La morphologie et les propriétés de sorption d'eau et d'éthanol de films extrudés minces de polyamide 6 ont été étudiées pour différentes conditions de mise en oeuvre (température de chill roll (TCR) de 50 et 125°C et taux d'étirage compris entre x et y). L'influence de l'ajout de faibles taux de nanocharges lamellaires (montmorillonite (MMT) ou phosphate de Zirconium (ZrP)) a également été évaluée. L'étirage n'a, dans la gamme étudiée, aucun effet sur la morphologie et les propriétés de sorption des films. Les films de PA6 préparés à une température de chill roll de 50°C présentent en revanche une proportion de phase cristalline g plus faible que les films préparés à une TCR de 125°C. L'épaisseur des lamelles cristallines y est plus fine et la mobilité des chaînes de la phase amorphe y est réduite. L'ajout de faibles taux de montmorillonite à une TCR de 50°C modifie significativement la mobilité des chaînes de la phase amorphe, les proportions des phases cristallines a et g et l'orientation des lamelles cristallines, contrairement à une TCR de 125°C où l'impact de la MMT n'a été observé qu'au niveau de l'orientation de la phase cristalline g. Les mécanismes de sorption de vapeur d'eau et d'éthanol ont été étudiés pour l'ensemble des films. Les isothermes de sorption ont été modélisées afin d'étudier plus particulièrement les phénomènes d'agrégation observés à haute activité. Une modélisation des courbes cinétiques a également été proposée sur la base de l'approche de Berens et Hopfenberg. La confrontation des données thermodynamiques et cinétiques de sorption et des paramètres morphologiques caractéristiques des matériaux a permis de conclure à un rôle prépondérant des interfaces entre zone amorphe et zone cristalline sur le transport

For polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) that contain insulating matrices and conducting fillers, the electrical properties of the PMCs are especially sensitive to the local concentration of the fillers in the matrix. For PMCs that have phase-segregated microstructures, better prediction of the properties is possible since enhanced control over the distribution of the filler in the matrix can be achieved. In this research, PMMA-ITO nanocomposites were chosen as the composite system in which to explore alternative microstructures, specifically highly phase-segregated microstructures. The microstructures were primarily controlled by varying the ITO particle size and concentration, and the fabrication parameters used to form the nanocomposites. The motivation for this research was to develop correlations between the microstructure and non-destructive measurements in order to improve the predictability of properties in percolating PMCs. As a result of this work, a novel phase-segregated microstructure was discovered, where ITO aggregate-wire structures self-assembled during the composite forming process. Structural analysis of the specimens was conducted primarily using transmission optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Impedance spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy were the primary NDE characterization tools used for analyzing the variations among the specimens. Ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) and stereological techniques were also used to describe the dimensions of the ITO aggregate-wire structures that self-assembled in the PMMA-ITO nanocomposites.

Σε αυτήν την εργασία μελετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά της ηλεκτρικής ειδικής αγωγιμότητας συνεχούς, δειγμάτων πολυπυρρόλης και νανοσυνθέτων πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2, συναρτήσει της θερμοκρασίας. Οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν τόσο σε μόλις παρασκευασθέντα δείγματα, καθώς και στα ίδια δείγματα μετά από συγκεκριμένη παραμονή τους σε θερμοκρασία καταπόνησης για διαφορετικά χρονικά διαστήματα. Οι θερμοκρασίες καταπόνησης ήταν 100, 300 και 380Κ. Τα χρονικά διαστήματα στα οποία παρέμεναν τα δείγματα στη συγκεκριμένη θερμοκρασία καταπόνησης κάθε φορά, έβαιναν αυξανόμενα από 0 μέχρι 30 ώρες περίπου. Η θερμική καταπόνηση των δειγμάτων γινόταν σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου και σε αδρανή ατμόσφαιρα ηλίου. Η επιφάνεια των δειγμάτων μελετήθηκε με μικροφωτογραφίες SEM πριν και μετά την θερμική καταπόνηση. Τόσο για την καθαρή πολυπυρρόλη, όσο και για τα νανοσύνθετα πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2 η αγωγιμότητα ακολουθεί την σχέση , η οποία ισχύει για την περίπτωση υλικού με δομή κοκκώδους μετάλλου. Στη δομή αυτή, αγώγιμες νησίδες πολυμερούς κατανέμονται τυχαία μέσα σε μονωτικό υλικό. Η παραπάνω σχέση ισχύει όταν οι μονωτικοί φραγμοί είναι αρκετά στενοί, έτσι ώστε οι φορείς αγωγιμότητας, λόγω φαινομένου σήραγγος, να περνούν από περιοχές μικρής