente de reforço. Os nanocompósitos foram produzidos via polimerização in situ utilizando a polimerização em massa e diferentes frações mássicas de HSL. Foram produzidos HSLs intercalados com o ânion dodecilsulfato e o ânion laurato. O polímero puro foi caracterizado pelas análises de cromatografia de permeação em gel, análise gravimétrica, difração de raios-x, espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria e teste de inflamabilidade. Os hidroxissais lamelares foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de inchamento de Foster, difração de raios-x e espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier. Os nanocompósitos poliméricos sintetizados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difração de raios-x, espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria e teste de inflamabilidade. Foi escolhido um dos nanocompósitos sintetizados e foi realizada análise gravimétrica para avaliar a influência do HSL na conversão do polímero. Dentre as propriedades do material, os resultados obtidos mostram que os nanocompósitos sintetizados tendem a apresentar melhoras na inflamabilidade quando comparados ao polímero puro e, também apresentam temperatura final de degradação superior ao do poliestireno, além de não influenciarem significativamente na temperatura de transição vítrea do polímero / Abstract: Interest in the nanocomposite polymeric matrix has grown dramatically in recent years because these materials exhibit better mechanical and thermal properties, among others, when compared to conventional materials. Among the different types of nanocomposite polymeric matrix, those reinforced with layered compounds has been widely studied. The layered hydroxides salts (LHSs) are examples of layered compounds and the study of layered hydroxides salts is a new subject. Studies in the literature involving the LHSs are relatively scarce and most of them are related to their synthesis and structural characterization. In this work nanocomposites of polystyrene using layered hydroxides salts as a reinforcing agent were synthesized. The nanocomposites were produced via in situ bulk polymerization. Polymer nanocomposites were synthesized with different mass fractions of LHS. LHSs intercalated with dodecyl sulfate anion and laurate anion was produced. The pure polymer was characterized by analysis of gel permeation chromatography, gravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric and flammability test. The layered hydroxides salts were characterized by swelling of Foster techniques, x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized polymer nanocomposites were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric and flammability test. One of the synthesized nanocomposites was chosen and gravimetric analysis was performed to assess the influence of LHS on the conversion of the polymer. Among the material properties, the results obtained show that the nanocompósito synthesized tend to have improved flammability compared to the pure polymer, and also present final temperature higher than the degradation of polystyrene, and do not significantly influence the glass transition temperature of the polymer / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química
175

Élaboration et caractérisation de nanocomposites à base de mélanges polystyrène/polyamide 6 et d'argile montmorillonite / Preparation and characterization of polystyrene / polyamide6 / montmorillonite nanocomposites compatibiliezd with graft copolymers

