<p>  </p> <p>Molecular crystals are used in a wide variety of applications, from pharmaceuticals and sweeteners to energetic materials. Understanding their chemical and mechanical properties provides insight into their performance and use. These properties are especially critical for energetic material systems, which may be sensitive to impact and require specific handling and storage practices. The mechanical properties of energetic molecular crystals are typically determined using nanoindentation by measuring elastic modulus, hardness, yield point, and fracture behavior. Reports of the properties and mechanical behavior of as-grown molecular crystals are limited due to the relative difficulty of performing good quality measurements. This work’s contributions include the first known measurements of elastic and plastic properties for crystals of DAAF, CL-20, NTO, ETN, and R-salt.</p> <p>When studying molecular crystalline systems, some important assumptions and behaviors typical to metallic and ionic systems begin to break down. The energetic material diaminoazoxyfurazan (DAAF) exhibits highly irregular mechanical behavior, which is likely explained by a complex combination of chemical and material attributes. This work investigates and compares the irregular mechanical response in DAAF—including high variance in mechanical properties, broad range of load-depth behavior, and non-conforming indentation impression geometries—to other energetic molecular crystals. The yield points (i.e., onset of plasticity) for several energetic materials, whose elastic modulus values range from 9.6 to 25.5 GPa, are also compared to identify the parameters that govern the onset of plasticity. This includes an investigation into yield point dependence on (or independence from) elastic modulus, hardness, near-neighbor spacing, and activation volume. When these materials reach the onset of plasticity, the maximum shear stress in each material ranges from 2-7% of their elastic modulus value. Analysis of the yield behavior in these materials suggests that there is not a strong correlation between yield stress and hardness, thus establishing that the mechanisms governing dislocation nucleation are not controlled by hardness, and vice-versa. By recognizing and accounting for the added complexities associated with inherently non-spherical molecules in a crystal lattice, this work advances the comprehension of mechanical response in molecular crystal systems.</p>

Esta tese descreve o desenvolvimento e aplicação de sensores particulados (Parte A) e nanomecânicos (Parte B). Nanopartículas de poliestireno (PS) decoradas com Poli (etileno glicol), PEG, foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas antes e após adsorção do corante vermelho do Congo (VC). Colesterol oxidase (Chox), a principal enzima na oxidação do colesterol, foi imobilizada sobre PS/PEG e PS/PEG/VC para gerar sensores de colesterol. A bioconjugação entre VC e Chox permitiu respostas lineares para dosagem de colesterol HDL presente em amostras de sangue artificial. A lipase, uma hidrolase com larga aplicação científica e industrial, também foi imobilizada sobre PS/PEG e PS/PEG/VC. Os parâmetros cinéticos da hidrólise de p-nitrofenil butirato determinados para lipase livre e lipase imobilizada mostraram que sobre PS/PEG/VC a velocidade máxima de reação (Vmax) e número de renovação (kcat) aumentaram em comparação com os valores determinados para enzima livre. Lipase imobilizada sobre PS/PEG/VC pôde ser reutilizado por até sete vezes, perdendo um máximo de 10% ou 30% da atividade enzimática original a 40 °C ou 25 °C, respectivamente. Estes efeitos foram atribuídos à bioconjugação entre lipase e VC. Os comportamentos catalíticos da lipase e da Chox na ausência e na presença de grafeno (G) ou grafeno oxidado (GO) foram sistematicamente investigados. Na presença de G, ambas enzimas apresentaram valores de Vmax e de kcat superiores aos das enzimas livres. Já na presença de GO, Chox não apresenteou atividade e lipase apresentou Vmax e de kcat superiores aos da enzima livre. Estes resultados foram atribuídos à bioconjugação com as partículas de G e GO e grupos hidrofílicos presentes no plano basal de GO. Sensores nanomecânicos foram desenvolvidos a partir de microcantileveres (MC). Respostas nanomecânicas frente à variação de umidade relativa do meio foram detectadas utilizando filmes finos de Poli (hidroxietil metacrilato), PHEMA, com três diferentes massas molares médias depositados sobre MC de silício puros, um substrato hidrofílico, e sobre MC revestidos com PS, um substrato hidrofóbico. Os resultados demonstraram que as respostas nanomecânicas dependem não só do tamanho de cadeia de PHEMA, mas também da camada de água interfacial entre PHEMA e MC. Transdução nanomecânica foi usada para detectar e dosar a presença do biomarcador antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA) presente em amostras de soro. CEA é um biomarcador de interesse clínico-diagnóstico para acompanhamento e prognóstico de câncer de cólon. O biomarcador é primeiro reconhecido pelo anticorpo (MAb 3C1) ancorado a uma nanopartícula de ouro, e posteriormente reconhecido pelo anticorpo (MAb 3C6) ancorado em um MC de silício, o qual serve como um ressonador mecânico de massa de nanopartículas de ouro capturadas. O biosensor desenvolvido é capaz de dosar CEA sérico em concentrações traços, correspondente a 1,0 10-16 g ml-1. / This thesis reports the development and application of particulate (Part A) and nanomechanics sensors (Part B). Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG, decorated polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized before and after adsorption of the dye Congo red (CR). Cholesterol oxidase (Chox), the key enzyme in the oxidation of cholesterol, was immobilized onto PS/PEG and PS/PEG/CR particles for generating cholesterol sensors. The bioconjugation between CR and Chox allowed linear responses for HDL cholesterol content in artificial blood samples. Lipase, a hydrolase with large scientific and industrial applications, was also immobilized onto PS/PEG and PS/PEG/VC nanoparticles. The kinetic parameters of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate were determined for free lipase and immobilized onto PS/PEG/CR particles. The results showed that maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and catalytic efficiency (kcat) increased compared to the values determined for the free enzyme. Lipase immobilized onto PS/PEG/CR particles could be recycled seven times, losing maximum 10% or 30% of the original enzymatic activity at 40 °C or 25 °C, respectively. These effects were attributed to bioconjugation between lipase and CR. Catalytic behavior of lipase and Chox in the absence and in the presence of graphene (G) or graphene oxide (GO) was systematically investigated. In the presence of G, both enzymes showed Vmax and kcat values higher than free enzymes. On the other hand, ChOx was inactive and the interactions between GO and lipase showed Vmax and kcat values higher than those of the free enzyme. These results were attributed to bioconjugation of G and GO particles and hydrophilic groups present in the basal plane of GO. Nanomechanical sensors were developed from microcantilevers (MC). Nanomechanical answers against the relative humidity variation of the medium were detected using thin films of poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), PHEMA, with three different average molecular masses deposid onto bare silicon microcantilevers, a hydrophilic substrate, and onto polystyrene (PS) coated microcantilevers, which is a hydrophobic substrate. The results found in the present study demonstrate that the micromechanical responses observed are related not only to the polymer molecular weight, but also to the polymer-interface phenomena and environment-polymer interface. Nanomechanics transductions were used to dose and detect the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum samples. CEA is a biomarker of clinical diagnostic interest for monitoring and prognose of colon cancer. Biomarker is first recognized by a surface-anchored antibody to a gold nanoparticle (MAB 3C1) and later recognized by a surface-anchored antibody to a silicon MC (MAB 3C6), that acts as a mechanical resonator for \'weighing\' the mass of the captured nanoparticles. The biosensor developed is able to dose serum CEA in trace concentrations, corresponding to 1.0 10-16 g ml-1.

Esta tese descreve o desenvolvimento e aplicação de sensores particulados (Parte A) e nanomecânicos (Parte B). Nanopartículas de poliestireno (PS) decoradas com Poli (etileno glicol), PEG, foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas antes e após adsorção do corante vermelho do Congo (VC). Colesterol oxidase (Chox), a principal enzima na oxidação do colesterol, foi imobilizada sobre PS/PEG e PS/PEG/VC para gerar sensores de colesterol. A bioconjugação entre VC e Chox permitiu respostas lineares para dosagem de colesterol HDL presente em amostras de sangue artificial. A lipase, uma hidrolase com larga aplicação científica e industrial, também foi imobilizada sobre PS/PEG e PS/PEG/VC. Os parâmetros cinéticos da hidrólise de p-nitrofenil butirato determinados para lipase livre e lipase imobilizada mostraram que sobre PS/PEG/VC a velocidade máxima de reação (Vmax) e número de renovação (kcat) aumentaram em comparação com os valores determinados para enzima livre. Lipase imobilizada sobre PS/PEG/VC pôde ser reutilizado por até sete vezes, perdendo um máximo de 10% ou 30% da atividade enzimática original a 40 °C ou 25 °C, respectivamente. Estes efeitos