επιφάνειας, εκεί όπου οι κόκκοι πλησιάζουν πολύ μεταξύ τους. Λόγω του μικρού μεγέθους αυτών των περιοχών διέλευσης, η συγκέντρωση των φορέων εκατέρωθεν του μονωτικού φραγμού εμφανίζει έντονες θερμικές διακυμάνσεις συνοδευόμενες από αντίστοιχες διακυμάνσεις της τάσης, οι οποίες τελικά καθορίζουν την διέλευση των φορέων (μοντέλο FIT – Fluctuation Induced Tunneling). Με βάση το μοντέλο FIT υπολογίστηκαν οι χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι σ0, T1 και T0. Η παράμετρος σ0 αποτελεί μέτρο της αγωγιμότητας στο εσωτερικό των αγώγιμων νησίδων, η T1 εκφράζει το ύψος του φραγμού της δυναμικής ενέργειας, τον οποίο πρέπει να διασχίσει ο φορέας, ενώ το T0 σε συνδυασμό με την παράμετρο T1 επιτρέπουν τον υπολογισμό της απόστασης s μεταξύ των αγώγιμων νησίδων. Η κλίση των καμπύλων είναι μικρότερη (περίπου η μισή) για τα νανοσύνθετα από ότι για τα δείγματα καθαρής πολυπυρρόλης, τόσο σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου, όσο και σε αδρανή ατμόσφαιρα He. Αυτό ερμηνεύεται από το γεγονός ότι, η TiO2 έχει μεγαλύτερο ενεργειακό χάσμα (3.2eV) από την πολυπυρρόλη (2.5eV), οπότε η θερμική διέγερση των φορέων είναι πιο δύσκολη στα δείγματα νανοσυνθέτων. Με τη δομή κοκκώδους μετάλλου συμφωνεί και ο νόμος της θερμικής γήρανσης, , από τον οποίο προκύπτει γραμμικότητα της . Από την κλίση των ευθειών προκύπτει ότι η παρουσία της TiO2 επιβραδύνει τη γήρανση μειώνοντας την κινητικότητα των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Από τις μικροφωτογραφίες SEM συνάγεται ότι η δομή, τόσο της πολυπυρρόλης, όσο και του νανοσυνθέτου δεν είναι συμπαγής, αλλά εμφανίζεται σαν ένα συσσωμάτωμα κόκκων με διαστάσεις 200–300nm. Οι διαστάσεις των νανοσωματιδίων της TiO2 προκύπτουν περίπου 20nm, όπως αναμένεται από τις προδιαγραφές της, ενώ οι διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων της πολυπυρρόλης εκτιμώνται με βάση τις αντίστοιχες διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων στην πολυανιλίνη, της τάξεως των 20-30nm. Το γεγονός ότι οι διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων είναι περίπου ίσες με εκείνες των νανοσωματιδίων TiO2 σημαίνει ότι οι δεύτερες μπορούν να παρεμβάλλονται ανάμεσα στις πρώτες, πράγμα που δικαιολογεί τον ρυθμό μεταβολής του φραγμού δυναμικής ενέργειας, ο οποίος είναι μικρότερος στην περίπτωση του νανοσυνθέτου. Μια άλλη πληροφορία από τις μικροφωτογραφίες SEM είναι ότι, η θερμική καταπόνηση εξομαλύνει το ανάγλυφο της επιφάνειας και συντελεί στην συσσωμάτωση των κόκκων του υλικού. Η διαδικασία αυτή συμβαίνει με την απομάκρυνση του Cl- με μορφή HCl, γεγονός το οποίο μειώνει την αγωγιμότητα λόγω αποπρωτονίωσης των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Αντίθετα, η ταυτόχρονη συσσωμάτωση των κόκκων του υλικού αυξάνει την αγωγιμότητα. Παρατηρούμε ότι συνυπάρχουν δύο ανταγωνιζόμενοι μηχανισμοί μεταβολής της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας. Οι διαφορές στις ισόθερμες καμπύλες για θερμοκρασίες 100, 300 και 380Κ, σε περιβάλλον ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, αφενός, και αδρανούς ατμόσφαιρας ηλίου αφετέρου, συνδέονται με τον ρόλο που παίζουν οι εξής παράγοντες: a) Η θερμοκρασία, η οποία καθορίζει την κινητικότητα των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων και τη διέγερση των φορέων αγωγιμότητας, καθώς και το ρυθμό διάχυσης και την ταχύτητα των χημικών αντιδράσεων με το οξυγόνο και την υγρασία του αέρα. Θα πρέπει να ληφθεί υπόψη ότι η θερμοκρασία υαλώδους μετάβασης Tg για την PPy, πάνω από την οποία συμβαίνουν συνεργατικές κινήσεις των αλυσίδων, ποικίλει ανάμεσα στους 250 και στους 400Κ και εξαρτάται από τη μέθοδο παρασκευής, τη φύση των προσμίξεων και τη θέση που καταλαμβάνουν μέσα στο υλικό, είτε συμμετέχοντας στη δομή της αλυσίδας, είτε σχηματίζοντας πλευρικούς κλάδους. b) Η ύπαρξη οξυγόνου και υγρασίας του ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, τα οποία, όπως έχει αναφερθεί παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στον τεμαχισμό των αλυσίδων, ο οποίος καταστρέφει το συζυγή χαρακτήρα του υλικού. c) Η ύπαρξη TiO2, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από ενεργειακό χάσμα μεγαλύτερο από εκείνο της PPy και σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες συντελεί στην μεταφορά οξυγόνου στο πολυμερές με αποτέλεσμα ανάλογο με εκείνο που προκαλεί το οξυγόνο του ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα. Ειδικότερα οι καμπύλες στους 100Κ δείχνουν τον καθοριστικό ρόλο του οξυγόνου και της υγρασίας στην μείωση της αγωγιμότητας σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου. Επί πλέον σε ατμόσφαιρα He αποκαλύπτουν μηχανισμό αύξησης της αγωγιμότητας. Στους 300Κ η παρουσία TiO2 εξασθενεί τον μηχανισμό βελτίωσης των αλυσίδων, διότι τα νανοσωματίδια μειώνουν την κινητικότητα και επομένως την διευθέτηση