Magaton, Marina 15 November 2010 (has links)
Ce travail concerne l’élaboration de nanocomposites à base de polystyrène/polyamide 6/argile montmorillonite (PS/PA6/MMT). Son but premier a été d’évaluer l’influence d’un copolymère polystyrène greffé polyamide 6 (PS-g-PA6), en tant qu’agent compatibilisant pour promouvoir une meilleure interaction PS-PA6, et son influence dans l’intercalation/exfoliation des argiles, d’une part ; évaluer les structures et les propriétés des nanocomposites obtenus. Deux sortes d’argile montmorillonite ayant différents modificateurs organiques, bien que cinq sortes de PS-g-PA6 contenant différentes quantités de PA6 et différentes masses molaires de greffés ont étés utilisés. Deux compositions de mélange PS/PA6 ont été préparées, 50/50 et 80/20 % en poids. Les quantités d’argile et de PS-g-PA6 utilisées dans les mélanges ont étés 5 et 3% en poids, respectivement. Les images obtenues par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEV) ont montré qu’une inversion de phase a lieu entre les deux compositions, sus les conditions de procédé utilisées, le PS étant la phase mineure à 50/50 %. Les images de MEV ont également révélé que les copolymères et l’argile ont un effet synergique dans la compatibilization des mélanges PS/PA6, dans les deux compositions. La capacité de compatibilization des copolymères est fortement affectée par ses masses molaires et ses quantités de PA6, que promeuvent différents degrés de nouvellement des chaines dans l’interface PS/PA6. De manière générale, les copolymères contenant une plus grande quantité de PA6, associés à l’argile qui meilleure itérât avec la PA6 présentaient des meilleures propriétés / This work aimed the preparation and characterization on polystyrene / polyamide 6 / montmorillonite clay (PS/PA6/MMT) nanocomposites. The goal was to evaluate the influence of the addition of polystyrene graft copolymer with polyamide 6 (PA6-g-PS) with potential to act as a coupling agent, promoting better interaction between PS and PA6, and to study the structures and properties of obtained nanocomposites. Two types of montmorillonite clay, organically modified with different modifiers, as well as five types of PS-g-PA6 copolymer, possessing different amounts of PA6 and grafts with different molecular weights, were employed. Two PS/PA6 blends compositions were prepared, 50/50 and 80/20 wt%. The chosen amount of clay and PS-g-PA6 were 5 and 3% by weight, respectively. Images obtained via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a phase inversion occurring between the two compositions, being PS the dispersed phase in 50/50% composition. SEM images also showed that the addition of copolymers and clay have a synergistic effect on the compatibilization of the blends PS/PA6 in both compositions. The copolymers coalescence ability is strongly affected by their molecular weight and their amount of PA6, which provides different levels of folding of the chains at the interface PS-PA6.The best results were obtained in systems where it was added concomitantly clay and copolymer. Rheology and TEM results showed that the molecular weight of copolymers influence the interfacial tension in mixtures. In general, copolymers containing larger amounts of PA6, associated with clay that best interacts with PA6, showed the best results
176

Etude expérimentale et théorique des propriétés optiques de nanocomposites plasmoniques fabriqués par irradiation laser et sous flux solaire concentré / Experimental and theoretical study of the optical properties of plasmonic nanocomposites thin films fabricated under laser and concentrated solar irradiation

Nadal, Elie 27 November 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de nanocomposites plasmoniques et, plus particulièrement, sur des couches minces de polymère dopées en nanoparticules d'or et d'argent. Les travaux réalisés concernent le développement de deux approches de fabrication originales fondées sur la synthèse in situ de nanoparticules dans une matrice de polymère sous irradiation. La première méthode envisagée étudie l’organisation de nanoparticules d’or dans les films de polymères en les irradiant de manière contrôlée dans l'espace par interférométrie laser. Ainsi, nous obtenons des réseaux de nanoparticules qui révèlent des propriétés de diffraction atypiques dont la réponse spectrale dépend fortement de la réponse plasmonique du système. Nous appelons ce phénomène diffraction amplifiée par plasmon. La seconde approche de fabrication développée a pour but de réaliser la synthèse de nanoparticules in situ dans des films de polymère sous rayonnement solaire concentré. Nous nous sommes intéressés, en particulier, à l'influence de l'irradiation solaire concentrée sur les processus de formation des nanoparticules et sur leur morphologie finale, dans le but de contrôler les propriétés optiques du système. Nous avons notamment montré qu’il est possible de contrôler la taille des nanoparticules d’or formées in situ dans les films de polymère, en faisant varier le flux du rayonnement solaire. En parallèle de ces travaux expérimentaux, une approche semi-analytique combinant une description des matériaux en termes de milieux effectif à la méthode RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), a été développée pour calculer les propriétés optiques des nanocomposites. / This dissertation deals with the study of plasmonic nanocomposites and, more precisely, polymer thin films loaded with gold and silver nanoparticles. In this work, we developed two original fabrication techniques based on in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer films under irradiation. In the first approach, our aim is to control the organization of the nanoparticles within the polymer films by using a spatially controlled irradiation by laser interferometry. We show that the plasmonic nanoparticle gratings thus formed present unusual diffractive properties that strongly depend on the plasmonic features of the system. We call this phenomena plasmon enhanced diffraction. In a second method, we study in situ synthesis of nanoparticles in polymer thin films under concentrated solar irradiation. This study is focused on the effect of concentrated solar irradiation on the growth mechanism and the morphology of the nanostructures. We have shown that it is possible to control the size of the gold nanoparticles synthesized in situ by varying the solar flux. Along with experiments, we developed a semi-analytical approach that combines modeling of the materials as effective media with the RCWA method (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), which allows us to compute the optical properties of the nanocomposites.
177

Développement de nanocomposites à base de polymères d'origine renouvelable - optimisation des propriétés barrière et de transport. / Developpement of bio based polymer nanocomposites - optimization of barrier and transport properties .