foram atribuídos à bioconjugação entre lipase e VC. Os comportamentos catalíticos da lipase e da Chox na ausência e na presença de grafeno (G) ou grafeno oxidado (GO) foram sistematicamente investigados. Na presença de G, ambas enzimas apresentaram valores de Vmax e de kcat superiores aos das enzimas livres. Já na presença de GO, Chox não apresenteou atividade e lipase apresentou Vmax e de kcat superiores aos da enzima livre. Estes resultados foram atribuídos à bioconjugação com as partículas de G e GO e grupos hidrofílicos presentes no plano basal de GO. Sensores nanomecânicos foram desenvolvidos a partir de microcantileveres (MC). Respostas nanomecânicas frente à variação de umidade relativa do meio foram detectadas utilizando filmes finos de Poli (hidroxietil metacrilato), PHEMA, com três diferentes massas molares médias depositados sobre MC de silício puros, um substrato hidrofílico, e sobre MC revestidos com PS, um substrato hidrofóbico. Os resultados demonstraram que as respostas nanomecânicas dependem não só do tamanho de cadeia de PHEMA, mas também da camada de água interfacial entre PHEMA e MC. Transdução nanomecânica foi usada para detectar e dosar a presença do biomarcador antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA) presente em amostras de soro. CEA é um biomarcador de interesse clínico-diagnóstico para acompanhamento e prognóstico de câncer de cólon. O biomarcador é primeiro reconhecido pelo anticorpo (MAb 3C1) ancorado a uma nanopartícula de ouro, e posteriormente reconhecido pelo anticorpo (MAb 3C6) ancorado em um MC de silício, o qual serve como um ressonador mecânico de massa de nanopartículas de ouro capturadas. O biosensor desenvolvido é capaz de dosar CEA sérico em concentrações traços, correspondente a 1,0 10-16 g ml-1. / This thesis reports the development and application of particulate (Part A) and nanomechanics sensors (Part B). Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG, decorated polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized before and after adsorption of the dye Congo red (CR). Cholesterol oxidase (Chox), the key enzyme in the oxidation of cholesterol, was immobilized onto PS/PEG and PS/PEG/CR particles for generating cholesterol sensors. The bioconjugation between CR and Chox allowed linear responses for HDL cholesterol content in artificial blood samples. Lipase, a hydrolase with large scientific and industrial applications, was also immobilized onto PS/PEG and PS/PEG/VC nanoparticles. The kinetic parameters of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate were determined for free lipase and immobilized onto PS/PEG/CR particles. The results showed that maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and catalytic efficiency (kcat) increased compared to the values determined for the free enzyme. Lipase immobilized onto PS/PEG/CR particles could be recycled seven times, losing maximum 10% or 30% of the original enzymatic activity at 40 °C or 25 °C, respectively. These effects were attributed to bioconjugation between lipase and CR. Catalytic behavior of lipase and Chox in the absence and in the presence of graphene (G) or graphene oxide (GO) was systematically investigated. In the presence of G, both enzymes showed Vmax and kcat values higher than free enzymes. On the other hand, ChOx was inactive and the interactions between GO and lipase showed Vmax and kcat values higher than those of the free enzyme. These results were attributed to bioconjugation of G and GO particles and hydrophilic groups present in the basal plane of GO. Nanomechanical sensors were developed from microcantilevers (MC). Nanomechanical answers against the relative humidity variation of the medium were detected using thin films of poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), PHEMA, with three different average molecular masses deposid onto bare silicon microcantilevers, a hydrophilic substrate, and onto polystyrene (PS) coated microcantilevers, which is a hydrophobic substrate. The results found in the present study demonstrate that the micromechanical responses observed are related not only to the polymer molecular weight, but also to the polymer-interface phenomena and environment-polymer interface. Nanomechanics transductions were used to dose and detect the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum samples. CEA is a biomarker of clinical diagnostic interest for monitoring and prognose of colon cancer. Biomarker is first recognized by a surface-anchored antibody to a gold nanoparticle (MAB 3C1) and later recognized by a surface-anchored antibody to a silicon MC (MAB 3C6), that acts as a mechanical resonator for \'weighing\' the mass of the captured nanoparticles. The biosensor developed is able to dose serum CEA in trace concentrations, corresponding to 1.0 10-16 g ml-1.