των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων και την αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας. Τα μέγιστα που παρατηρούνται στα πρώτα 10min αποδίδονται στη βελτίωση της διάταξης των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Για μεγαλύτερους χρόνους επικρατούν οι καταστροφικοί μηχανισμοί γήρανσης, λόγω της παρουσίας οξυγόνου και υγρασίας, αλλαγές της δομής, οι οποίοι αποκόπτουν τους δρόμους διέλευσης των φορέων, με αποτέλεσμα την μείωση της αγωγιμότητας. Εξαίρεση αποτελεί η πολυπυρρόλη σε ατμόσφαιρα He, όπου η έλλειψη οξυγόνου και υγρασίας έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα τη αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας σε όλη τη διάρκεια της θερμικής καταπόνησης. Εντελώς διαφορετική είναι η συμπεριφορά του νανοσυνθέτου πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2 στη θερμοκρασία των 300Κ σε ατμόσφαιρα He. Η μείωση της αγωγιμότητας με την θερμική καταπόνηση μπορεί να αποδοθεί στη μεταφορά οξυγόνου από την TiO2 στο πολυμερές, με αποτέλεσμα τον τεμαχισμό των αλυσίδων και τη μείωση της αγωγιμότητας. Τέλος, στους 380Κ η εμφάνιση του μέγιστου είναι λιγότερο έντονη και δείχνει ότι στη θερμοκρασία αυτή, υπερισχύουν πολύ περισσότερο οι καταστροφικοί μηχανισμοί, τόσο παρουσία ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, όσο και αδρανούς He. / In this thesis, the DC specific conductivity was studied on polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposite samples as a function of temperature. The measurements were carried out οn fresh as well as οn samples that had remained at an ageing temperature for specific time periods. The ageing temperatures were 100, 300 and 380K. The time periods for which the samples were aged started from 0 and led up to 30 hrs approximately. The thermal ageing was conducted in room atmosphere as well as in inert He. The surface of the samples was studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after thermal treatment. Both for PPy and PPy/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposites the specific DC conductivity follows the relation , which is valid in the case of materials with a granular metal structure. In this structure, conducting islands of polymer are randomly distributed in an electrically insulating substrate. The above relation is valid when the insulating barriers are narrow enough so that the charge carriers, because of the tunneling effect, can pass through regions of little area, where the grains are close to one another. Because of the small size of these regions, the density of carriers on either side of the insulating barrier exhibits intense thermal fluctuations, which are accompanied by corresponding fluctuations in voltage, which, in effect, determines the passage of carriers (Fluctuation Induced Tunneling model – FIT). Based on the FIT model, the characteristic parameters σ0, T1 and T0 were calculated. The parameter σ0 is a measure of the conductivity inside the conducting islands, T1 expresses the height of the potential energy barrier, which the carrier must overcome, whilst T0 in conjunction with parameter T1, allows the calculation of the distance s between the conducting islands. The slope of the curves is of lower value (about half) for the nanocomposites than for the pure PPy samples, both in room atmosphere measurements, as well as for inert He ones. This can be explained by the fact that TiO2 has a higher band gap (3.2eV) than polypyrrole (2.5eV), thus the thermal excitation is harder for nanocomposite samples. The thermal ageing law is in agreement with the granular metal model, from whom we can derive the linearity of . By the slope of the lines, we derive that the presence of TiO2 slows the ageing by diminishing the mobility of the polymer chains. By SEM microphotographs it is deducted that the structure, of both polypyrrole and the nanocomposites, is not compact, but appears as an aggregate of grains with diameters of 200-300nm. The dimensions of the TiO2 nanoparticles are about 20nm, as we expected by the specifications of the titania used, whilst the dimensions of the conducting islands of polypyrrole are estimated, based on the corresponding structures in conducting polyaniline, in the order of 20-30nm. The fact that the dimensions of the conducting islands are about the same as the size of the TiO2 nanoparticles, means that the latter can intervene between the islands, which can justify the rate of change of the height of the potential energy barrier that is smaller in the case of the nanocomposite. Another piece of information derived from the SEM microphotographs is that the thermal treatment acts to smooth the relief of the surface and contributes to the agglomeration of the material grains. This process happens with the removal of Cl- in the form of HCl, something