Kanake, Yempab 26 April 2016 (has links)
Les nanocomposites à base de polymères sont utilisés depuis plusieurs années dans différents domaines industriels. Ils permettent une amélioration des propriétés des polymères et/ou l'accès à certaines propriétés presque inexistantes sur le polymère de base. Cependant, les polymères utilisés sont souvent d’origine pétrochimique. Au cours des dernières années, l'accumulation de déchets toxiques a, entre autres, conduit à un remplacement progressif de ces matières par des polymères issus des agro-ressources et/ou biodégradables. Notre étude porte sur deux polymères biodégradables utilisés comme matrice dans des nanocomposites, le poly (acide lactique) (PLA) et le poly (butylène succinate) (PBS). Elle a pour but, d'une part, d’améliorer les propriétés barrière aux gaz et à la vapeur d'eau, et d'autre part, de les rendre conducteur de chaleur. Pour ce faire, deux différents types de charges ont été utilisés. La première, la montmorillonite organiquement modifiée (OMMT) a permis d’obtenir une amélioration significative des propriétés mécaniques et barrière du polymère. La seconde, le graphite expansé (EG) a prouvé sa capacité à augmenter les propriétés de transport de chaleur dans les polymères. Une étude bibliographique a révélé que les conditions de mise en œuvre et les affinités entre les deux composés influencent considérablement les propriétés finales du nanocomposite. Ainsi les conditions de mise en œuvre ont été optimisées en faisant varier le temps et les températures de mélange de même que la méthode de mise en œuvre en fonction des charges utilisées. Pour améliorer les interactions entre la matrice et les charges, ces dernières ont été fonctionnalisées par un alkoxysilane, le 3-AminoPropylTrimethoxy-Silane. Les effets de cette fonctionnalisation sur les propriétés mécaniques, barrière, thermiques et thermophysiques des nanocomposites sont présentés. Pour les nanocomposites chargés en EG, l’effet des tailles et de la distribution des tailles des particules sur les conductivités thermiques des nanocomposites a été discuté en se basant sur un modèle de type Maxwell-Garnett basé sur la théorie des champs moyen. / Polymer based nanocomposites have been used for several years in various industrial fields. They allow an improvement of the polymer properties and/or an access to some almost non-existent properties of the neat material. However, the used polymers originated mostly from petrochemical industry. In recent years, the accumulation of toxic waste, among others, led to a gradual replacement of these materials by polymers from agro-resources and/or biodegradables. Our study focuses on two biodegradable polymers used as matrix in nanocomposites, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS). It aims, on one hand, to improve their barrier properties to gases and water vapor, and on the other, to make them heat conductors. To achieve this, two different kinds of fillers were used. The first one, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), has achieved a significant improvement in mechanical and barrier properties of the polymer. The second one, expanded graphite (EG), has proven its ability to increase heat transport properties of polymers. A literature review has revealed that the conditions of nanocomposite preparation and the affinities between the two materials greatly influence the final properties of the nanocomposite. Thus the preparation parameters were optimized by varying the melting time and temperature as well as the preparation method according to the fillers used. To improve the interaction between the matrix and the fillers, they were functionalized with an alkoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy-Silane. The effects of this functionalization on the mechanical, barrier, thermal and thermophysical properties of nanocomposites are presented. For EG based nanocomposites, the EG size effect and size distribution on the thermal conductivity of nanocomposites were discussed based on a theoretical model using the Maxwell-Garnett mean-field theory.
178

Synthesis, characterization and properties of novel phosphorylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites

Mkhabela, Vuyiswa J. 13 September 2011 (has links)
M.Sc. / Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been of utmost scientific interest since their discovery in 1991 by a Japanese physicist - Sumio Iijima. This is due to their extraordinary properties which make them one of the most promising options for the design of novel ultrahigh strength polymer nanocomposites. It is believed that the high aspect ratio, mechanical strength, and high electrical and thermal conductivity of these CNTs will enhance the performance of many polymer / CNT nanocomposites and open up new applications. However, poor dispersibility and lack of interfacial adhesion of the CNTs in the polymer matrix have remained a challenge towards fabrication of these nanocomposites. This has been due to the atomically smooth surface of the nanotubes and their intrinsic van der Waals forces which make them chemically inert. This study was aimed at exploring this concept by using novel phosphorylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer. Phosphorylation of MWCNTs has been successfully achieved in our laboratories, with the p-MWCNTs showing improvement in thermal stability. PVC on the other hand, is the world’s second largest thermoplastic material and has physical properties that are key technical advantages for its use in various and diverse fields such as building and construction, electronics, food packaging and in medical applications. A novel solvent-free method was used to synthesize p-MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites. MWCNTs were synthesized by nebulized spray pyrolysis, a modification of catalytic vapour deposition and purified by soxhlet extraction using toluene. This method proved to be convenient and economical, producing a high yield of carbon nanotubes. The MWCNTs were phosphorylated with alkylazido phosphonate compounds through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the phosphonate azides and the C=C bonds of the MWCNTs, with nitrogen loss occurring upon thermolysis. These p-MWCNTs were then melt compounded with PVC to form the p-MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites. vii The phosphorylation of the MWCNTs and their dispersion in the PVC matrix were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal analysis of the nanocomposites by TGA and DSC showed an enhanced thermal stability when comparing the nanocomposites with neat PVC. The modulus of the MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites increased whilst there was a reduction in their tensile strength, indicating a decrease in polymer toughness.
179

Nanocomposites à base d'argile et de surfactants polymérisables (surfmers) : synthèse et propriétés / Nanocomposites based on clay and plymerizable surfactants (surfmers) : synthesis and properties

Benbayer, Chahinez 27 May 2014 (has links)
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse porte sur la préparation de nouveaux nanocomposites polystyrène-argile en utilisant des argiles modifiées par divers tensioactifs cationiques polymérisables fluorés. Des systèmes de référence ont aussi été envisagés en utilisant des tensioactifs classiques de structure proche de celles des surfmers (surfmers et tensioactifs hydrocarbonés) et ce, afin de mettre en évidence le rôle joué par le groupement polymérisable et l’atome de fluor sur la structure et les propriétés des nanocomposites obtenus. Les propriétés de surface des tensioactifs ont été étudiées en termes de CMC, tensions de surface et enthalpies de micellisation de Gibbs afin d’évaluer le comportement en solution de ces tensioactifs. Ces tensioactifs ont été par la suite utilisés pour modifier une montmorillonite sodée via un processus d’échange cationique. Les organoargiles ainsi obtenues ont été caractérisées par IR, ATG et DRX. Les données DRX obtenues sont en faveur d’un alignement de la majorité des surfmers fluorés en bicouche La préparation des nanocomposites polystyrène-argile contenant diverses quantités d’organoargiles variant de 1 à 15% en utilisant la technique de polymérisation radicalaire en masse ou en solution, a montré l’effet positif de l’introduction d’une chaîne fluorée et d’une fonction polymérisable sur la stabilité thermique des nanocomposites. Des morphologies exfoliées ont été obtenues pour la majorité des nanocomposites fluorés préparés. Une relation structure-propriétés de surface et propriétés thermique a été établie sur la base des analyses ATG, DRX et TEM/MEB. / The work presented in this thesis focuses on the preparation of new polystyrene-clay nanocomposites using fluorinated polymerizable cationic surfactants as modifiers. Reference systems have also been proposed using conventional surfactants of similar structure than surfmers. The main objective is to highlight the role of the polymerizable group and the fluorine atoms on the structure and the properties of the obtained nanocomposites. The surface properties of surfactants were studied in terms of CMC, surface tensions and Gibbs enthalpies of micellization to evaluate the solution behavior of these surfactants. These surfactants were subsequently used to modify a sodium montmorillonite via cation exchange process. The resultant organoclays were characterized by IR, TGA and XRD analysis. XRD data are in favor of an alignment of the majority of fluorinated surfmers to form a bilayer structure while conventional surfactants tend to form a pseudotrimolecular layer. Determination of surfmer reactivity ratios by NMR was used to predict the behavior of these derivatives in radical copolymerization with styrene. Preparation of polystyrene-clay nanocomposite containing various amounts of organoclays from 1 to 15 wt% by radical polymerization process in bulk or solution, showed the positive effect of the introduction of fluorinated chain and polymerizable functional group on thermal stability of nanocomposites. Exfoliated morphologies were obtained for the majority of the fluorinated nanocomposite. A structure-surface and thermal properties relationship was established on the basis of TGA, XRD and TEM / SEM analysis.
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Síntese e caracterização de nanocompósitos de poli(estireno) com materiais lamelares - hidróxido duplo lamelar e hidroxissal lamelar - via polimerização in situ / Synthesis and characterization of poly(styrene) layered materials nanocomposites - layered double hydroxide and layered hydroxide salt - via in situ polimerization