Orientador: Masayoshi Tsuchida / Banca: José Manoel Balthalzar / Banca: Adalberto Spezamiglio / Resumo: Osciladores eletromecânicos podem ser modelados matematicamente através da equação de Duffing ou equação de Van der Pol, mesmo que sejam sistemas de escala nanomética. Nesta dissertação analisamos um oscilador forçado sujeito a um amortecimento não-linear, que é representado pela equação de Duffing - Van der Pol. Em geral, não é fácil obter solução analítica exata para esta equação, então a análise é feita utilizando a teoria de perturbações para obter uma solução analítica aproximada. Para isso consideramos certos parâmetros do problema como sendo pequenos parâmetros, e obtemos a solução na forma de expansão direta. Devido o fato da frequência natural do sistema dinâmico depender do pequeno parâmetro, essa expansão é não uniforme, ou seja, apresenta termos seculares mistos (termos de Poisson), e além disso possui pequenos divisores. Essas inconveniências são eliminadas aplicando o método das múltiplas escalas e o método da média. Inicialmente os pequenos parâmetros são escolhidos de modo que o problema não perturbado se reduz a um oscilador harmônico forçado, e na escolha posterior o problema não perturbado é um oscilador linear amortecido e forçado. / Abstract: Electromechanical oscillators can be mathematically modeled by a Du±ng equation or a Van der Pol equation, even if they are nanometric systems. In this work we studied a forced oscillator having nonlinear damping, that is represented by a Du±ng - Van der Pol equation. In general, it is not easy to get the exact analytical solution for this equation, then the analysis is done using the perturbation theory to get an approximate analytical solution. For this reason we considered that certain parameters of the problem are small parameters and we obtain the solution in the form of straightforward expansion. Due to the fact that natural frequency of the dynamic system depends on the small parameter, this expansion is not uniform, i.e. presents secular terms (Poisson terms) and also small-divisors. These inconveniences are eliminated using the method of multiple scales and the aver- aging method. Initially the small parameters are chosen so that the unperturbed problem is reduced to a forced harmonic oscillator, and in the subsequent choice the unperturbed is a forced oscillator having linear damping. / Mestre

La compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine de la progression métastatique des tumeurs mammaires reste une préoccupation constante en cancérologie et nécessite la découverte de nouveaux marqueurs prédictifs. Dans ce sens, le laboratoire a montré que la protéine DDB2 (Damaged-DNA Binding 2) était impliquée dans la tumorigenèse mammaire, en favorisant la prolifération et en réduisant le pouvoir invasif des cellules tumorales. Les propriétés invasives des cellules étant étroitement liées à leurs capacités d’adhérence, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de DDB2 dans l’adhérence des cellules tumorales mammaires. L’étude des propriétés d’adhérence et mécaniques a révélé une baisse de l’adhérence des cellules exprimant DDB2 sur des supports neutres ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’élasticité membranaire, associées une baisse du réseau d’actine corticale. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu, une analyse transcriptomique a été réalisée et révèle une diminution du niveau d’expression du gène codant le TGFß1 dans les cellules exprimant DDB2. Ainsi dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’influence de DDB2 sur la voie du TGFß1. Nos résultats montrent que DDB2 inhibe transcriptionnelle des Smads en se fixant à proximité des éléments de réponse des Smads entraînant ainsi une diminution de leur présence sur le promoteur de leur gène cible. L’ensemble de ces résultats indique que DDB2 modulerait les propriétés nanomécaniques membranaires des cellules tumorales mammaires et la voie de signalisation induite par le TGFß1. Ce travail confirme donc l’importance clinique de la protéine DDB2 en tant que nouveau marqueur prédictif de la progression métastatique dans le cancer du sein / Understanding of mechanisms allowing metastatic progression remains a major issue in cancer research and requires discovery of new predictive markers. Thus, the laboratory has highlighted that DDB2 protein (Damaged-DNA Binding 2) is an important factor in breast tumorigenesis, by increasing proliferation and reducing invasive abilities of breast tumor cells. Migratory and invasive properties being closely related to adhesive properties, the aim of this work has been to study the involvement of DDB2 in breast cancer cell adhesion. First, adhesive and mechanical properties have been assessed, and reveal that DDB2 expression is associated with a decrease of adhesion on neutral surfaces, a decrease of cell stiffness in DDB2-expressing cells, related