that diminishes the conductivity because of deprotonation of the polymer chains. In contrast, the simultaneous agglomeration of the materials’ grains improves conductivity. We observe that there coexist two competing mechanisms of electrical conductivity change. The difference in the isothermal curves for temperatures of 100, 300 and 380K, in room atmosphere and in inert He, are linked to the role of these factors: a) The temperature, which determines the mobility of the polymer chains and the excitation of the carriers, as well as the rate of diffusion and the speed of chemical reactions with oxygen and moisture of the air. We have to consider that the glass transition temperature Tg of PPy, above which cooperative movements of the chains occur, varies between 250 and 400K and is strongly dependant on the method of synthesis, the nature of the dopants and their position in the material, either contributing in the chain structure or by forming side chains. b) The existence of oxygen and moisture of the atmosphere, which, as we have mentioned, play an important role in the scission of polymer chains that destroys the conjugated character of the material. c) The existence of TiO2, which is characterized by a higher bang gap than PPy, in higher temperatures contributes to the transfer of oxygen to the polymer leading to the same result as the oxygen of atmospheric air. Especially, the isothermal curves for 100K show the determining role o oxygen and moisture to the diminishing of the conductivity in ambient atmosphere. In addition, in He atmosphere they reveal a conductivity improving mechanism. At 300K, the presence of TiO2 weakens the mechanism responsible for the improvement of conductivity, because the nanoparticles diminish the mobility and therefore the ordering of polymer chains and the increase of conductivity. The maxima that are observed during the first 10min are attributed to the improvement of the chain ordering of the polymer. For longer times, the ageing mechanisms dominate, due to the presence of oxygen and moisture, changes in the structure that sever the carrier pathways, result in diminishing of the conductivity. An exception to the above is the case of pure PPy in inert he atmosphere, where the lack of oxygen and moisture results in the increase of conductivity during all of the ageing process. Completely different behaviour is observed in the PPy/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposites at 300K in He atmosphere. The diminishing of the conductivity with ageing can be attributed to the transfer of oxygen from TiO2 to the polymer, resulting in scission of the chains and lowering of the conductivity values. In conclusion, at 380K, the appearance on a maximum is less intense and it shows that at this temperature, the conductivity reducing mechanisms are far more dominant, both in room atmosphere as well as in inert He.

Η ανάπτυξη υπολογιστικών διαδικασιών που είναι σε θέση να προσομοιώσουν και να προβλέψουν με ακρίβεια την μηχανική συμπεριφορά και τις αστοχίες βασικών νανοδομών είναι ο σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής. Οι υπολογιστικές διαδικασίες αναπτύσσονται βάσει των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων και στη συνέχεια εφαρμόζονται για να παρέχουν αριθμητικά αποτελέσματα σχετικά με την ελαστική, δυναμική και μη γραμμική συμπεριφορά των νανοδομών άνθρακα, όπως του γραφενίου, νιφάδες γραφίτη και νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα. Η μοριακή μηχανική θεωρία παρέχει τα πεδία δύναμης (εκφράσεις διατομικών αλληλεπιδράσεων) που χρησιμοποιούνται ως βάση για το φορμαλισμό πεπερασμένων στοιχείων-ελατηρίων. Η εξιδανικευμένη ατομιστική γεωμετρία των νανοδομών, όπως προκύπτει από την ελαχιστοποίηση της δυναμικής ενέργειας χρησιμοποιείται για να οριστεί η διακριτή γεωμετρία τους και κατ’ επέκταση η γεωμετρία των αντίστοιχων προτύπων πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Επιπλέον, αναπτύσσονται μεθοδολογίες πεπερασμένων στοιχείων πολυ-κλίμακας για την πρόβλεψη της ελαστικής και μη γραμμικής συμπεριφοράς νανοσύνθετων ενισχυμένων με νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα. Αναπτύσσονται αντιπροσωπευτικά στοιχεία όγκου τα οποία βρίσκονται σε πλήρη συμφωνία με την μικρομηχανική θεωρία. Η ενισχυόμενη φάση, η οποία μπορεί να είναι πολυμερές, μέταλλικό ή ελαστομερές υλικό, αντιμετωπίζεται ως συνεχές μέσο, ενώ η ενίσχυση ως διακριτή δομή. Η διεπιφανειακή ζώνη μεταξύ μήτρας και ενίσχυση προσεγγίζεται με κατάλληλα στοιχεία συνδέσμους και οι ιδιότητες ακαμψίας τους υπολογίζονται με τη χρήση φυσικών υποθέσεων. Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις, τα αποτελέσματα των προτεινόμενων μεθόδων συγκρίνονται με αντίστοιχες πειραματικές και θεωρητικές προβλέψεις, οι οποίες είναι διαθέσιμες στην διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, αποδεικνύοντας την υψηλή ακρίβεια πρόβλεψης των προτεινόμενων μεθόδων. / The development of computational procedures that are able to accurately simulate and predict the mechanical behaviour and failures of basic nanostructures is the aim of the present thesis. A spring based finite element method is developed and utilized to provide numerical results about the elastic, dynamic and nonlinear behaviour of major carbon allotropes, such as graphene, graphite flakes and carbon nanotubes. The molecular mechanics theory provides the force fields that are used as the base for the spring elements formulation. The optimized atomistic geometry of nanostructures as graphene nanoribbons, graphite flakes, as well as single and multi walled carbon nanotubes as derived by the potential energy minimization is used to be defined their discrete geometry and the corresponding finite element models. Furthermore, multi-scale finite element models are formulated for the prediction of elastic and nonlinear mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites. Representative volume elements are implemented according to the micromechanical theory. Matrix materials such polymers, metals or rubber are considered as continuum mediums, whereas the reinforcement is modeled as a discrete structure. The interfacial zone between matrix and reinforcement is approached by appropriate elements and their stiffness properties are computed by using physical assumptions. In all cases, the results of the proposed methods are compared with experimental and theoretical ones available in the literature demonstrating the high predicting accuracy of the proposed methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AntonioCAM_DISSERT.pdf: 2526278 bytes, checksum: 858d8dc4858eb48a9d6ce6faab8763d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / Epoxy based nanocomposites with 1 wt % and 3 wt % of nanographite were processed by high shear mixing. The nanographite was obtained by chemical (acid intercalation), thermal (microwave expansion) and mechanical (ultrasonic exfoliation) treatments. The mechanical, electrical and thermal behavior of the nanocomposites was determined and evaluated as a function of the percentage of reinforcement. According to the experimental results, the electrical conductivity of epoxy was not altered by the addition of nanographite in the contents evaluated. However, based on the mechanical tests, nanocomposites with addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite showed increase in tensile strength of 16,62 % and 3,20 %, respectively, compared to the neat polymer. The smaller increase in mechanical strength of the nanocomposite with 3 wt.% of nanographite was related to the formation of agglomerates. The addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite also resulted in a decrease of 6,25 % and 17,60 %, respectively, in the relative density of the material. Thus, the specific strength of the nanocomposites was approximately 33,33 % greater when compared to the neat polymer. The addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite in the material increased the mean values of thermal conductivity in 28,33 % and 132,62 %, respectively, combined with a reduction of 26,11 % and 49,80 % in volumetric thermal capacity, respectively. In summary, it has been determined that an addition of nanographite of the order of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% produced notable elevations in specific strength and thermal conductivity of epoxy / Nanocomp?sitos a base de resina ep?xi e nanografite foram processados por mistura de alto cisalhamento, com concentra??es de 1 % e 3 % p/p de refor?o. O nanografite foi obtido atrav?s de tratamentos: qu?mico (intercala??o ?cida), t?rmico (expans?o por microondas) e mec?nico (esfolia??o por ultrassom). Os comportamentos mec?nico, el?trico e t?rmico dos materiais obtidos foram analisados em fun??o da porcentagem de refor?o. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, n?o foram verificadas altera??es na condutividade el?trica do ep?xi com a adi??o de nanografite, nos percentuais estudados. Entretanto, com base nos ensaios mec?nicos observou-se que os nanocomp?sitos com adi??o de 1 % p/p e 3 % p/p de grafite expandido apresentaram aumento na resist?ncia ? tra??o de 16,62 % e 3,20 % respectivamente, em rela??o ao pol?mero puro. O menor aumento de resist?ncia mec?nica para os nanocomp?sitos com 3 % p/p de nanografite foi relacionado com a forma??o de aglomerados. A adi??o de 1 % p/p e 3% p/p de nanografite tamb?m resultou em uma diminui??o de 6,25 % e 17,60 %, respectivamente, na densidade relativa do pol?mero. Portanto, a eleva??o da resist?ncia espec?fica dos nanocomp?sitos foi de aproximadamente 33,33% para os dois nanocomp?sitos, em rela??o ao pol?mero puro. A adi??o de 1 % p/p e 3 % p/p de nanografite no material aumentou os valores m?dios de condutividade t?rmica em 28,33 % e 132,62 %, respectivamente, combinado com uma redu??o de 26,11 % e 49,80 %, respectivamente, na capacidade t?rmica volum?trica. Em resumo, verificou-se que uma adi??o de nanografite da ordem de 1 % e 3 % p/p produziram eleva??es not?veis na resist?ncia mec?nica espec?fica e condutividade t?rmica do ep?xi