Botan, Rodrigo, 1982- 24 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Botan_Rodrigo_D.pdf: 8541673 bytes, checksum: fc88cab0852acd3cb9bf0b6052e4458d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Ao longo da última década, nanocompósitos poliméricos vêm atraindo grande atenção da comunidade científica e industrial. Este fato se deve à notável melhora em inúmeras propriedades destes novos materiais, proporcionado pelo uso de uma pequena quantidade de nanoreforços. Entre as propriedades melhoradas é possível citar com maior destaque as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas. Buscando alcançar melhores propriedades para o poli(estireno) (PS), o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de sintetizar nanocompósitos in situ de PS com hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDLs) e hidroxissal lamelar (HSL). Para isto, foram sintetizados dois tipos de HDLs e um tipo de HSL, os HDLs foram modificados com ácido láurico, ácido palmítico e uma mistura destes dois ácidos e o HSL foi modificado com ácido palmítico. Os HDLs e HSL sintetizados foram caracterizados por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os nanocompósitos foram sintetizados in situ por polimerização em massa e foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, TGA, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), ensaio de flexão, análise da fratura e teste de flamabilidade. Os resultados obtidos demostram que estes novos nanocompósitos foram sintetizados, apresentando, de uma forma geral, uma boa interação polímero ¿ reforço com morfologia variando da intercalada/esfoliada a esfoliada. A estabilidade térmica e, principalmente, a propriedade mecânica apresentaram ganhos significativos em todos os materiais estudados quando comparadas com o polímero puro, fato que possibilita uma vasta gama de aplicação destes novos materiais em diversos campos da pesquisa e engenharia / Abstract: Over the past decade, polymer nanocomposites have attracted interest, both in the industry and in the academia. They often exhibit remarkable improvement in their properties when compared with neat polymer or conventional micro and macrocomposites using low levels of reinforcements, usually maximum 5% by weight. The improvements mainly include mechanical, thermal, and physical properties. Seeking to achieve better properties for poly(styrene) (PS), the purpose of this work was to in situ synthesize PS with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and layered hydroxide salt (LHS) nanocomposites. Thus, two types of LDH and a type of LHS was synthesized, the LDHs were modified with lauric acid, palmitic acid and a mixture of both, and LHS was modified with palmitic acid. The LDHs and LHS synthesized were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ bulk polymerization and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), bend test, fracture analysis and flammability test. The obtained results show that indeed these new nanocomposites were synthesized. These nanocomposites have in general good interaction polymer ¿ reinforcement with morphology varying from intercalated/exfoliated to exfoliated. The thermal stability and mechanical property mainly, showed significant improvement in all materials studied, when compared with the neat polymer, a fact that enables a wide range of application of these new materials in various fields of research and engineering / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química

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