to the loss of cortical actin cytoskeleton. To understand molecular mechanisms involved in DDB2-dependent modulation of these properties, a transcriptomic study has been performed and shows the transcript level of gene encoding TGFß1 is modulated according to DDB2 expression level. Second, we have studied the influence of DDB2 on the TGFß signaling pathway. Our results show that DDB2, inhibits Smads transcriptional activity by binding near Smads responsive elements and decreasing so their binding on target genes promoter. Taken together, these data indicate that DDB2 could modulate nanomechanical properties of breast tumor cell membranes and the TGFß1 signaling pathway. The present work also confirms the clinical importance of DDB2 in breast tumorigenesis as a new predictive marker of metastatic progression of breast cancer

This thesis describes technical and scientific aspects of new types of composite films/coatings for corrosion protection of carbon steel, composite films with nanometer thickness consisting of mussel adhesive protein (Mefp‐1) and ceria nanoparticles, and polymeric composite coatings with micrometre thickness consisting of conducting polymer and ceria nanoparticles in a UV‐curing polyester acrylate (PEA) resin. The influence of microstructure on corrosion behaviour was studied for a Fe‐Cr‐V‐N alloy containing micro‐sized nitrides with different chemical composition spread in martensitic alloy matrix. The Volta potential mapping suggested higher relative nobility for the nitride particles than the alloy matrix, and the nitrides with higher amounts of nitrogen and vanadium exhibited higher nobility. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements in a 0.1 M NaCl solution at neutral pH and ambient temperature showed passivity breakdown with initiation of localized corrosion which started in the boundary region surrounding the nitride particles, especially the ones enriched in Cr and Mo. Mefp‐1/ceria nanocomposite films were formed on silica and metal substrates by layer‐by‐layer immersion deposition. The film formation process was studied in situ using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM‐D). The film grows linearly with increasing number of immersions. Increasing Mefp‐1 concentration or using Mefp‐1 with larger size leads to more Mefp‐1 being deposited. Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (Peak Force QNM) of the composite films in air indicated that the elastic modulus of the film increased when the film deposited had a higher Mefp‐1 concentration. It was also noted that the nature of the outermost layer can affect bulk morphology and surface mechanical properties of the film. The QCM‐D study of Mefp‐1 on an iron substrate showed that Mefp‐1 adsorbs at a high rate and changes its conformation with increasing adsorption time. The QCM‐D and in situ Peak Force QNM measurements showed that the addition of Fe3+ ions causes a transition in the single Mefp‐1 layer from an extended and soft layer to a denser and stiffer layer. In situ ATR‐FTIR and Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM) analyses revealed complex formation between Fe3+ and catechol groups in Mefp‐1. Moreover, optical microscopy, SEM and AFM characterization of the Mefp‐1/ceria composite film formed on carbon steel showed micron‐size aggregates rich in Mefp‐1 and ceria, and a nanostructure of well dispersed ceria particles in the film. The CRM analysis confirmed the presence of Mefp‐1/Fe complexes in the film. Electrochemical impedance microscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that the Mefp‐1/ceria composite film can provide corrosion protection for carbon steel, and that the protection efficiency increases with exposure time. Composite coatings of 10 μm thickness composed of a UV‐curing PEA resin and a small amount of conductive polymer and ceria nanoparticles were coated on carbon steel. The conductive polymer (PAni) was synthesized with phosphoric acid (PA) as the dopant by chemical oxidative polymerization. The ATR‐FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed that the added particles were well dispersed in the coatings. Electrochemical measurements during long exposure in 0.1 M NaCl solution, including open circuit potential (OCP) and EIS, were performed to investigate the protective performance of the coatings. The results showed that adding ceria nanoparticles can improve the barrier properties of the coating, and adding PAni‐PA can lead to active protection of the coating. Adding PAni‐PA and ceria nanoparticles simultaneously in the coating can improve the protection and stability of the composite coating, providing excellent corrosion protection for carbon steel. / <p>QC 20131024</p>