Pouvoir aller de la molécule aux dispositifs technologiques est un des enjeux actuels dans le domaine des molécules commutables. Dans ce contexte, les complexes à transition de spin (TS) sont de bons candidats car ils peuvent commuter d'un état bas spin vers un état haut spin de manière réversible sous l'influence de stimuli externes (température, lumière...). Il en résulte une modification importante de leurs propriétés physiques (magnétique, optique, élastique etc.). L'objectif de cette thèse est de synthétiser et de caractériser des films et des nanocomposites de matériaux à transition de spin en vue d'applications dans des dispositifs électroniques, mécaniques et optique. Une première approche synthétique pour obtenir des films minces intégrables consiste à utiliser la technique de sublimation. Dans cette optique des complexes neutres du Fe(II) à base de ligand poly(azolyl)borate ont été synthétisés. L'étude de la corrélation de leurs propriétés de TS et des propriétés structurales a été complétée par une étude synchrotron pour déterminer les paramètres de la dynamique du réseau cristallin. Les films de ces complexes ont pu être intégrés dans des jonctions électriques verticales conférant à ces dernières des nouvelles propriétés de bistabilité et illustrant différents mécanismes de conduction en fonction de l'épaisseur du film de complexe. D'autre part ces films ont aussi été déposés sur des dispositifs électromécaniques micrométriques (MEMS) qui ont présenté des propriétés mécaniques bistables. Une autre approche réside dans l'élaboration de matériaux composites constitués de polymère et de complexe à TS. Ainsi, un papier composite de cellulose à base de complexe à TS a été préparé et l'étude par analyse mécanique dynamique a permis de démontrer une bistabilité de ses propriétés mécaniques. Une preuve de concept de papier ré-inscriptible liée au thermochromisme du complexe est également présentée. D'autre part, un nanocomposite à base de polymère électroactif P(VDF-trFE) (piezo-, pyro- et ferroélectrique) et de nanoparticules à TS a été synthétisé. L'étude des propriétés électromécaniques a révélé la présence de pics de décharge de courant associé à la TS indiquant une synergie entre les deux constituants du composite. / Nowadays, going from molecules to devices is one of the main challenge in the field of switchable molecular materials. In this context, spin crossover complexes (SCO) are good candidates as they can be reversibly switched from a low spin state to a high spin state with various external stimuli (temperature, light ...). This switch is followed by an important change of their physical properties (magnetic, optical, elastic...). The objective of this Ph.D thesis is to synthetize and characterize films and nanocomposites based on spin crossover materials for applications in electronical and mechanical and optical devices. A first approach to obtain thin film that can be integrated consist in using sublimation technique. To this aim, neutral Fe(II) complexes based on poly(azolyl)borate ligand have been synthetized. Studies of the correlation between spin crossover properties and structural properties have been complemented with synchrotron measurements to determine crystal lattice dynamics parameters. Films of these complexes have been integrated in electrical junction bringing new bistability properties and displaying different conduction mechanisms depending on the SCO film thickness. Films have been also deposited on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) which demonstrated mechanical bistability. Another approach reside in elaborating composite materials based on polymer and SCO complexes. Thus, a cellulose composite paper based on SCO complexes has been prepared and studied by dynamic mechanical analysis indicating a bistability of its mechanical properties. A proof of concept of a re-writable composite paper using SCO thermochromism has been presented. In another hand, nanocomposites based on the electroactive polymer P(VDF-trFE) (piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectric), and SCO nanoparticles has been synthetized. A study of their electromechanical properties revealed current discharge peaks associated to the SCO phenomenon highlighting a synergy between the two composites constituents.

One of the important dynamic parameter characterizing the properties of polymer nanocomposite is viscosity. It is a quantity of interest on macroscopic scale also. A thorough study of viscosity in case of polymer nanocomposite has not been carried out in the existing literature. In this work we used atomic force microscope, force-distance spectroscopy to experimentally measure the viscosity of polymer and polymer nanocomposite thin films. In particular we try to tune viscosity by changing the nature of interface of polymer grafted nanoparticle and polymer melt. The interface nature in varied by changing the miscibility parameter ( f ), defined as the ratio of grafted chain length to the matrix chain length. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations, dynamics at the nanoparticle-matrix interface is explored by calculating slip length and mobility at the interface. Equilibrium molecular dynamic simulation is employed to calculate the viscosity of nanocomposite. Chapter 1 We introduce some basic models for polymer chain conformation and dynamics. The known facts about the structural and dynamics of polymer grafted nanoparticle are also described. Chapter 2 We present our experiment method and results for various nanocomposite systems for two different volume fractions of nanoparticles and for two different thicknesses. We show that introduction of nanoparticles causes reduction in viscosity of thin film with respect to the neat polymer films. Further for the low volume fraction system (0:5%) the extent of reduction decreases with increasing f -value and almost matching the neat system at the highest f . At high volume fraction (1%), for lower f we observe a reduction in viscosity and for highest f surprisingly there is an increase in viscosity of nanocomposite with respect to the neat system with a cross-over for intermediate f . We attribute the effects to possible slip at the nanoparticle-matrix interface. A rough estimation of slip length from the measured value of viscosity of nanocomposite and pure polymer is provided which strongly supports our idea of slip at the interface Chapter 3 Briefly discusses some basic aspects of molecular dynamic simulation. Chapter 4 Using MD simulation we calculate the slip-length at the grafted nanoparticle-matrix interface for various systems with different f values. A spherical core grafted with atoms same as the matrix is kept fixed at the canter of simulation box. The particle is rotated for calculating slip length. We also look at the mobility variation of matrix chains as a function of radial distance from the centre of nanoparticle. From both slip-length and mobility calculation we observe that slip length as well as mobility is higher for lower f systems as compared to higher f thus supporting our assertion of slip as the most likely cause for our experimental observations. Chapter 5 Now instead of single grafted nanoparticle we have multiple nanoparticles which are free to move in the matrix. Using Green-Kubo formalism we calculate the equilibrium viscosity for pure polymer and nanocomposite systems from MD simulations. We observe increase in viscosity for nanocomposite system as compared to the pure polymer system. We also look at various structural and dynamical changes, that occurs in the filled system with respect to neat system, that leads to such increase in viscosity.

O uso de nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em compósitos Epóxi (EP)/Fibra de Vidro (FV), produzindo compósitos tri-componente, tem sido recentemente pesquisado, com alguns resultados interessantes relacionados a propriedades mecânicas e eletromagnéticas. Para que haja uma promoção mais significativa nas propriedades mecânicas, deve-se introduzir um teor de NTC maior do que 1% em massa, o que gera graves problemas de dispersão. O grande desafio de trabalhar com um elevado de NTC, é que a viscosidade da resina é significativamente aumentada em relação à resina pura, dificultando a dispersão e o processamento dos compósitos. Foi desenvolvida neste trabalho uma metodologia para dispersão de NTC em tecidos de FV, buscando aumentar os teores de NTC em compósitos tri-componente EP/NTC/FV e produzidos por moldagem por transferência de resina (RTM). Os compósitos tri-componente foram caracterizados por meio de ensaios mecânicos como tração, flexão, impacto Izod, cisalhamento interlaminar (ILSS), dureza Barcol e da análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA); além da inspeção por ultrassom e avaliação da atenuação da radiação eletromagnética. Os compósitos apresentaram um aumento aproximado de 10% nas propriedades mecânicas, porém mostrando um maior potencial com relação à atenuação eletromagnética, onde alcançaram valores de absorção de ondas de até 95%. / The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in Epoxy (EP)/Glass Fiber (GF) composites, producing tri-component composites, has been widely researched, with some interesting results related to mechanical and electromagnetic properties. When the goal is a significant improvement in mechanical properties, CNT content greater than 1%wt. may be necessary, which yields serious dispersion problems. The great challenge when processing a high CNT content resin is that its viscosity is significantly increased in comparison with the neat resin, preventing adequate dispersion and processing of the composite. In this work, a methodology for the dispersion of CNT in GF fabrics was developed aiming to increase the CNT content in EP/CNT/GF tri-component composites produced by resin transfer molding (RTM). The composites were characterized using tensile, flexural, Izod impact, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Barcol hardness testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA); ultrasound inspection and attenuation of electromagnetic radiation evaluation were also carried out. The tri-component composites showed an overall maximum increase of only 10% in the mechanical properties, but displayed great potential use for attenuation of electromagnetic radiation, reaching 95% wave absorption.