Plasma pretreatments are environmentally benign and energy efficient processes for modifying the surface chemistry of materials. In an effort to improve the strength of the titanium alloy/FM-5 polyimide adhesive joint for aerospace applications, oxygen plasma pretreatments and novel thin plasma polymerized (PP) films were investigated as adhesion promoters. Plasma treatments were carried out using custom-built, low pressure, radio frequency, inductively coupled plasma reactors. Ti-6Al-4V coupons were plasma treated and used to prepare miniature single lap shear (SLS) joints. The effects of plasma pretreatments on surface chemistry were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), and contact angle measurements. Relationships between composition, mechanical properties, and adhesion of PP films on Ti-6Al-4V and silicon wafers were investigated. The nanomechanical properties (modulus, hardness and adhesion) were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing. A design of experiments (DOE) three factorial model was used to optimize the parameters for oxygen plasma treatments. Oxygen plasma pretreatments enhanced joint strength by cleaning the titanium surface and creating an extended oxide layer. Nanoindentation of oxygen plasma treated substrates showed no change in the surface mechanical properties due to the oxygen plasma treatment. This suggested that the improved SLS strength of the oxygen plasma pretreated substrates was due to the cleaning of the substrate and the removal of carbonaceous contaminants, rather than any changes in the morphology of the oxide layer. PP acetylene films were predominantly carbon, with oxygen as the other main constituent (incorporated mostly as C-O and C=O). For all SLS specimens tested, the adhesion between PP acetylene and FM-5 adhesive was adequate. However, the strength of SLS joints was limited by the adhesion of the PP acetylene to the Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The effects of a large number of plasma parameters, such as substrate pretreatment, carrier gas, input power, flow rate and film thickness were investigated. All samples failed at the PP film/Ti-6Al-4V interface or within the PP acetylene film, and thicker PP films yielded lower SLS strengths. PP films deposited at lower power exhibited higher hardness and reduced modulus than films deposited at higher power. Overall, thinner films exhibited higher hardness and reduced Young's modulus than thicker films. PP films of higher hardness yielded higher critical loads at debond (thickness normalized) during the nanoscratch test. Thin films were developed via the vapor plasma polymerization of titanium(IV) isobutoxide (TiiB). XPS results suggested that titanium was incorporated into the film as TiO2 clusters dispersed in an organic matrix. No evidence for Ti-C was obtained from the XPS spectra. PP films of TiiB were much more compliant than PP acetylene films. This behavior was attributed to decreased fragmentation and lower crosslinking that occurred during PP TiiB film deposition. These PP films did not exhibit sol-gel-like qualities, and because of the way titanium was incorporated into the films, a more appropriate name for these films might be "titanium dioxide-doped plasma polymerized films." / Ph. D.

Coil coatings are durable  organic coatings used to protect metal sheets from corrosion and improve their aesthetic properties. Because of their extensive use, coil coatings have long been of interest for industrial and academic researchers. This interest has recently been furthered by a societal push towards the replacement of fossil-based raw materials with alternatives that are biobased and renewable. The aim of this licentiate thesis is to demonstrate how analyses on the macro-, micro-, and nanoscale can be used to better understand the degradation process of polyester-based coil coatings. The included manuscripts showcase methods for evaluating and comparing different coil coating formulations and for verifying accelerated weathering techniques. Multiple techniques, focusing on infrared (IR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to analyze coating systems before and after different types of weathering. IR data acquired from techniques without spatial resolution, such as attenuated total reflection (ATR) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) have been expanded upon with spatially resolved focal plane array (FPA) and s-SNOM  (scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy) measurements. Spatially resolved chemical data of coating cross sections were acquired and used to assess how the degradation at the surface and in the bulk was related. Additionally, differences between the degradation behavior of a standard fossil-based coating and a similar coating with biobased components as well as differences between the degradation caused by artificial and natural weathering was discussed. Nanoscale mechanical measurements of simplified coating surfaces showed that weathering increased nanomechanical stiffness and led to homogenization of mechanical properties on the local level. In addition, measurements with nanoscale FTIR correlated with macroscale FTIR. Even relatively minor changes in band intensities could be tracked on a local scale. Although the simplified samples were chemically homogeneous, nanoscale FTIR shows great promise for the assessment of local degradation of full systems. / Bandlackering är en process för att applicera stabila organiska beläggningar på metallytor för att skydda från korrosion och förbättra deras utseende. På grund av beläggningarnas omfattande användning så har utvärdering och analys av dem varit av intresse för både akademi och industri i flera årtionden. Detta långvariga intresse har ytterligare främjats av en ökade miljömedvetenhet och ett tryck att ersätta miljöfarliga och fossila råmaterial mot biobaserade och förnyelsebara alternativ. Målet med denna licentiatavhandling är att visa hur analysmetoder på makro-, mikro-, och nanonivå kan användas för att bättre förstå nedbrytning av bandlackerade beläggningar. Denna förståelse kan användas både för att utvärdera prestandan hos både nya redan befintliga system, men också för att kunna verifiera accelererade testmetoder vars mål är att minska tiden som krävs för utvärdering. Flera tekniker, med fokus på infraröd (IR) spektroskopi och atomkrafts-mikroskopi  (AFM) använts för att analysera beläggningar före och efter att de blivit utsatta för olika typer av aggressiva miljöer. Spektroskopiska data utan spatial upplösning som attenuerad totalreflektions FTIR (ATR) och fotoakustisk spektroskopi (PAS) har kompletterats med spatialt upplösta fokalplans array (FPA) och s-SNOM mätningar. Kemisk information med spatial upplösning har använts för att utvärdera hur nedbrytningen nära ytan relaterade till nedbrytningen längre ner i beläggningen. Likheter och skillnader i nedbrytningen som skedde i en standardbeläggning och ett system med biobaserade additiv jämfördes efter både väderbestendighets-testning som skedde utomhus och i labb. Skillnader mellan dessa exponeringsmetoder diskuterades också. Nanomekanisk analys med hjälp av atomkraftsmikroskopi användes för att bestämma lokala förändringar av mekaniska egenskaper i förenklade klarlacker. Mätningarna visade att exponeringar i aggressiva miljöer leder till en lokal homogenisering av mekaniska egenskaper och ökad styvhet. Utöver detta så utvärderades likheter och skillnader mellan FTIR spektra som tagits på makro- och nanonivå. Dessa mätningar gav lovande resultat för fortsatta ytanalyser. / <p>QC 2023-05-15</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_jm_me_sjrp.pdf: 407078 bytes, checksum: 96bda75a3b280db0c6b8bdd488530e5a (MD5) / Osciladores eletromecânicos podem ser modelados matematicamente através da equação de Duffing ou equação de Van der Pol, mesmo que sejam sistemas de escala nanomética. Nesta dissertação analisamos um oscilador forçado sujeito a um amortecimento não-linear, que é representado pela equação de Duffing - Van der Pol. Em geral, não é fácil obter solução analítica exata para esta equação, então a análise é feita utilizando a teoria de perturbações para obter uma solução analítica aproximada. Para isso consideramos certos parâmetros do problema como sendo pequenos parâmetros, e obtemos a solução na forma de expansão direta. Devido o fato da frequência natural do sistema dinâmico depender do pequeno parâmetro, essa expansão é não uniforme, ou seja, apresenta termos seculares mistos (termos de Poisson), e além disso possui pequenos divisores. Essas inconveniências são eliminadas aplicando o método das múltiplas escalas e o método da média. Inicialmente os pequenos parâmetros são escolhidos de modo que o problema não perturbado se reduz a um oscilador harmônico forçado, e na escolha posterior o problema não perturbado é um oscilador linear amortecido e forçado. / Electromechanical oscillators can be mathematically modeled by a Du±ng equation or a Van der Pol equation, even if they are nanometric systems. In this work we studied a forced oscillator having nonlinear damping, that is represented by a Du±ng - Van der Pol equation. In general, it is not easy to get the exact analytical solution for this equation, then the analysis is done using the perturbation theory to get an approximate analytical solution. For this reason we considered that certain parameters of the problem are small parameters and we obtain the solution in the form of straightforward expansion. Due to the fact that natural frequency of the dynamic system depends on the small parameter, this expansion is not uniform, i.e. presents secular terms (Poisson terms) and also small-divisors. These inconveniences are eliminated using the method of multiple scales and the aver- aging method. Initially the small parameters are chosen so that the unperturbed problem is reduced to a forced harmonic oscillator, and in the subsequent choice the unperturbed is a forced oscillator having linear damping.