Compósitos de polipropileno e carbonato de cálcio em escala nanométrica foram preparados através de processamento em extrusora de rosca dupla co-rotacional. Metodologia estatística (projeto de experimentos) foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito das variáveis: teor de carbonato de cálcio, velocidade de rotação e configuração dos parafusos nas propriedades dos materiais obtidos. As propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas por meio de ensaios de tração (ASTM D 638), de resistência à flexão (ASTM D 790) e de resistência ao impacto (ASTM D 256). A processabilidade dos materiais foi avaliada através de determinações do índice de fluidez (ASTM D 1238). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi usada para avaliar a dispersão da carga na matriz e para obter informações sobre a adesão interfacial entre ambas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o teor de carga adicionado ao polímero é a variável que exerce influência mais significativa sobre o módulo de flexão e que o teor de carga e a rotação dos parafusos são as variáveis que mais afetam as propriedades de impacto. O aumento da concentração das nanopartículas causou um aumento do módulo de flexão e da resistência ao impacto, enquanto que o aumento da velocidade de rotação dos parafusos provocou a redução das propriedades do impacto. A configuração do parafuso é a variável que tem um efeito mais significativo sobre a resistência mecânica do material. A utilização de um perfil de parafuso mais cisalhante promoveu a obtenção de valores mais altos de resistência à tração. A velocidade de rotação foi a variável mais significativa na determinação do módulo de Young. O aumento da velocidade de rotação associado à utilização da configuração do parafuso mais cisalhante da extrusora propicia um aumento do módulo de Young do polipropileno. Análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que não houve uma boa dispersão das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica e que, apesar de haver um revestimento das partículas com estearato de cálcio, há necessidade de se obter interações mais fortes entre a matriz polimérica e a carga inorgânica. A comparação entre os perfis de parafuso utilizados no processo de extrusão mostrou que materiais mais resistentes à flexão e ao impacto são obtidos a 350 rpm, utilizando a configuração de parafuso menos cisalhante. Há, entretanto, redução das propriedades de tração. Para obtenção de nanocompósitos de polipropileno e carbonato de cálcio, outras condições de processamento, e/ou outros procedimentos de revestimento das cargas devem ser testados de forma a promover melhor dispersão da carga e melhor interação entre carga e matriz.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Danilo Justino Carastan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2015. / Copolímeros em bloco são materiais conhecidos pela capacidade de formar diferentes estruturas ordenadas na escala nanométrica. A adição de nanopartículas a estes copolímeros possibilita formar nanocompósitos com propriedades e morfologias interessantes, dependendo da interação entre a nanopartícula e os domínios dos blocos, além das condições de processamento. É possível orientar copolímeros em bloco resultando em estruturas anisotrópicas, através de fluxos de cisalhamento e elongacional. Neste trabalho, foram obtidos nanocompósitos do copolímero em bloco poliestireno-b-poli(etileno-co-butileno)-b-poliestireno (SEBS), com morfologia hexagonal cilíndrica, com adição de diferentes nanopartículas, através da técnica de processamento de extrusão de filme tubular. A principal finalidade é estudar a orientação morfológica, uniaxial e biaxial, das amostras em função da razão de inflamento, durante o inflamento do filme tubular, e a influência das diferentes morfologias das nanopartículas adicionadas na interação com os domínios do SEBS. A alteração da estrutura morfológica é acompanhada por análises de espalhamento de raios x a baixos ângulos (SAXS) e a orientação morfológica é quantificada pelo modelo matemático do parâmetro de ordem (F). Ensaios reológicos no fluxo elongacional são realizados a fim de correlacionar o comportamento da estrutura morfológica durante o inflamento do filme tubular, que possui deformação predominantemente do tipo elongacional biaxial, e compreender seu mecanismo de deformação. Os nanocompósitos com estruturas morfológicas orientadas, uniaxial e biaxialmente, são submetidos a ensaios de tração para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas em diferentes direções de ensaio. / Block copolymers are materials known for the ability to form different ordered structures at the nanoscale. The addition of nanoparticles in these copolymers allows to form nanocomposites with interesting properties and morphologies, depending on the interaction between the nanoparticle and the domains of the blocks, in addition to the processing conditions. It is possible to align block copolymers resulting in anisotropic structures through shear and elongational flow. In this work, nanocomposites were obtained from the combination of a block copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) with hexagonal cylindrical morphology, and different nanoparticles, through the processing technique of blown film extrusion. The main purpose is to study the morphological orientation, uniaxial and biaxial, of the samples as a function of blown-up ratio during the inflation of the tubular film, and the influence of different nanoparticle morphologies on the interaction with the SEBS domains. The change in the morphological structure is evaluated by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis and morphological orientation is quantified by the mathematical model of the order parameter (F). Rheological elongational flows are performed in order to correlate the behavior of the morphological structure during the inflation of the tubular film, which has predominantly elongational deformation of the biaxial type, and understand their deformation mechanism. Nanocomposites with oriented morphological structures, uniaxial and biaxial, are subjected to tensile tests to evaluate the mechanical properties in different test directions.