The present thesis entitled “Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nanomaterials” is divided into five chapters, staring with a general introduction. The remaining chapters focus on four different areas/projects that I have worked on. Chapter 1: Introduction to nanomaterials This chapter reviews the basic concepts of nanomaterials and their fabrication methods. Nanomaterials are defined as materials whose dimensions (at least one) are below 100 nm. One of the most exciting aspects of nanomaterials is that their properties may differ significantly from those of the corresponding bulk materials. Nanomaterials fabrication methods can be broadly classified according to whether the assembly follows either i) the bottom-up approach or ii) the top-down approach. These methods have been discussed with various examples including the self-assembly of proteins, peptides and small molecules. In the top-down approach synthetic procedures for Graphene Oxide and its application are discussed. All characterization techniques that are used for characterizing the nanomaterials are also described briefly. Chapter 2 Section A: Self-assembly of 1-Hydroxy benzotriazole (HOBT) in water The studies presented in Chapter 2 identifies HOBT as the smallest non-peptide building block that spontaneously self-assembles into hollow micro tubular structures upon evaporation of water. The tubes form under ambient conditions by rolling over of crystalline sheets of HOBT. The packing of HOBT in the tubes seem to be predominantly driven by intermolecular π-stacking interactions between the aromatic rings of HOBT. These structural and packing patterns are similar to those found in nanotubes formed by the self-assembly of peptides and other larger molecules. The cavities of these thermolabile microtubes act as molds for casting gold nanoparticles for the synthesis of gold microrods with monodisperse dimensions. The non-reacting inner surfaces of the cavities have been used to uniquely synthesize R6G-functionalized gold microrods. With these features, HOBT is an important novel non-peptide building block for accessing micro and nanometric materials for their applications in medicine, biology and molecular biotechnology. Section B: Controlling the orientation of self-assembly of HOBT microtubes The studies presented in this chapter address the self-assembly of HOBT into microtubular structures in different solvents of varying polarities (H2O and DCM:MeOH) to understand the role of solvent volatility and its direction on the orientation of the HOBT microtubes. HOBT self-assembles from DCM:MeOH mixtures in its bipolar canonical form and is coordinated with its water of hydration, similar to its crystals obtained from water. FTIR and TGA data shows that MeOH is also integrated with the microtubes. We observe for the first time that the orientation of microtubular self-assembly is controlled in the direction of evaporation of the solvent. We demonstrate further this feature by controlling the orientation of HOBT self-assembly in exclusively vertical direction through controlled vertical evaporation of the solvent mixture DCM:MeOH (9:1). Additionally, the unique transition between vertical and horizontal orientations for self-assembled HOBT microtubes is achieved by simple change of solvation between aqueous and organic solvents. These results reveal a dynamic relationship between the rate of evaporation of solvent and the rates of formation of different self-assembled morphologies. The rate of evaporation of the solvent primarily governs the rate of formation of the tubes, rather than their orientations in three dimensions. Chapter 3: Chemical origins of debris in Graphene Oxide (GO) This chapter is focused on the investigation of the carbonyl rich fragments arising from GO and provides an understanding of its formation. The fragments are expelled from GO due to an uncontrolled nucleophile driven reaction in aqueous medium leaving the holes on the sheet. These fragments are carbonyl rich small (5 ± 2 nm) nonaromatic molecules that form as by-products of oxidative chemical reactions that occur at the sp3 clusters on the basal surface of GO sheets when they are treated with nucleophilic bases under aqueous conditions. The structure and size of the debris, and hence that of the hole, depend on the size of the sp3 cluster on the sheet. These debris fall out of the GO sheet surface, leading to formation of nanometer sized holes. Formation of debris and hence the holes can be avoided by using anhydrous polar solvents. This work sheds new light on the fundamental structure of GO and the prevention of debris from it during redox reactions enabling better control over functionalization of the GO surface. Chapter 4: Measurement of mechanical properties of polypeptide fragment from Insulin like growth factor binding protein nanotubes by the Peak Force QNM method This chapter describes the discovery of Polypeptide fragment from an IGFBP-2. This fragment self-assembles spontaneously and reversibly into nanotubular structures under oxidizing conditions. These nanotubes were characterized by using Transmission electron microscopy. Notably as compared to the monomer, an increase in intrinsic fluorescence upon self-assembly. The thermal stability of these nanotubes is realized form the fluorescence studies. Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping method of AFM was used to measure the Young’s modulus of the nanotubes. These nanotubes were found to have Young’s modulus value of ~10 Gpa, which is comparable to those of bones presumably due to intermolecular disulphide bonds. These nanotubes will have potential applications in tissue engineering. Chapter 5: Probing the pathways of n→π* interaction in peptides This chapter deals with the theoretical study of n→π* interaction in designed peptidomimetics. The n→π* interaction involves the delocalization of the lone pair of the donor group into the antibonding orbital (π*) of a carbonyl group. However despite beeing extensively studied there exists a debate over the validation of these n→π* interaction which is reminiscent to Bürgi and Dunitz trajectory. This chapter present our findings that peptidomimetics containing the 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazine (Oxa) and 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazine (Thi) functional groups at the C-terminus of Pro selectively stabilizes the cis conformer by reverse n→πi-1* interaction. These systems have been used to study the n→πi1* interaction using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) method. Our study reveals that the energetically most favorable trajectory of a nucleophile for a favorable n→π* interaction presumably to facilitate the overlap between the lonepair of the nucleophile and the antibonding orbital of the carbonyl group. The geometrical requirements for the optimum n→π* interaction depends on the relative orientations of the orbitals that are involved. This study has implications for more accurately identifying long distant n→π* interaction.